04/02/2023

LECTURE 2 READ ON….

A Brief History of • Observations of Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek

• Contributions of Needham, Spallanzani, Virchow and
Pasteur

Microbiology
• Koch’s postulates
• Jenner’s work
• Contributions by Ehrlich and Fleming

Katrina Ann B. Espinola

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THE FIRST OBSERVATIONS

ROBERT HOOKE

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THE FIRST OBSERVATIONS

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION

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FRANCISCO REDI (1668)

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JOHN NEEDHAM (1745) LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (20 YEARS LATER)

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RUDOLF VIRCHOW(1858)

Spontaneous
biogenesis
Generation
1668-1859

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Louis Pasteur

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Aseptic Techniques GOLDEN AGES OF

MICROBIOLOGY

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FIRST GOLDEN AGE

OF MICROBIOLOGY

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FERMENTATION VS. PASTEURIZATIONGY Germ Theory

microorganisms called
yeasts convert the
sugars to alcohol in the
absence of air
• Is the process of
heating the object what
ever it is microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants
and animals—specifically, that microorganisms might cause

disease

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1865 –Pasteur help fight silkworm disease
Agostino Bassi had proved that another silkworm disease
was caused by a fungus.
1860 –Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, applied the germ
theory to medical procedures.
-but Lister knew that phenol (carbolic acid) kills bacteria,
so he began treating surgical wounds with a phenol
solution

1840s - the Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis had

demonstrated that physicians, who at the time did not
disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections

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Robert Koch - The first proof that bacteria actually cause Edward Jenner - a young British physician, embarked on
disease an experiment to find a way to protect people from
smallpox.
1876. Koch, a German physician, was Pasteur’s rival in the
race to discover the cause of anthrax, a disease that was
destroying cattle and sheep in Europe.
Koch thus established Koch’s postulates, a sequence of
experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe
to a specific disease

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Immunity
SECOND GOLDEN
The protection from disease provided
AGE OF
by vaccination (or by recovery from
the disease itself MICROBIOLOGY

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Paul Ehrlich Penicillium chrysogenum

“magic bullet”

In 1910, after testing hundreds of substances, he found a

chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan, an arsenic derivative
effective against syphilis.

1930S- sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) were synthesized at about the same

time

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Stephen Jay Gould said we now live in the “age of

bacteria.” The bacteria aren’t new, but our
understanding of their importance to the Earth and
to our health is very important.

This development had its origins in the late 1960s,

when Paul Berg showed that fragments of human
or animal DNA (genes) that code for important
proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA.

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