Topic: Cities & governments under IVC

Submit by: Roll no. 003

Cities
A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley
civilization.The quality of municipal town planning suggests knowledge of urban planning and
efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. The streets of major
cities such as Mohenjo-daro orHarappa were laid out in a perfect grid pattern, comparable to
that of present day New York. The houses were protected from noise, odors, and thieves.As
seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi, this urban plan
included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of
homes obtain water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing,
wastewater was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only
to inner courtyards and smallerlanes.The ancient Indus systems of sewage and drainage that
were developed and used in cities throughout theIndus Empire were far more advanced than
any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than
those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. The advanced
architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards, granaries,
warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls. The massive citadels of Indus cities that
protected the Harappans from floods and attackers were larger than most Mesopotamian
ziggurats

Government
These are the major theories resulted from the extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artifacts as
evidence in pottery, seals, weights and bricks:

a) There was a single state, given the similarity in artifacts, the evidence for planned
settlements,the standardized ratio of brick size, and the establishment of settlements near
sources of raw material.
b) There was no single ruler but several: Mohenjo-daro had a separate ruler, Harappa another,
and so forth
c) Harappan society had no rulers, and everybody enjoyed equal status.
Topic: Indus Script
Submit by: Roll no. 007

It has long been claimed that the Indus Valley was the home of a literate civilization, but this has
recently been challenged on linguistic and archaeological grounds. Well over 400 Indus
symbols have been found on seals or ceramic pots and over a dozen other materials, including
a 'sign board' that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of
Dholavira. Typical Indus inscriptions are no more than four or five characters in length, most of
which (aside from the Dholavira 'signboard') are exquisitely tiny; the longest on a single surface,
which is less than 1 inch (2.54 cm) square, is 17 signaling; the longest on any object (found on
three different faces of a mass-produced object) carries only 26symbols. It has been recently
pointed out that the brevity of the inscriptions is unparalleled in any known premodern literate
society, including those that wrote extensively on leaves, bark, wood, cloth, wax,animal skins,
and other perishable materials.
Topic: Salient Features of the Objective Resolution
Submit by: Roll no. 019

Salient Features of the Objective Resolution

The salient features of Objectives Resolution are as follows:
1. Sovereignty of AllahSovereignty belongs to Allah Almighty alone, but He has delegated it to
the state of Pakistan, and through its people to be exercised as sacred trust
within the limits imposed by Him.
2. Islamic DemocracyState will exercise its power and authority through the elected
representatives of the people and Islamic democracy will be exercised in the century.
3. Islamic PrinciplesThe Islamic principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social
justice shall fully be followed.
4. Islamic ways of livingThe Muslims shall be enabled to live individually and
collectively in accordance with the teaching of Quran and Sunnah.
5. Protection to MinoritiesAdequate provisions shall be made for the minorities to profess,
propagate and practice their religions and develop their cultures and traditions.