Classification of

Consonants and
Vowels
 Principles of classification:
work of the vocal cords and the force of
exhalation;
Classification active organs of speech and the place of
of Consonants articulation;
manner of noise production and the type of
obstruction;
position of the soft palate
 The work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation

Classification
of Consonants voiced [b, d, ɡ, z, v, ð, ʒ, voiceless [p, t, k, s, f, θ, h, ʃ, ʧ]
m, n, ŋ, l, r, j, w, dʒ] (fortis or strong)
(lenis or weak)
 The position of the active organs of speech and the place of articulation

labial lingual glottal

[h]

bilabial labiodental forelingual mediolingual backlingual

Classification (velar)
of Consonants [p, b, m, w] [f, v] [j] [k, ɡ, ŋ]

apical cacuminal
[θ, ð] [t, d, l, n, s, z] [ʧ, ʤ, ʃ, ʒ] [r]

interdental alveolar palato-alveolar post-alveolar

 The type of obstruction and the manner of noise production

noise consonants sonorants

occlusive constrictive cclusive-constrictive occlusive constrictive

(plosives or stops) (fricatives) (affricates) [m, n, ŋ]
Classification [p, b, t, d, k, ɡ] [f, v, θ, ð, s, [ʧ, ʤ]
of Consonants z, ʃ, ʒ, h] median lateral

[w, j, r] [l]
 The position of the soft palate

Classification oral nasal

of Consonants
(all the other) [m, n, ŋ]
 Principles of classification

stability of articulation

tongue position
Classification lip position
of Vowels
length

degree of tenseness

character of the vowel end

 Stability of articulation

Classification monophthongs diphthongs diphthongoids

of Vowels [ɪ, ʊ, ʌ, ɑː, ɒ, ɔː, e, æ, ɜː, ə] [eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, ɪə, eə, ʊə, əʊ, aʊ] [iː, uː]
 The position of the tongue
The horizontal movement

front front retracted central or mixed back back advanced

[i:, e, æ] [ɪ], the nucleus [ʌ, ɜː, ə] [ɑː, ɒ, ɔː, uː] [ʊ], the nuclei of [ʊə, əʊ]
the nuclei of of [ɪə]
[aɪ, eɪ, eə, aʊ]

Classification
of Vowels
The vertical movement

close open mid or mid-open

narrow broad narrow broad narrow broad

[i:,u:] [ɪ, ʊ] [ɔː, ɔɪ] [æ, ɑː, ɒ, aɪ, aʊ] [e, ɜː, eɪ, əʊ] [ʌ, ə, eə]
 Lip position

Classification rounded unrounded or neutral

of Vowels
[ʊ, uː, ɒ, ɔː] [ɪ, iː, ʌ, ɑː, e, æ, ɜː, ə]
 The length

Classification short vowels long vowels

of Vowels
[ɪ, ʌ, ʊ, ɒ, e, ə, æ] [i:, u:, ɑː, ɔː, ɜː]
 The degree of tenseness
Classification
of Vowels long vowels are tense short vowels are lax
 The character of the vowel end

Classification checked unchecked vowels (free)

of Vowels
[e] in [bet] [i:] in [bi:], [ɑ:] in [kɑ:d]