v TASK 1:

CONSONANT
Task 1:
 Plosive/ Stop (âm tắc/ âm bật) are formed during 4 phases:
1. Closing Articulators move against each other to form stricture
( phase 1 – P1)
2. Compression The air is compressed and stopped from escaping ( phase 2
– P2)
3. Release The articulators are moved to follow air to escape ( phases
3 – P3)
4. Post – release This happens immediately after the third phase ( phases 4 –
P4)

 English Plosives
- The glottal plosive [ʔ] occurs frequently but is less important.

- Place of articulation:
[ p, b] called bilabial The lips are pressed together.
[ t, d] called alveolar The tongue blade is pressed against the alveolar
ridge.
[ k, g] called velar The back of the tongue is pressed against the
velum.

- These six plosive can occur at the begining of a word (initial position),
between other sounds (medial position) and at the end of a word (final
position).

+ Initial position ( consonant – Vowel or C – V)

P1 Takes place silently.
P2 No voicing in [ p, t, k] and little voicing in [ b, d, g].
The release of [p, t, k] is followed by an audibe plosion while that of [ b,
P3
d, g] is follwed by a weak plosion.
Aspiration happens in the production of [ p, t, k] ( air escapes through
P4
vocal cords like in [h] ) and voicing begins in that of [b, d, g].

+ Aspiration distinguishes [ p, t, k] from [ b, d, g].

*[ p, t, k] can be preceded by [s] and is unaspirated [ sp, st,
sk].
*[ b, d, g] can’t be preceded by any consonant.
+ Medial position ( V – C – V): the pronunciation depends on the
stress of preceding/ following syllables.
+ Final position ( V –C):
 * Plosion is weak and often not audibe.
* The difference between them is that vowels preceding [p, t,
k] are much shorter than [b, d, g]. This process is called pre – fortis
clipping.
 Fortis and Lenis - phụ âm mạnh và yếu
- [ p, t, k] are produced with more force → Fortis (strong).
- [ b, d, g] are created with less force → Lenis (weak).
Placce of articulation
Bilabial Alveolar Velar
Fortis (voiceless) p t k
Lenis (voiced) b d g

 Fricatives – âm xát
- Make a long [s] and gradually lower your tongue → hissing sound will
stop.
- Make a long [f] sound and then pull the lower lip away from the upper
teeth → hissing sound will disappear.
- It is important to the air escape through a narrow passage and make a
hissing sound in order to create the fricatives.
- Fricatives are continuant consonants: you can continue making them
without interruption (plosives are not continuants).

Place of articulation
Post -
Labiodental Dental Alveolar Glottal
alveolar
Fortis ( voiceless) f θ s ʃ
h
Lenis ( voiced) v ð z ʒ

- The fortis fricatives are said to be articulated with greater force than the
lenis, and their friction noise is louder.
- The lenis fricatives have very little or no voicing in initial and final
positions, but may be voiced between voiced sounds.
- Fortis fricatives can shorten the preceding vowel.

 English Fricatives:
where the lower lip is in contact with the
[f, v] are labiodental sounds
upper teeth.
[θ, ð] ( called theta and eth) are dental with the tongue is placed behind the upper
sounds teeth.
[s, z] are alveolar fricatives with the same place of articulation as [t, d].

[ʃ, ʒ] ( called esh and yogh) are post - with the tongue touches further back area
alveolar than [s, z] and the lipss are rounded.

 The glottal fricatives and its “relatives” – âm xát hầu

- [h] is a glottal fricative, which means that the narrowing producing the
friction noise is between the vocal folds.
- This is a special “ copy – cat” phoneme: hat [hæt] when [h] is produced,
the tongue, jaw and lip position are similar to that of [æ].
→ [h] has [æ] quality.
→ The consonant always has the quality of the vowel it precedes.
- Phonetically, [h] is a voiceless vowel with the quality of the voiced
vowel that follows it.
- Phonologically, [h] is a consonant which is usually found before
vowels. When it occurs between voiced sounds, it is pronounced with weak
voicing ( breathy voice).
- [h] is omitted in unstressed pronunciations of her, he, him, his and
have, has, had when they occur at the middle or near the end of a sentence.
+ E.g: Tell her I love her

 Affricate – âm tắc xát

- Afficates are sounds that begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
- Afficates can only be made by a plosive and a fricative that are
homorganic (= being made with the same articulator).
- Speakers normally round their lips when making these sounds.
- [tʃ] is slightly aspirated and post – alveolar. It tends to shorten a
preceding vowel.
- [dʒ] is voiced and post – alveolar.

 Fortis consonant
- Syllable final fortis consonants can shorten a preceding vowel,
especially long vowels and diphthongs. Similarly, they can shorten [ l, m, n,
ŋ] in words like bump [bʌmp] and bank [bæŋk].
- Fortis consonants are articulated with open glottis because the airflow is
essential to produce them successfully. But with plosives, an alterative is to
produce the consonant with closed glottis. This is Glottalisation which
usually occurs before [p, t, k, tʃ ].
+ E.g: catching [k æ tʃ ɪ ŋ ] → [k æʔ tʃ ɪ ŋ ]
riches [ r ɪ tʃ i z] → [ r ɪʔ tʃ i z]
 - Glottalisation of [p, t, k] happens, though not noiticeable, when the
plosive is followed by another consonant or a pause.
+ E.g: football [fʊt.bɔːl] → [fʊʔt.bɔːl]
mat [ mæt] → [mæʔt]

 Glottal Stop
- Although the glottal plosive [ʔ] is less important, it would be
devastating to your English comprehension if you were not able to recognize
this sound.

v TASK 2:
1. Listen to the song with the link in the QR code below, and then
transcribe the missing
words. Some sounds have been given for you to guess.
Sweater Weather
'Cause it's too cold
For you here and now
So let me hold
Both your hands in the (1) [holes___ ] of my sweater
All I am is a man
I want the world in my hands
I hate the (2) [ beach___ ]
But I stand
In California with my toes in the sand
Use the sleeves of my sweater
Let's have an adventure
Head in the clouds but my gravity's centered
Touch my neck and I'll touch yours
You in those little high-waisted shorts, oh
She knows what I think about
And what I think about
One love, two mouths
One love, one house
No shirt, no (3) [blouses___]
Just us, you find out
Nothing that I wouldn't wanna tell you about, no
'Cause it's too cold
For you here and now
So let me hold
Both your hands in the (1) [holes___ ] of my sweater
And if I may just take your breath away
I don't (5) [ ___mind] if there's not much to say
Sometimes the silence guides our (5) [ ___mind]s
So move to a place so far away
The goose (4) [bumps___ ] start to raise
The minute that my left hand meets your waist
And then I watch your face
Put my finger on your tongue
'Cause you love to taste, yeah
These hearts adore
Everyone the other beats hardest for
Inside this place is warm
Outside it starts to pour
Coming down
One love, two mouths
One love, one house
No shirt, no (3) [ ___blouses]
Just us, you find out
Nothing that I wouldn't wanna tell you about, no, no, no
[repeated]
'Cause it's too cold
For you here and now
So let me hold
Both your hands in the (1) [holes___ ] of my sweater

Transcription:
(1) [holes____]
(2) [beach_____]
(3) [_____blouses]
(4) [bumps_____]
(5) [_____mind]

2. For each group of sounds listed, state the phonetic feature(s) they all
share.
E.g.: [p], [b], [m]: bilabial, stop, consonant
a. [ɡ], [p], [t], [d], [k], [b] : plosive, consonant,
b. [uː], [ʊ], [ɒ], [ɔː] : back, vowel
c. [t], [s], [ʃ], [p], [k], [f], [h] : voiceless, consonant
3. Write the following broad phonetic transcription in regular English
spelling.
[sʌm pi.pəl θɪŋk fə.ne.tɪks ɪz ve.ri ɪn.trə.stɪŋ]
→ Some people think phonetics is very interesting