Module 3: Nominal and Effective

Interest Rates
SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik
Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.
Outline Module 3
 Interest Rates
 Interest Rates Statements
 Compounding and Payment Periods
 PP = CP
 PP > CP
 PP < CP

3-2 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

Interest Rates
 In reality, loan agreements or cash flows sometimes require that the
interest be paid not in a yearly basis, but more frequently, such as
each half-year (semiannual), each quarter, monthly, or any other
period shorter than a year.
 When the period of compounding is more than once a year, then
two terms of interest are to be considered:
 Nominal interest rate
 Effective interest rate
 The concept of these two interest rates similar to the concept of
simple and compound interests.
 Nominal interest rate is an interest rate that does not include any
consideration of compounding. (Format: r% per time period t)
 Effective interest rate is the actual rate that applies for a stated period of
time. The compounding of interest during the time period of the
corresponding nominal rate is accounted for by the effective interest rate.
(Format: r% per time period t, compounded m-ly)

3-3 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

Interest Rates
 Nominal interest rate:
r = interest rate per period x number of periods

 Effective interest rate: m

 r 
i  1   1
 m 
where: i = effective interest rate per period
r = nominal interest rate per period
m = number of compounding periods

 Term of compounding periods:

 Semiannually, m = 2  6 months
 Quarterly, m = 4  3 months
 Monthly, m = 12  1 month
 Weekly, m = 52  1 week
 Daily, m = 365  1 day
 Continuously, m=∞ 

3-4 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

Examples
 Nominal rate of 1.5% per month is the same as each the
following rates:
 18% per year
 36% per 2-year period
 9% per semiannual period
 4.5% per quarter
 0.346% per week
 Effective rates:
 9% per year, compounded quarterly.
 Nominal rate: 9% per year.
 Compounding period: Quarter, m = 4
 Effective rate per compounding period: 2.25%
 Effective rate per year?
 9% per year, compounded monthly.
 4.5% per 6-month, compounded weekly.

5 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

Effective Annual Interest Rates
 Year is used for the time period t, and compounding
period can be any time unit less than 1 year.

ia  1  i   1
m

 ia = effective interest rate per year

 i = effective interest rate per compounding period (CP) =
r/m
 r = nominal interest rate per year
 m = number of compounding periods per year

6 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

 Interest Rates Statements
interest rate
statement
i = 12% per year
i = 1% per month
i = 8% per year,
compounded monthly
i = 4% per quarter,
compounded monthly
i = effective 10% per year,
compounded monthly
i = effective 6% per quarter,
i = effective 1% per month,
compounded daily
3-7
interpretation
i = effective 12% per year
compounded yearly
i = effective 1% per month
compounded monthly
i = nominal 8% per year
compounded monthly
i = nominal 4% per 3 months
compounded monthly
i = effective 10% per year
compounded monthly
i = effective 6% per 3 months
compounded quarterly
i = effective 1% per month
compounded daily
SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik
comment
When non compounding period is
given, interest rate is an effective rate,
with compounding period assume to
be equal to stated time period
When compounding period is given
without stating whether the interest
rate is nominal or effective, it is
assumed to nominal. Compounding
period is as stated
If interest rate is stated as an effective
rate, the it is an effective rate. If
compounding period is not given,
compounding period is assumed to
coincide with state time period
Source: Blank & Tarquin
Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.
Exercise 1
 Visteon, a spin-off company of Ford Motor Company, supplies
major automobile components to auto manufacturers
worldwide and is Ford’s largest supplier. An engineer is on a
Visteon committee to evaluate bids for new-generation
coordinate-measuring machinery to be directly linked to the
automated manufacturing of high-precision components. Three
vendor bids include the interest rates:
 Bid #1: 9% per year, compounded quarterly
 Bid #2: 3% per quarter, compounded quarterly
 Bid #3: 8.8% per year, compounded monthly
 Visteon will make payments on a semiannual basis only. The
engineer is confuses about the effective interest rates – what
they are annually and over the payment period of 6-month
 Effective rate for each bid on the basis of semiannual payment?
 Effective annual rates for each bid?

8 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

Compounding and Payment Periods
 There are 3 situations:
1. The compounding periods and the occurrence of
payment coincide (PP = CP)
2. The compounding periods occur more frequently than
the payments (PP > CP)
3. The compounding periods occur less frequently than the
payments (PP < CP)
 It is essential that the compounding period and
payment period on the same time basis, and that the
interest rate be adjusted accordingly.

3-9 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

PP = CP (1)
 Assume payment of Rp. 300 million occurred semiannually at
the end of each 6 month period for 3 years at nominal rate of
12% per year, compounded semiannually.
 What is the equivalent present amount?
P
300 300 300 300 300 300

0 1 2 3
1 year

i = 12% / 2 periods = 6% per semiannual period

n = (3 years) ( 2 periods per year) = 6 periods
P = A (P/A, i, n) = 300 (P/A, 6, 6) = 300 (4.9173) = Rp 1.475,190,000.-

3-10 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

PP = CP (2)
 A student is taking Rp. 30 million loan from a bank and to be paid back in
48 equal monthly installment of Rp. 750.000,- over the next 4 years.
 Calculate the effective and nominal rate of interest (per year) for that loan

P = 30M
A = 750K

0 12 24 36 48
1 year

Rp. 30M = Rp. 750K (P/A, i, 48)  (P/A, i, 48) = 40

From interest table with interpolation  effective rate i ~ 0.5% per month
Nominal interest rate, r = (0.5% per month) x (12 month) = 6% per year
Effective annual interest rate, ia = (1+r/m)m – 1 = (1+6%/12)12 – 1 = 7.96% per year
3-11 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.
PP > CP
 Suppose you deposit Rp 100 M in a bank at each end of year for the next
three years. The bank will pay interest at the rate of 8% per year
compounded quarterly.
 How much will you receive from the bank at the end of the third year?

Method-1:

effective interest rate per CP, i = 8%/ (4 quarters) = 2% per quarter

F = 100M (F/P, 2, 8) + 100M (F/P, 2, 4) + 100M (F/P, 2, 0)
= 100M (1.174 + 1.083 + 1) = 325.7M

Method-2:
effective annual interest rate, ia = (1 + r/m)m -1 = (1 + 8%/4)4 – 1 = 8.24%
F = 100M (F/A, 8.24, 3) = 100M (3.257) = 325.7M

3-12 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

PP < CP (version 1)
 Usually, no interest is paid for funds deposited during an interest period
 Funds deposited during an interest period begin earning interest for the following interest period.
 Deposit and/or withdrawal made during an interest period are placed at the end of the period within which
the transaction occur. W2
W1 W1 W1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month

D3
D2 D2
W2
D1 3 W1

0 1 2 3 4
month
It becomes PP =CP D3
2 D2
D1
Cash flow involving interest compounding quarterly
3-13 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.
PP < CP (version 2)
 Usually, no interest is paid for funds deposited during an interest period
 Deposit made during an interest period are placed at the end of the period within which the transaction
occur and withdrawal made during an interest period are placed at the beginning of the period.

W2
W1 W1 W1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

D3
D2 D2
W2
D1 3 W1

0 1 2 3 4
It becomes PP =CP D3
2 D2
D1
Cash flow involving interest compounding quarterly
3-14 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.
PP < CP (version 3)
 Sometimes, interest is paid for funds deposited during an interest period
W2
W1 W1 W1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

D3
D2 D2

D1 Cash flow involving interest compounding quarterly

 Cash flow diagram remains the same.

 Use effective interest rate per payment periods (PP). The value of m is less than 1.

 Example: For weekly cash flow, compounding quarterly, nominal interest

rate is 12% per year. Effective weekly i% = (1+0.03)1/13-1= 0.228%

3-15 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

Effective Interest Rate for Continuous
Compounding
 If we allow compounding to occur more and more
frequently, the compounding period becomes shorter and
shorter. Then m, the number of compounding periods per
payment period, increase. As m approach infinity
(compounded continuously) , the effective interest rate is:

i  e 1 r

 Where: e = 2.71828….

16 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

Interest Rates that Vary Over Time
 Real-world interest rates vary from year to year.
 Example:
70,000 70,000 P=?
P=? A A A A A=?
35,000
25,000

0 1 2 3 4
i = 7% i = 7% i = 9% i = 10%
per year per year per year per year

P = [70(P/A, 7%,2) + 35(P/F,7%,2)(P/F,9%,1) + 25(P/F,7%,2)(P/F,9%,1)(P/F,10%,1) ]1000

= 172,816
A = 172,816 / [(P/A, 7%,2) + (P/F,7%,2)(P/F,9%,1) + (P/F,7%,2)(P/F,9%,1)(P/F,10%,1) ]
= 51,777
17 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.
Exercise 2
1. What uniform annual amount would you have to deposit for 5 year to have an
equivalent present-investment sum of Rp. 100M at an interest rate of 1.5 % per
month compounded continuously?
2. A student borrowed Rp. 8.5M from a bank buy a computer with an agreement
to repay Rp 250K at the end of the month of each of the first 2 years and Rp.
3.5M at the end of the second year. Determine the rate of interest (effective
monthly, nominal, and effective annually) that makes the receipts and
disbursement equal?
3. A cash flow at 1.5% interest compounded semiannually consists of:
 single receipt of Rp. 23.5M at the first day of the month;
 four equal receipts of Rp. 3.50M starting from the end of the third month;
 two equal disbursements of Rp 2.75M each at the end of the fourth and
fifth month;
 single payment of Rp 19.75M at the end of seventh month.
Calculate the net cash flow at the end of the year (version 1).

3-18 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.

Homework #3
 Do problems 4.13, 4.15, 4.21, 4.23, 4.33, 4.43, 4.50, 4.54 in
Blank and Tarquin, Edition 6th.

19 SI-4251 Ekonomi Teknik Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.