Voicing :

1- When the vocal folds are spread apart, the

air from the lungs passes between them
with no obstruction, producing voiceless
sounds.
For example,[P],[F],[T]
2- When the vocal folds are drawn together,
the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes
them apart as it passes through, with a
vibration effect, producing voiced sounds

Bilabials: The sounds formed using both

upper and lower lips.
For example: [P],[B],[M],[W] .

Labiodentals:
The sounds formed with upper teeth and the
lower lip.
For example: [F],[V]

Dentals:
the sound formed with the tongue tip and
the upper front teeth.
For example: [θ], [ð].
Place of articulation :
The location inside the mouth at which the Alveolar: The sounds formed with the front
constriction takes place, these symbols will part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge. For
be enclosed within square brackets [ ]. example: [t],[s],[d],[z]
The sounds of The general study of the characteristics
Phonetics of speech sounds, how speech sounds Palatals: the sounds formed with the tongue
language produced in the vocal track and and the very front of the palate. For
example: [ʃ], [ʧ] [ʒ], [ʤ], [j]

Velars: The sounds produced with the back

of the tongue, against the velum.
For example: [k], [g], [ŋ]

Glottals: The sounds produced without the

active use of the tongue and other parts of
the mouth.
For example: [h]

Stops: block air flow, let it go abruptly. For

example: [p], [t], [k] [b], [d], [g]

Fricatives: almost block airflow, let it escape

through a narrow gap
For example: [f], [θ], [s], [ʃ], [h], [v], [ð], [z], [ʒ]

Affricates:combine a brief stop with fricative.

For example [ʧ], [ʤ]
Manner of articulation: How the sounds
Nasals: lower the velum, let air flow out
articulated .
through nose
For example: [m], [n], [ŋ]

Liquids: raise and curl tongue, let airflow

escape round the sides
For example: [l], [r]

Glides: move tongue to or from a vowel

For example: [w], [j]