Human Rights: In Concept, Scope, and Characteristics: Social Rights - relates to the individual’s ability

to promote their dignity as human beings and

CONCEPT
Human Dignity - being in the image of God; essential to a human
being
Human Rights - entitlement each individual should enjoy; rights
due to everyone; standards that recognize and protect the dignity of
all human beings
Ius - etymology of the term ‘human rights’; is the root word of
‘justice’ or ‘iustitia’; means what is due or owed to an individual
SCOPE
Freedom-Based Rights - deals with civil and political rights; ensure
one’s entitlement to participate in civil and political life of society
and the state
protect their interest
Ex: right to marriage, right to social security and
endurance
Cultural Rights - relates to an individual’s
ability to form and create their own identity and
self determination
Ex. right to take part in cultural life
III. Solidarity Rights - unity or agreement of
feeling or action, especially among individuals
with a common interest

Ex: right to fair trial, freedom from torture, freedom of speech, Solidarity Rights - collective rights but with
rights to health and education respect to individual dimension

Needs-Based Rights - deals with social and economic rights; 6 claimed rights:
provides equal opportunity for material needs to be met through the - political, economic, social, and cultural
availability of resources determination
- economic and social development
Ex: right to healthcare - participate and benefit from the common
heritage of mankind
CHARACTERISTICS - peace
Inherent- belongs to someone by nature; not granted by any person - healthy and balanced environment
or authority - humanitarian disaster relief
Fundamental - serves as a basis of existence
Inalienable - cannot be transferred or forfeited Ex: right to development, right to peace
Imprescriptible - cannot be lost even if man fails to assert them over
a long passage of time Rights to Various Groups
Indivisible - cannot be divided or denied even when other rights
have already been enjoyed Rights of Children
Universal - available equitable to all members of a society; applies to
everybody irrespective of their background UNICEF
Interdependent - relies on the realization of other rights - United Nations International Children’s
Emergency Fund
- provide proper access to health care, nutrition,
Development of Human Rights functional, education, clean drinking water,
- represents the characteristics of the needs of the people at the time sanitation, and other basic services
they were advocated
Rights of Women
I. Civil and Political Rights - negative human rights;”freedom from”
- a right not to be subjected to an action of another person/group United Nations Women
- United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and
Civil Rights - prevent the government from interfering with and Empowerment of Women
individual’s rights
Magna Carta for Women RA 9710
Ex: prohibition of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, - comprehensive women's human rights law
& gender that seeks to eliminate discrimination against
women by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and
Political Rights - ensures the participation of individuals in promoting the rights of Filipino women
government affairs, law-making, and nation building
Anti-Catcalling Ordinance
Ex: right to suffrage - local ordinance of Quezon City
- prohibits catcalls or street-level sexual
II. Economics, Social, and Cultural Rights - positive human rights; harassment on women
“freedom to” - introduced by city’s Councilor Lena Mari Juico
- a right to be subjected to an action under Mayor Herbert Bautista
- permit or oblige action - became on ordinance on May 16, 2016

Economic Rights - relates to an individual’s self development and 4Rs

progress as human beings 1. Realize - Know your rights
2. Respond - Say ‘no’
Ex: guarantee adequate sustenance, housing, education, health, and 3. Report - Report to the authorities
employment 4. Reform - Change rape culture

Rights of People with Disabilities
UNCRPD
- United Nations Convention on the Rights of Person with
Disabilities
NDPR
- National Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation
- celebrated on the month of July
- celebrated on July 23, the birthday of Apolinario Mabini, the
“sublime paralytic”
NCWDP
- National Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons
-agency that takes care of the concerns of PWDs
Magna Carta for Disabled Persons RA 7277
- provides rehabilitation, self-development, and self-reliance
Reports on Violation of Human Rights
Martial Law
- was declared by former president, Ferdinand Marcos
- declared on Sept. 23, 1972
- 75,000 gross human rights violations took place
- 70,000 people imprisoned
- 34,000 victims of torture
- 3,240 people killed
Desaparecidos - people who disappeared and are presumed killed by
members of armed services such as the police
Gender, Gender Roles, and Gender Socialization
GENDER
Sex - inherent physical anatomy of an individual’s reproductive
system
Gender - socially constructed roles, behavior, activities, and
attributes based on sex
CONCEPT
Gender Identity - interrelationship of a person’s sex, internal sense
of self as male or female
Gender Expression - the way a person presents his or herself
outwardly
Gender Role - expectation that society places on its members
IMPORTANT PERSONS
Margaret Mead
- “male dominance is not a universal phenomenon”
Friedrich Engels
- “change in the role and influence of women in era and of private
property”
Eleonor Dionisio
- “socialization starts from when the child is born”
Judith Lorber
- “a child is taught into masculinity or femininity”
SOCIALIZATION
- process of learning throughout the life course and is a central
influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions
I. Manipulation (hairstyle, clothes, colors)
- use of diverse physical and verbal manipulations
- experiences on defining the physique
- differential attention and valuing given boys
and girls
II. Canalization (toys)
- attention of a child is directed towards
gender-appropriate objects
- familiarization of boys and girls with certain
objects
III. Verbal Appellation (compliments, labels)
- use of verbal descriptions for boy or girls
IIII. Activity Exposure (chores, careers, hobbies)
- orientation into gender appropriate tasks
- different kinds of activities boys and girls are
exposed to
Gender Roles in Institutions
A. Family - Household
- Man is seen as the one in charge of earning and
providing for the family, while the woman is
seen as the one in charge of taking care of the
physical and emotional needs
B. Workplace
- The woman is seen as someone who can do her
job best when at home tending to the domestic
needs of the family
- Even during the early ages, men were expected
to hunt and the women were expected to gather
and farm
C. Education
- Young girls are expected to take or excel in
subjects and electives such as home economics,
cooking, and cosmetology.
- Young boys are expected to take plumbing and
carpentry and excel in mathematics and
science-related subjects
D. Religion
- Women are seen as pure, virtuous, and inferior
to men.
E. Government Policy
- Programs of the state in rural areas enhance
the status of men by means of preferential
access to opportunities such as training, credit,
and resources.
The Binary and Gender Spectrum
Gender Fluidity - conveys a wider, more flexible
range of gender expression
Coming Out - pertains to the process by which
lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people
recognize, acknowledge, accept, and typically
Closeted - a person hiding their sexual
orientation
Sex Reassignment Surgery - a procedure that
physically transforms genital using plastic
surgery
Gender identity - person’s innermost concept or
perception of self as male or female
Gender expression - how a person
communicates their gender identity to others
through behavior, clothing, haircut, or voice
Gender role - the set of roles, activities,
expectations, and behaviors assigned to females
and males by society