Bullingdon ClubExclusive society at Oxford University

The symbol of the Bullingdon Club

The Bullingdon Club is a private all-male dining club for Oxford University
students. It is known for its wealthy members, grand banquets, and bad behaviour,
including vandalism of restaurants and students' rooms. The club is known to select
its members not only on the grounds of wealth and willingness to participate but
also by means of education. Former pupils of public schools such as Eton, Harrow,
St. Paul's, Stowe, Radley, Oundle, Shrewsbury, Rugby and Winchester form the bulk
of its membership.
The Bullingdon was originally a sporting club, dedicated to cricket and horse-
racing, although work meetings gradually became its principal activity. Membership
is expensive, with tailor-made uniforms, regular gourmet hospitality, and a
tradition of on-the-spot payment for damage. The club has attracted controversy, as
some members have gone on to become leading figures within Britain's political
establishment. These include former Prime Minister David Cameron, former Chancellor
of the Exchequer George Osborne, and former Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
The Bullingdon is regularly featured in fiction and drama.

History[edit]
The Bullingdon Club was founded more than 200 years ago. Petre Mais claims it was
founded in 1780 and was limited to 30 men,[1] and Viscount Long, who was a member
in 1875, described it as "an old Oxford institution, with many good traditions".[2]
Originally it was a hunting and cricket club, and Thomas Assheton Smith the Younger
is recorded as having batted for the Bullingdon against Marylebone Cricket Club in
1796.[3] In 1805 cricket at Oxford University "was confined to the old Bullingdon
Club, which was expensive and exclusive".[4] This foundational sporting purpose is
attested to in the Club's symbol. Harry Mount suggests that the name itself derives
from this sporting background, proposing that the club is named after the
Bullingdon Hundred, a past location of the annual Bullingdon Club point-to-point
race.[5] This origin of the club is marked by an annual breakfast at the Bullingdon
point to point.[6]
The Wisden Cricketer reports that the Bullingdon is "ostensibly one of the two
original Oxford University cricket teams but it actually used cricket merely as a
respectable front for the mischievous, destructive or self-indulgent tendencies of
its members".[7] By the late 19th century, the present emphasis on dining within
the Club began to emerge. Long attested that in 1875 "Bullingdon Club [cricket]
matches were also of frequent occurrence, and many a good game was played there
with visiting clubs. The Bullingdon Club dinners were the occasion of a great
display of exuberant spirits, accompanied by a considerable consumption of the good
things of life, which often made the drive back to Oxford an experience of
exceptional nature".[2] A report of 1876 relates that "cricket there was secondary
to the dinners, and the men were chiefly of an expensive class".[8] The New York
Times told its readers in 1913 that "The Bullingdon represents the acme of
exclusiveness at Oxford; it is the club of the sons of nobility, the sons of great
wealth; its membership represents the 'young bloods' of the university".[9] During
the Second World War, an extension of the club was founded at Colditz Castle for
imprisoned officers who had been members of the club while at Oxford.[10]

2000s[edit]
In the 21st century the Bullingdon is primarily a dining club, although a vestige
of the Club's sporting links survives in its support of an annual point to point
race. The Club President, known as the "General", presents the winner's cup, and
the Club members meet at the race for a champagne breakfast. The Club also meets
for an annual Club dinner. Guests may be invited to either of these events. There
may also be smaller dinners during the year to mark the initiation of new members
or in celebration of other occasions. The club often books private dining rooms
under an assumed name, as most restaurateurs are cautious of the Club's reputation
as being the cause of considerable drunken damage during the course of their
dinners.
In 2007, a photograph of the Bullingdon Club taken in 1987 was discovered. It made
British headlines because two of the posing members, Boris Johnson and David
Cameron, had gone on to careers in politics and at the time were, respectively,
Conservative candidate for Mayor of London and Leader of the Conservative party.
[11] The copyright owners have since declined to grant permission to use the
picture.[12]
In recent years—following negative media attention and the Club's apparent
depiction in the play Posh and its film adaptation The Riot Club—membership has
supposedly dwindled. In 2016 it was claimed that only between four and six members
were left, all of them postgraduates, and that no new undergraduate members joined
the previous year. However, many consider it more likely that the club has simply
resorted to more covert operation in recent times.[13] Many Oxford students cited
an unwillingness to be associated with "ostentatious wealth celebration".[14]
In June 2017, members of the Club attempting to shoot their annual Club Photo on
the steps of Christ Church were escorted out by college porters for not securing
permission for the shoot. Nearby non-member students heckled the club as they left,
with one even playing "Yakety Sax" (the theme song for The Benny Hill Show).[15]

Reputation[edit]
Peckwater Quad, vandalised in 1894 and 1927
The club has always been noted for its wealthy members, grand banquets, and
boisterous rituals, including the vandalisation of restaurants, public houses, and
college rooms,[16] complemented by a tradition of on-the-spot payment for damage.
[17] Its ostentatious displays of wealth attract controversy, since some ex-members
have subsequently achieved high political stations, most notably the former British
Prime Minister David Cameron, former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne and
the former Prime Minister Boris Johnson. A number of episodes over many decades
have provided anecdotal evidence of the Club's behaviour. Infamously on 12 May
1894, after dinner, Bullingdon members smashed almost all the glass of the lights
and 468 windows in Peckwater Quad of Christ Church, along with the blinds and doors
of the building, and again on 20 February 1927.[18][19][20] As a result of such
events, the Club was banned from convening within 15 miles (24 km) of Oxford.[17]
While still Prince of Wales, Edward VIII had a certain amount of difficulty in
getting his parents' permission to join the Bullingdon on account of the Club's
reputation. He eventually obtained it only on the understanding that he never join
in what was then known as a "Bullingdon blind", a euphemistic phrase for an evening
of drink and song. On hearing of his eventual attendance at one such evening, Queen
Mary sent him a telegram requesting that he remove his name from the Club.[9][21]
Andrew Gimson, biographer of Boris Johnson, reported about the club in the 1980s:
"I don't think an evening would have ended without a restaurant being trashed and
being paid for in full, very often in cash. [...] A night in the cells would be
regarded as being par for a Buller man and so would debagging anyone who really
attracted the irritation of the Buller men."[12]
In December 2005, Bullingdon Club members smashed 17 bottles of wine, "every piece
of crockery," and a window at the 15th-century White Hart pub in Fyfield,
Oxfordshire.[22] The dinner was organised by Alexander Fellowes, son of Baron
Fellowes and nephew to Diana, Princess of Wales; four members of the party were
arrested.[23] A further dinner was reported in 2010 after damage to Hartwell House,
a country house in Buckinghamshire.[24]
In the last few years, the Bullingdon has been mentioned in the debates of the
House of Commons in order to draw attention to excessive behaviour across the
British class spectrum,[25] and to embarrass prominent Conservative Party
politicians who are former members of the Bullingdon.[26][27] Johnson has since
tried to distance himself from the club, calling it "a truly shameful vignette of
almost superhuman undergraduate arrogance, toffishness and twittishness."[28]
Dress[edit]
Bullingdon Colours
The Club's colours are sky blue and ivory. Members dress for their annual Club
dinner in bespoke tailored tailcoats in dark navy blue, with a matching velvet
collar, offset with ivory silk lapel revers, brass monogrammed buttons, a mustard
waistcoat, and a sky blue bow tie. There is also a Club tie, which is sky blue
striped with ivory. These are all provided by the Oxford branch of court tailors
Ede and Ravenscroft. In 2007 the full uniform was estimated to cost £3,500.[29]
Traditionally when they played cricket, members "were identified by a ribbon of
blue and white on their straw hats, and by stripes of the same colours down their
flannel trousers".[30]

Relationship with the University[edit]

The Bullingdon is not currently registered with the University of Oxford,[31] but
members are drawn from among the members of the University. On several occasions in
the past, when the club was registered, the University proctors suspended it on
account of the rowdiness of members' activities,[2] including suspensions in 1927
and 1956.[32] John Betjeman wrote in 1938 that "quite often the Club is suspended
for some years after each meeting".[33] While under suspension, the club has been
known to meet in relative secrecy.
The club was known to be active in Oxford in 2008/9, although not registered with
the University. In his retirement speech as proctor, Professor of Geology Donald
Fraser noted an incident which, not being on University premises, was outside their
jurisdiction: "some students had taken habitually to the drunken braying of 'We are
the Bullingdon' at 3 a.m. from a house not far from the Phoenix Cinema. But the
transcript of what they called the wife of the neighbour who went to ask them to be
quiet was written in language that is not usually printed".[31]
In October 2018, the Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA) announced
that members of the Bullingdon Club would be banned from holding office within the
Association. OUCA president, Ben Etty, outspokenly stated that the Club's "values
and activities had no place in the modern Conservative Party'".[34] This decision
was overturned several weeks later "on a constitutional technicality", although
Etty was confident that "that ban will be re-proposed very soon".[35] The ban was
later re-implemented on appeal to OUCA's Senior Member and remains in effect.[36]

Photographs of club members[edit]

A number of the Club's annual photographs have emerged over the years, with each
giving insight into its past members.
A photograph taken in 1987 depicting David Cameron and Boris Johnson among other
members of the club, including Jonathan Ford of the Financial Times,[37] and retail
CEO Sebastian James is the best-known example. In an interview with the BBC's
Andrew Marr, David Cameron said that the photograph was an embarrassment.[38] BBC
Two's Newsnight commissioned a painting to recreate the photograph because the
photographers who own the copyright objected to its being published on commercial
grounds.[12][39]
A photograph taken in 1988, also depicting the future British Prime Minister David
Cameron, this time as Club President and standing in the centre of the group, later
emerged.[37] It was found by the student newspaper, VERSA, among over a dozen other
photographs of the club dated between 1950 and 2010 hanging on the wall of the
tailor that is believed to have made the members' suits, and led to a number of
other past members being identified. Gillman and Soame, the photographers who own
the copyright to the image, withdrew permission for it to be reproduced.[38] VERSA,
which discovered the photographs, commissioned sketches to reproduce the scenes
depicted in them.[40]
A photograph of the club taken in 1992 depicted George Osborne, Nathaniel Philip
Rothschild, David Cameron's cousin Harry Mount and Ocado founder Jason Gissing.[41]
In 2013, a new photograph emerged of club members flying by private jet to a
hunting expedition in South Africa. The photograph is believed to have been taken
the previous year. Pictured in the photograph are Michael Marks, Cassius Nicholas
Green, Timothy Aldersly, Charles Clegg and George Farmer – the son of the former
treasurer of the Conservative Party, Michael Farmer, Baron Farmer.

Documentary[edit]
David Cameron's and Boris Johnson's period in the Bullingdon Club was examined in
the UK Channel 4 docu-drama When Boris Met Dave, broadcast on 7 October 2009 on
More 4. An Observer Magazine article in October 2011 reviewed George Osborne's
membership of the club.[42]

Cultural references[edit]
The Bullingdon is satirised as 'the Bollinger Club' (Bollinger being a notable
brand of champagne) in Evelyn Waugh's novel Decline and Fall (1928), where it has a
pivotal role in the plot: the mild-mannered hero is blamed for the Bollinger Club's
destructive rampage through his college and is sent down. Tom Driberg claimed that
the description of the Bollinger Club was a "mild account of the night of any
Bullingdon Club dinner in Christ Church. Such a profusion of glass I never saw
until the height of the Blitz. On such nights, any undergraduate who was believed
to have 'artistic' talents was an automatic target."[43]
Waugh mentions the Bullingdon by name in Brideshead Revisited.[44] In talking to
Charles Ryder, Anthony Blanche relates that the Bullingdon attempted to "put him in
Mercury" in Tom Quad one evening, Mercury being a large fountain in the centre of
the Quad. Blanche describes the members in their tails as looking "like a lot of
most disorderly footmen", and goes on to say: "Do you know, I went round to call on
Sebastian next day? I thought the tale of my evening's adventures might amuse him."
This could indicate that Sebastian was not a member of the Bullingdon, although in
the 1981 TV adaptation, Lord Sebastian Flyte vomits through the window of Charles
Ryder's college room while wearing the famous Bullingdon tails.[45] The 2008 film
adaptation of Brideshead Revisited likewise clothes Flyte in the Club tails during
this scene, as his fellow revellers chant "Buller, Buller, Buller!" behind him.
A fictional Oxford dining society inspired by clubs like the Bullingdon forms the
basis of the play Posh by Laura Wade, staged in April 2010 at the Royal Court
Theatre, London. Membership of the club while still a student is depicted in the
play as giving a student admission to a secret and corrupt network of influence
within the Tory Party later in life.[46] The play was later adapted into the 2014
film The Riot Club.
The TV series Peep Show referenced the Bullingdon Club in the first episode of its
final series.[47]
The 2022 Netflix series Anatomy of a Scandal, based on a novel of the same name by
Sarah Vaughan, used the Bullington Club as inspiration for the fictional club
featured within the story. The fictional club is known as 'the Libertines'.

Known members[edit]
Past members of the club include:

Royalty[edit]
Frederick VII of Denmark (1808–1863)
Edward VII[20] of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1841–1910)
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (1853–1884)[48]
Rama VI, King of Siam (1881–1925)[49]
Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (1893–1976)[50]
Edward VIII[20] of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the British Dominions Beyond
the Seas (1894–1972)
Frederick IX of Denmark (1899–1972)[20]
Nobility[edit]
Charles Douglas-Home, 12th Earl of Home (1834–1918), Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire
(1890–1915) and Lord Lieutenant of Berwickshire (1879–1880)
Henry Chaplin, 1st Viscount Chaplin (1840–1923)[51]
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (1847–1929)[52]
Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long (1854–1924)[2]
William Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough (1855–1945)[20]
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925)[20]
George Gibbs, 1st Baron Wraxall (1873–1931)[53]
Prince Felix Yussupov (1887–1967)[54]
Prince Serge Obolensky (1890–1978)[55]
Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch (1894–1973)[56]
Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford (1905–2001)[57]
Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington (1915–2014)[58]
John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch (1923–2007)[59]
Lord Montagu of Beaulieu (1926-2015)[60]
Christopher James, 5th Baron Northbourne (1926–2019)
David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie (1926–)[38]
Timothy Beaumont, Baron Beaumont of Whitley (1928–2008)[61]
Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath (1932–2020)[32]
Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo (1935–)[38]
Michael Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian (1945–), Deputy Leader of the Conservative
Party (2001–2005) and Chairman of the Conservative Party (1998–2001)[62]
Maharaja Gaj Singh Ji of Jodhpur (1948–)
Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch (1954–)[38]
Count Gottfried von Bismarck (1962–2007)[63]
Shivraj Singh of Jodhpur (1975–)[38]
Arthur Wellesley, Earl of Mornington (1978–)[38]
Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick (1988–)[64]
Politicians[edit]
Thomas Assheton Smith the Younger (1776–1858), High Sheriff of Wiltshire (1838) and
MP (1821–1831, 1832–1837)[3]
Sir Frederick Johnstone, 8th Baronet (1841–1913), MP (1874–1885)[51]
Lord Randolph Churchill (1849–1895),[65] Chancellor of the Exchequer (1886), father
of Sir Winston Churchill
Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902), Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1890–1896),[19]
endower of the Rhodes Scholarship
Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon (1862–1933), Foreign Secretary (1905–
1916)
Thomas Agar-Robartes (1880–1915), MP (1906, 1908–1915)[66]
Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax (1881–1959), Chancellor of the University of
Oxford (1933–1959), Ambassador to the United States (1940–1946) Foreign Secretary
(1938–1940), Leader of the House of Lords (1935–1938, 1940), Secretary of State for
War (1935) and 20th Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1926–1931)
Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet (1888–1939), MP (1912–1939)
Sir Hugh Munro-Lucas-Tooth, 1st Baronet (1903–1985), MP (1924–1929, 1945–1970)
John Profumo, CBE (1915–2006), Secretary of State for War (1960–1963)
Alan Clark (1928–1999), Minister for Defence Procurement (1989–1992)
Ewen Alexander Nicholas Fergusson (1962–), Member of the Committee on Standards in
Public Life[67]
Tim Rathbone (1933–2002), MP (1974–1997)[32]
David Faber (1961–), Head master of Summer Fields School (2009–) and MP (1992–2001)
[68]
Nick Hurd (1962–), Government Minister (2010–2019)[69]
Radosław Sikorski (1963–), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland (2007–2014)[70]
Boris Johnson (1964–), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2019–2022), Foreign
Secretary (2016–2018) and Mayor of London (2008–2016)[71]
David Cameron (1966–), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010–2016)[71]
Jo Johnson (1971–), Government Minister (2015–2019) and Director of the Number 10
Policy Unit (2013–2015)
George Osborne (1971–), First Secretary of State (2015–2016) and Chancellor of the
Exchequer (2010–2016)[71]
Business[edit]
Rupert Soames (1959–), Winston Churchill's grandson and CEO of Serco[38]
Darius Guppy (1964–), Businessman[72]
Sebastian James (1966–), Former CEO of Dixons Carphone, current CEO of Boots UK[73]
Peter Holmes à Court (1968–), Businessman[74]
Jason Gissing (1970–), Co-founder of Ocado[20]
Nathaniel Philip Rothschild (1971–), Chairman of JNR Limited[74]
Other[edit]
Antony Acland (1930-2021), former British diplomat and Provost of Eton College[75]
David Bowes-Lyon (1902–1961),[20] president of the Royal Horticultural Society,
uncle of Elizabeth II
Peter Fleming (1907–1971), writer and brother of Ian Fleming, creator of James
Bond.[76]
Sir Ludovic Kennedy (1919–2009), journalist[77]
David Dimbleby (1938–), journalist[78]
Sir Thomas Hughes-Hallett (1954–), barrister[38]
Sebastian Roberts (1954–), Senior Army Representative at the Royal College of
Defence Studies.
Harry Mount (1971–), Daily Mail journalist[74]
See also[edit]
List of University of Oxford dining clubs
Piers Gaveston Society
Secret society
References[edit]

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Police on two occasions. My first case (in my first week in office) was the
Bullingdon Club — I think the Clerk to the Proctors gave it to me as a test. I
received a report that some students had taken habitually to the drunken braying of
'We are the Bullingdon' at 3 a.m. from a house not far from the Phoenix Cinema. But
the transcript of what they called the wife of the neighbour who went to ask them
to be quiet was written in language that is not usually printed. Their college was
identified, but the Bullingdon Club turns out not to be a registered University
society. Nor was the abuse uttered on University premises. So after conferring with
the Proctors' Officers, I thought that an ASBO might concentrate the minds of those
concerned. I referred the matter to the Police who did mention the word ASBO before
awarding the members of the Club an ABC — an Anti Social Behaviour Contract that
would magically and automatically turn into an ASBO if provoked within six months.
So I am pleased to say that, except perhaps at the highest level of national
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