

PRELIM: SPA
Sound production requires
two things: DENTALS/INTERDENTALS
– Made by placing the tongue  against or between the teeth.
 Power/energy source Consonant Sounds Produced:
 Vibrating element [th] – [ð] eth  [θ] theta
loathe bathe
ARTICULATION

 It is the act of expressing something  in a coherent verbal form, or an  aspect of

pronunciation involving  the articulatory organs
Articulatory Organs:  ALVEOLAR:
– The tongue makes contact with the  alveolar ridge.
 Tongue
Consonant Sounds Produced:
 Lips
[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l]
 Teeth Top deer soap  zip nap lap
 Alveolar ridge (gums behind upper teeth)
 Soft Palate  PALATAL:
 Hard Palate – Made when the center of the  tongue approaches the palate.
 Uvula  Voiceless Sounds: 
 Glottis [tʃ]= /ch/   [ʃ] = /sh/
Cherry chalk Shoe
PLACE OF ARTICULATION   Voiced Sounds:
o parts of the body  [g]
o concerned with articulation rouge George
Palatal Glide:


[j] 
cube onion yet
BILABIAL
VELAR
-Both lips come together. --Made when the back of the  tongue touches the velum.
Consonant Sounds Produced: Consonant Sounds Produced:
[b] [p] [m] [w] [k] [g] [ŋ]=engma  
Boy people man wet Kid go rolling sung
GLOTTAL


– Primary constriction is at the glottis.
Consonant Sounds Produced:
LABIODENTAL: [h]
hat harp hunt
– Lower lip and upper teeth make contact.
Consonant Sounds Produced: MANNER OF ARTICULATION
[v]  [f]  ways on how the 
velvet fence
articulation is done

 STOPS
o Also called the “Plosives”
o produced by complete closure of the lips and subsequent release
[p] [b]
pen bed

 FRICATIVES
– Produced by almost blocking  the airstream
[f] [v] [ð] [s] [θ] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h] 
fish those shoe casual

 AFFRICATES
– Can be described as “STOPS” +  “FRICATIVES”
Consonant Sounds Produced:
ch=[tʃ] j=[dʒ]
church chapter lunch germ edge journal

 NASALS
– Produced when the velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the
nose
Consonant Sounds Produced:
[m] [n] [ŋ]
morning knitting name

 LIQUIDS
– sounds produced in the oral cavity with some obstruction of air stream in the mouth, but
there is no friction in the production of these sounds. 
[l] [r]
life like red rest
 GLIDES
- sounds produced with little obstruction of the airstream. 
Glides are also known as semivowels. 
[y] [w] 
yet wet