Principle 1

It is important that learners learn formulaic expressions + knowledge of rules

dual processing system

notional-functional approach
Notion: real life situations
Function: request, giving advice

Shopping
Asking for the price: excuse me, how much it is?

Eating, restaurant
Ordering: can i have a drink?

Deductive/inductive approach
deductive: explicit learning, grammar explanation to learners
inductive: teacher give learner examples and through them the learners have to infer the rules,
explicit learning

Principle 2
focus on meaning (what we want to say or what is said, message content, communication, use
language as a tool for communication)
Communicative approach + task-based approach (no attempt to teach any specific linguistic
form)
Fluency + intrinsic motivation + acquisition

Principle 3
focus on form (how it is said or we say something, linguistic elements, accuracy)
Schmidt-Noticing hypothesis: attention + awareness + noticing
how?
corrective feedback
inductive or deductive approach
grammar rules
Combine a focus on meaning with a focus on form
Communicative activities based on practising a particular form (quasi communicative
activity)

Principle 4
Implicit and explicit knowledge
Rapid, fluent communication

IK developed; Skill-building theory (Dekeyser) EK (proceduralization)

Meaning- focused communication (Nick Ellis - Emergentism)
No interface position: zero grammar approach
Strong interface position: PPP
Weak interface position: develop through communicative approach or task-based approach
(focus of meaning) + instruction: focus on form (post-task phase) Consciousness-raising task

Principle 5
Built-in syllabus/ internal syllabus (Corder)
Teachability hypothesis

Principle 6
Krashen
Acquisition: comprehensible input + motivation
Pedagogical input (simplification + elaborations) realia
L2: means of instruction
extensive reading (graded readers)
intensive reading (short text with comprehensible)
Listening

Principle 7
Output
Swain- pushed output
communicative activities vs controlled practice exercises

Principle 8
input + output = interaction
Interaction hypothesis Long
Negotiation of meaning: communication problem to be solved
Group or pair work (extrovertido e introvertido there is a balance)

Principle 10
4 types of measurement:
Controlled production
Metalinguistic judgement: grammaticality, judgement test; correcting mistakes)
Selected response (multiple choice)
Constrained constructed response (filling gaps, transformation drill)
Free production
Free constructed response (communicative activity, task)