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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION
PHONOLOGY
LECTURER: FINZA LARASATI, M.PD.
COMPILED BY
MELA RESTANIA
372015002
BRANCHES OF PHONETICS
1. Articulatory Phonetics
Phonetics
Examples Tongue Lips Mouth Jaw
Symbol
Come
[p] Put, pen, pick Relax/silent close voiceless
together
Feel, phone, A little bit
[f] Relax voiceless
father Lower lip open
touch A bit open,
[v] View Relax/silent upper teeth exposing voiced
upper teeth
Tell, tone, Touches behind Like a bit
[t] untouched voiceless
teddy front teeth smile
The middle
[k] Kill, kid, color tongue touches untouched Open (a bit) voiceless
velum
Spin back,
Lower lip’s a
[r] Read, role, row doesn’t touch untouched voiceless
bit down
roof & vibrates
Corners of
the mouth
Tip touches pulled back
Medium
[ǣ] Back, black behind lower - up the little,
jaw drop
lip exposing
some of the
teeth
No jaw
[ɒ] Bottle Low and relax untouched circle
drop
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2. Auditory Phonetics
3. Acoustic Phonetics
Indonesia has diversity of group in different accent and language system. The
problem comes from pronunciation of different accent. E.g. Bebek, Jakarta and
Javanese have different pronunciation when they say BEBEK. But that is not a problem
if the listeners can grasp what speaker said. If the listeners do not understand, the
speaker must speak with better pronunciation correctly.
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Speech organs:
Lips : We use the lips to create different sounds like labial and bilabial (when
lips are brought together, /p/, /b/, /m/, and labiodentals consonants
(lower lip is raised towards the upper front teeth) such as /f/ and /v/.
Uvula : helps us to make nasal consonant, stopping the air moving through the
nose. E.g /ɳ/ and /n/
Glottis : is used to control the vibration made by the vocal chords. E.g. vibration
of voiced sound /w/ or /h/.
Teeth : are used to create sounds labiodentals. For examples: /f/, /v/, and lingua
dental (bit tongue) /ᵹ/ and /Ɵ/.
Tongue : with its all movements assists in forming the sounds of the speech.
Alveolar : helps us to make different sounds, it is evaluated between the teeth and
the hard palate.
Hard Palate : hard palate interacting with tongue is used to form of the sounds /t/, /d/,
and /j/.
Velum : separates the oral cavity (mouth) from the nose, in order to produce the
oral speech. In the case of an incomplete separation the air scopes
through the nose being perceived hyper-nasal.
Segmental
consonants, vowels, diphthong, minimal pairs, allophones, etc. It can be phonemes or phonetic
symbols.
Suprasegmental
2. SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY
Phoneme
A phoneme is a speech sound that can make one word different from another in
meaning. In the other words, it is a set of speech sounds that are identified by a native
speaker as the same sound.
If we change the first consonant of noun cat and insert [h] instead we get the sentence.
[ðǝ hǣt ɪz ɒn ðə mǣt]
The hat is on the mat
Both of them have different meaning even only one phoneme we change. It means that
phoneme can make utterance different from another in meaning.
Minimal Pairs
A minimal pair is pair of words that have different meanings and are
pronounced the same except for one sound. In other words, it is two words that are
different in only one sound in the same place.
Distinctive Features
Allophones
The example:
Variants of phoneme /p/ are [ph] and [p]
Phoneme usually uses /…/
Allophone usually use […]
3. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
The Syllable
Cluster
Stew /stju:/
Squeeze /skwɪ:z/
Skew /skju:/
Syllable Perception
Syllabic consonant
Syllabic nasal
The three nasal phonemes in English are /n/ as in no, /m/ as in more, and /ŋ/ as
in wing.
1) Syllabic-n
Consider the syllables that make up the following word.
garden /gɑ(r)/ + /dən/ = /ˈgɑ(r)dən/
The first syllable /gɑ/ consists of a CV (consonant and vowel) sequence and the second
syllable /dən/ of a CVC (consonant vowel consonant) arrangement.
Other examples: frighten /ˈfraɪtən/ → [ˈfraɪtn̩]
button /ˈbʌtən/ → [ˈbʌtn̩]
2) Syllabic-m
As well as the occurrence of syllabic-n in unstressed syllables, syllabic-m can
occur in similar environments. Examples of syllabic-m, which similarly take the full
measure of a syllable and taking the nuclear vowel slot in the syllable, include the
following.
rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ → [ˈɹɪðm̩]
bottom /ˈbɒtəm/ → [ˈbɒtm̩]
blossom /ˈblɒsəm / → [ˈblɒsm̩]
3) Syllabic nasal /ŋ/
It may also occurs as a syllabic consonant. Consider the following:
broken /ˈbrəʊkən/ → [ˈbɹəʊkŋ̩]
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Here, the /ən/ sequence is compressed. Such compression could plausibly yield syllabic-
n in the nuclear vowel slot, i.e. [ˈbɹəʊkn̩].
Syllabic Liquid
There are two ‘liquid’ phonemes in English: /l/ as in look, and /r/ as in run.
1) Syllabic-l
Examples of syllabic-l filling the vowel slot in unstressed syllables include the
following.
handle /ˈhændəl/ → [ˈhændɬ̩]
bottle /ˈbɒtəl/ → [ˈbɒtɬ̩]
bagel /ˈbeɪgəl/ → [ˈbeɪgɬ̩]
2) Syllabic-r
Rhotic accents are accents in which /r/ can occur before consonants (e.g. as in
park /pɑrk/, cart /kɑrt/, card /kɑrd/) and before pauses (e.g. as in core /kɔr/, car /kɑr/,
bar /bɑr/)
4. WORD STRESS
In some languages, each syllable in each word is pronounced with the exact
same stress. When a word has more than one syllable, not all syllables are pronounced
with the same degree of force. The syllable which is pronounced with greater force is
called the stressed syllable. You can also call it the accented syllable. "Accent" in this
case means "emphasis". When speaking, it is important to put the stress on the correct
syllable. Otherwise, it would sound unnatural, and might even be difficult to understand.
Here are some examples of the word stress of some common words (the stress
part is bold):
water : wa ter
people : peo ple
television : tel e vi sion
together : to geth er
potato : po ta to
before : be fore
begin : be gin
3. Three-Syllable words
For three-syllable words, look at the word ending (the suffix), using the
following as your guide.
13. Numbers
If the number is a multiple of ten, the stress is placed on the first
syllable. Examples are:
TEN
FIFty
ONE-hundred
Which one is important between intonation and stress when we’re talking?
Both of them are important, because those are the key in English speaking. If we focus
on word, we’ll find stress. But if we focus on sentence, we’ll find intonation and from
intonation we can get the meaning of what someone mean.
5. TONIC SYLLABLE
Intonation
Tone Unit
A tone unit is the minimal unit which can carry intonation. It can be one syllable
long, but usually extends over a few syllables. (A tone unit can also be called an
‘intonation unit’ or ‘foot group’.).
The structure of the tone unit is as follows. The tonic syllable is obligatory but
all other parts are optional.
(PH) (H) TS (T)
(pre-head) (head) tonic syllable (tail)
The nucleus, or tonic syllable (TS), is the most significant syllable in the Tone
Unit (not necessarily the loudest or most prominent stress).
Here is the example:
Changing Emphasis
The emphasis is changed from boring to very. This changing emphasis can make
different meanings of the utterance.
P a g e | 15
How can we know the structure of tone unit (Tail) in an example “she wanted to
face the problem on Tuesday”?
Tail is any unstressed syllables that follow the tonic, so firstly we have to know
where tonic syllable is.
We change the emphasis from travelling to “to”, to express another (different) meaning.
6. CONNECTED SPEECH
Intra-syllabic Level
The word bank is not pronounced */bænk/ but /bæŋk/ because in the termination
cluster nasal+plosive, the nasal adopts the place of articulation of the plosive, i.e. it
becomes velar. This phenomenon is no longer perceived as regressive assimilation.
P a g e | 16
Inter-morphemic Level
The morpheme of the plural spelled as -slike in cats and in dogs appears as two
distinct phonemes /s/ and /z/ due to progressive assimilation. This suffix is voiceless [s]
when it is preceded by a voiceless consonant and voiced [z] when preceded by a voiced
consonant:
a. /kæt+s/
b. /dɒg+z/
Between Words
Some times, assimilation, especially between words, is less standardized and yet
the phenomenon remains quite powerful. Compare a. to b. in the following examples:
/hɪtʃ ju:/ hit you
/hɪt mi:/ hit me
Linking r
Received Pronunciation tend to insert an /r/ between vowels even where there has never
been a /r/. This leads them to pronounce “Anna and John” as / ænər ənd Ʒɒn/