OPERATING SYSTEM

LAB MANUAL

SUBMITTED BY :
MUHAMMAD Saqlain
SUBMITTED TO :
MISS FAIZA TARIQ
PROGRAM :
BSIT 4TH SEMESTER EVENING
DATE :
01 - 03 – 2023
ROLL NO :
BSF2101223
 1) History of Linux:
The history of Linux starts with Linus Torvalds, who began work on the code
in 1991 while a student at the University of Helsinki. Linus wanted to
create a better alternative to MINIX, a UNIX-based operating system
developed for use in the educational field. The problem with MINIX was that
users could not modify or freely distribute the code.
Using almost exclusively the C programming language, Linus developed the
Linux kernel using the foundation laid by Richard Stallman’s work on the
GNU project. Work was completed on the project over the next few years, and
Linus released version 1.0 of Linux in 1994. Not long after that, Red Hat and
Suse became the first Linux distributions based on the original kernel.
Linux explodes in popularity over the next few years. Within a decade, Linux
was ported to thousands of different types of devices and received the support
of major companies like Compaq, HP, and Dell. Additionally, Dell became the
first manufacturer to offer Linux across its entire product line.
Over the next two decades, dozens of new Linux distributions are released,
driven mainly by hobbyist developers. Today, Ubuntu is the most popular
distribution of Linux, with over 25 million users worldwide. Although Linux
doesn’t enjoy the huge popularity that Microsoft Windows and Mac OS have,
it still caters to a niche audience. Additionally, since Linux is completely open
source, there are no licensing fees or costs to use it.

How To Use Linux:

Plenty of tutorials online give explanations of every aspect of Linux.
Depending on what you are looking to do, you should be able to find a tutorial
that caters to your needs. If you are familiar with Windows or Mac OS, most
distributions of Linux are similar. Furthermore, if all you’re using your PC for
is browsing the internet, then Linux will be an almost identical experience to
other operating systems.
 To start with Linux, you’ll need a computer with an internet connection
and a USB storage device with at least 8GB of space. Once you have the key
ingredients, the installation of Linux is quite simple:
1. Download the installation media from the website of the distribution you
want. For Linux Mint, this would be https://linuxmint.com/.
2. Use a program like Etcher or Rufus to create a bootable USB device.
3. Boot from the USB device on your computer.
4. Complete the installation setup and unplug the USB device.
5. Update your system after installation to get all of your hardware drivers.

The Difference Between Linux And Windows:

• Overall, Windows is the most robust, beginner-friendly, and versatile
option for home and office use.
• Linux is a good choice for data centers and most servers, and for those
home users that have privacy concerns and want to avoid intrusive automatic
updates.
• The main downside for gaming on Linux is the lack of driver support for
controllers and hardware upgrades, along with lagging performance.
For most consumers, operating systems aren’t foremost on their minds because
they tend to settle for whatever comes preinstalled on their device. On the
other hand, people who are more tech-savvy or curious often like to explore
their options. Windows is a robust OS that dominates the market, but Linux
has some appealing attributes for people who are considering moving toward a
more secure, free, and open-source operating system.
 Difference between Linux File System and
Windows File System:
Windows uses FAT and NTFS as file systems, while Linux uses a variety of
file systems. Unlike Windows, Linux is bootable from a network drive. In
contrast to Windows, everything is either a file or a process in Linux. Linux
has two kinds of major partitions called data partitions and swap partitions.
Because of the existence of swap partitions, you never run out of memory in
Linux (like in windows). In terms of recovery tools, only a limited number of
tools can be used on Windows, while there is a large number of UNIX based
recovery tools available for Linux file systems.

2) Installing Ubuntu Using Virtual Box:

System Requirements
Before downloading and installing Ubuntu on windows 10 using Virtual Box,
the following requirements are essential.
 Operating System Version - Microsoft Windows 10 (32-bit or 64-bit).
 Random Access Memory (RAM) - Minimum 4 GB RAM recommended.
 Free Disk Space - Minimum 25 GB free space recommended.
 Good Internet Connection to download the VirtualBox and Ubuntu ISO
file.

Download and Install VirtualBox

 
To download the VirtualBox, follow the instructions below.
 Step 1
 To download the latest version of VirtualBox, visit the official
VirtualBox website in your web browser (virtualbox.org).
 
Step 2
 Now, download the VirtualBox from here.
Step 3
 
Navigate the folder where you have downloaded your VirtualBox and double-
click on the downloaded "VirtualBox" file to run it.
Step 4
 "Oracle VM VirtualBox 6.1.6 Setup" window will appear on the screen and
click on the "Next" button to proceed.

Step 5
 Choose the location where you want to install the VirtualBox and click on the
"Next" button to proceed.
Step 6
 
Choose the options as per your choice and click on the "Next" button.

Step 7
 Click on the Yes button and then the "Install" button.
Download Ubuntu
 
Follow the instructions below to download the Ubuntu ISO file.

Step 1
 To download the latest version of Ubuntu, i.e. Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, visit the
official Ubuntu website in your web browser.
 
Step 2
 By clicking on the "Download" button, you can download the latest version of
Ubuntu, i.e. Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (long term support).

Creating a Virtual Machine

Now, it is time to create a Virtual Machine. Follow the instructions below to
proceed.
 
Step 1
 Open VirtualBox and click on the "New" button.

Step 2
 Choose a name for your virtual machine with its location. Based on the name
you entered, Virtual Box will try to predict the "Type" and "Version".
Otherwise, from the drop-down menu, select "Linux" as the type and "Ubuntu"
as the version and click on the "Next" button.
Step 3
 With the help of the slider, choose the amount of memory (RAM) to be
allocated to the virtual machine. (The recommended memory size is 1024 MB
(1 GB). Please note that this memory will only be used while using a virtual
machine).
Step 4 
 Select "Create a virtual hard disk now" option and click on the "Create" button
to proceed.

Step 5
 Choose the "VDI (VirtualBox Disk Image)" option and click "Next".

Step 6
 Again, click on the "Next" button.

Step 7
 
Select the amount of space for your virtual machine and click the "Create"
button. (This will be used for your operating system which is going to be
installed, so give as much space as possible).
Install Ubuntu Using VirtualBox
 
Now, your virtual machine has been successfully created and it is time to
install Ubuntu on it. Since the latest version of Ubuntu is 20.04 LTS, but I am
showing you the installation of Ubuntu 18.04 on VirtualBox and my aim is to
show you the process of installing Ubuntu. I hope you understand the process
and install the latest version of Ubuntu as you want. Follow the instructions
below to proceed.
 
Step 1
 The name of your virtual machine will now appear on the left side of the
VirtualBox Manager. Click on the "Start" button in the toolbar to launch your
VM.
Step 2
 
This time, you have to select your Ubuntu ISO file that you downloaded
earlier. Now, click on the folder icon and then click on the "Add" button. Then,
select your Ubuntu ISO file. Click on the "Start" button to proceed.

Step 3
 
Now, click on the "Install Ubuntu" button to proceed.

Step 4
 
Select your desired "keyboard layout" and click on the "Continue" button to
proceed.
Step 5
 Use the default option as "Normal Installation" with the "Download updates
while installing Ubuntu" and click on the "Continue" button.
Step 6
 
Select the default option as the "Erase disk and Install Ubuntu" and click on
the "Install Now" option to proceed.

Step 7
 
A warning prompt will appear on the screen and click on the "Continue"
button to ignore this warning.
 
Step 8
 
Choose your time zone on the map and click Continue.
 

 
Step 9
 
Now, set your user account here by filling the necessary details and click on
the "Continue" button to proceed.
 
 
Now, the installation process will begin.
 

 
Step 10
 
Now, restart your system by clicking on the "Restart Now" option.
 

 
Congratulations! you have successfully installed and configured Ubuntu on
Windows 10 using VirtualBox and the Welcome screen will appear.
 
3) DOS Commands:
1) Creating Folder with name BSIT

2) Rename Folder BSIT to OperatingSystem

3) Creating a Text File

4) Copying Text File to Folder OperatingSystem

5) Deleting Text File

6) Opening Folder Operating System

7) Moving a Text File into Folder

8) To Delete Folder
9) To Create a null Text File

10) To Open Specified Folder in a Specified Location

11) Directory of Folder
4) Linux Commands
1) To Create Folder

2) To Create a Text File

3) To Copy Text File Into Folder

4) To Delete Folder
5) To Check Date