§1. TU TUGNG XUAT PHAT VE BAN CHAT CUA VU TRU: TRIET Li AM DUONG 1.1. Triét 1f 4m duong: ban chat va khdi niém y B rong cudc s6ng, dan téc nao cting va cham véi nhitng cap d6i lap “duc-cai”, “néng-lanh”, “cao-thap”... Ngudi ndng nghiép thi, khong nhifng thé, cdn luén mong sao cho mia mang b@i thu va gia dinh déng diic, tifc 12 quan tam dén su sinh s6i nay né cla hoa mau va con ngudi di hai cap d6i lap Me-Cha va ‘Bi. DOi v6i nong nghiép lia nudc, diéu nay lai cang bOi phén hé trong: Nghé Ita nuéc mang tinh thdi vu rat cao, do vay can rat nhiéu site nguéi (Déng tay hon hay lam). Thdi xtta, dat rong, thém ngudi'thi thém viéc, ting thu nhap, chua phai lo thiéu An (nén mdi c6 triét li Trdi sinh voi, sinh c6!); mat khac, véi cudc sOng dinh cu, viée sinh dé hau nhu khong anh hudng dén sinh hoat cia cOng déng?. 3 Ngudi ta cting dan dan nh§n ra ring hai hinh thdi sinh san nay c6 cing mét ban chat: Dat dude déng nhat vdi me, cdn trdi dude — déng nhat vdi cha, Viéc hgp nhat ciia hai cap "me-cha" v: tdi" chinh 1a suf khdi quét h6a dau tién trén con dutng d triét If 4m duong”??. &y ") Ngudi du mu thi, ngudc lai, dé coi séc mot dan gia sic, cnt nhanh khde chi khong cén dong; va véi cube séng di chuyén, vide gay kh6 khan rat nhiéu ae ‘Tir yang (duong) trong tiéng Han da duge muon tit yang (n tiéng Bong Nam A cé dai (ss. yang Dak “thén Nubc", yang Sri’ yin (2m) thi mun tina, yana.. (nghia ld me) cla ede tiéng Dong 52 . Scanned with CamScannerChinh tit quan niém 4m dudng véi ha 3 Ap d6i lap géc "me- va “dat-troi" cha nay, nguvi xua da dan dan suy ra v6 s6 nhitng déi lap ma, dén l¢t minh, lai trd thanh co so dé lap mdi (xem bang 2.1). Ching han, tiv cap suy ra: (a) Vé thai t suy ra nhifng d6i nh-néng", c6 thé. thi mia déng lanh thudc am, mia he nong thuge dutdng; (b) Vé phutong hung thi phuong bc lanh thudc 4m, phuong nam néng thudc dudng; (c) Vé théi gian thi ban dém lanh thugc Am, ban ngay ndng thudc duong. Tiép tuc, dém thi toi nén mau den thudc am, ngay thi ning 46 nén mau dé thudc dung, DAT - TRO! thap - cao ee phuong bac .- phuong nam mia dong - mia ha ME - CHA mém (déo) - cing (ran) tinh cam - Ii tri / vG lye cham - nhanh tinh - dong huéng noi - hudng sah dém - ngay sO chin - s6lé hinh vu6ng - hinh tron Bang 2.1: Su khdi qudt budc ddu cia nguyén li @m-duong ‘Ty cip “me-cha” (néf-nam), c6 thé suy ra: (a) Vi giéng cdi c6 nang mang thai va sau khi sinh thi con gin b6 véi me cho nén vé loai 6, tuy mot ma hai, 4m ting v6i sé chdn; gidng duc thi khong cé kha nang ay, cho nén dung ttng véi so lé (bdi vay ma thdi xua, ngu@i ta da ding Aai vach ng&n == mm dé ki hiéu cho 4m va mét vach dai mmm dé ki hiéu cho dudng; céch ky hiéu nay sau 53 Scanned with CamScannerdyge ding trong Bat quai); (b) vé hinh khéi thi vi khdi vudng én dinh, vitng chai, tinh nén hinh vudng thuge ve “am, con khdi on dé chuyén dong nén hinh tron thudc dudng. Thém wae) 6, ti e gifa canh va chu vi hinh vudng 1a 1:4 - so4 chan thude am; conti 1é gitfa dudng kinh va chu vi hinh tron 1a 1:3 - s6 3 (s6 nm) 1é thudc duong (ngudi Vist Nam wa ding biéu tugng vudng-tron nay). V6 loai hinh vin héa thi vén hda géc ndng nghiép chia nhiing dac trung 4m tinh f& chil yéu: & thi mu6n yén 6n & mot ch6, voi thién nhién thi muén hoa hop, véi moi ngudi thi ning vé tinh cdm, véi moi truting x4 hoi thi bao dung. on van hda géc du myc thi lai chia nhing dac trung duong tinh a chi yéu: & thi nay day mai 46, voi thién nhién thi muén chinh phuc, V6i moi ngudi th) thién vé bao lye, véi mOi truing x4 hdi thi va doc ton... Xét dudi géc db triét If am duong, c6 thé goi van héa g6c n6ng nghiép 1a loai van héa trong 4m, con van héa g6c du muc [a loai van hda trong duong. 7 Tuy nhién, viéc x4c dinh ban chat Am/dudng ctia cdc su vat, hién tudng xung quanh kh6ng phai lic nao cting dé dang. Ching han, cay lia 1a 4m hay dung? C4i cay 1a 4m hay dudng? Doi vai méi trudng hgp trén déu c6 hai cach tra 1i. Chinh tif thifc té nay, ngudi xua da dn dan tim ra nhifng dic diém mang tinh quy luat ciia triét li am duong. 1.2. Hai quy luat cia triét Ii 4m duong ‘Triét li Am duong c6 hai quy lat co ban: 1) Quy luat vé THANH TO: Khéng cé gi hoan toan dm hodc hoan toan duong, trong dm cé dutong va trong duong cé am. Trong c4i ndng tiém dn cdi mua (hoi nude boc 1én), trong cdi a2 2, 4s a 2 2 mufa tiém dn cdi ning (may tan di), trong long dat 4m chifa cdi n6ng duong (4 tam tréi dat nhiét d6 1én téi trén 4 ngan d6). Trong mdi ngudi déu tiém dn chat khdc gidi nén gidi tinh c6 thé bién déi bing ey ché thite an (yufa) hoac giai phau (nay). Quy Inat nay cho thay ring viéc x4c djnh mot vat 1a am hay dung chi 1 tong di, 54 as] Scanned with CamScannertrong su so sdnh vdi mét v@t khdc. Chinh vi vay ma véi cfc chp d6i Ap c6 sHn (ti tr4i nghia), tte 12 c6 vat so s4nh tiém fin, thi vige x4c dinh Aim dudng c6 thé thie hiGn rit dé dang, cdn vdi cdc At don 1é thi dé sinh ra King ting. Ti diy suy ra hai hé qua phuc vu cho viée xdc dinh ban chat Am/duong cita mot déi tung: a- Mudn xdc dinh tinh chat am duong ctia mét vat, trude hét phai xdc dinh dugc d6i tuong so sdnh, Vi du: nam so vdi nif thi manh mé (dung), nhung so vdi hom beo thi lai yéu dudi (Am); mau tring so vdi mau den thi dudng, nhung so vi mau d6 lai 1A 4m... Nhd su so s4nh ndy ma ta cd thé Ap dige nhifng thang dO 4m dudng cho tifng linh vyc; ching han, vé mau sic ta c6: den © trdng & xanh © vang © dé (tit dit den nhii ra 14 tring, cdng hp thy 4nh nfing 14 cdng xanh, lau dén 14 chuyén sang vang, réi cuéi cing thanh d5), Tuy nhién, khong phai cif xc dinh duc d6i tudng so snh réi 1a c6 thé xfc dinh duge tinh chat im dudng cla ching. xac b- Dé xdc dinh tinh chat dm duong ctia mot vat, sau khi xde dinh duge d6i tugng so sdnh, con phdi xdc_dinh co sd so sdnh. DGi vdi cing m6t cap hai vat, vdi céc cd sd so sfnh khac nhau ~ s& cho ta nhitng két qua khéc nhau. Vi dy: mGt ngudi nif so vidi mot ngudi nam xét vé gidi tinh 14 Am nhung xét vé tinh cach c6 thé lai 1A duténg; nuc so vi dit, xét vé dO cting 1A Aim, nhung néu xét vé tinh dOng thi lai 18 dung... 2) Quy nat v8 QUAN HE: Am va duong luén gdn bé mat thiét véi nhau ya chuyén héa cho nhau: dm cyte sinh duong, duong cuc sinh dm. Ching han, ngay va dém, mua va ning, néng va anh... luén 6i chd cho nhau. O xtt néng (dutong) phat trién nghé tréng trot (am); nguige lai, d xtt lanh (Am) phat trién nghé chin nudi (dwéng). tiy dat den (Am) moc 1én, 14 xanh sang vang rdi hoa 55 Scanned with CamScanner6 (dudng) va cudi cing trd lai den dé vé véi dat. Nguvi cang {anh hién (Am) thi cing hay néng cuc (dutdng). Ti chat nttéc (Am) néu [Am anh dén cing cyic thi héa thanh bang d4 (dung). Biéu wong Am-dudng 6 hinh 2:1 (hinh thanh trong Bao gido vao d4u Cong nguyén) phan 4nh day aii hai quy Int vé ban chat hda quyén va quan hé chuyén héa cia tridt Ii am duang. Trong thuc té, ta con c6 thé gap nhiing cap khdi nigm = Hinh 2.1: Biéy ma ngay cd sau khi da van dung ‘hai quy luat cla triét I tuong 4m duong 4m duong, viée x4e dinh ban chat am duong cla ching . vn khéng dé dang gi hon bai 1é ching con bi chi phéi béi nhiing quan niém xa+ ‘Adi. Cap “trai phai* thudc loai nhu thé (xem: Trn Ngog Thém - Tim 'vé ban:sde van hda Viét Nam, NXB Tp. HCM, 1996, tr. 119-121). 1.3. Triét li 4m duong va tinh cdch ngudi Viét 1.3.1. Nhu da noi, triét If am duong 14 sin phim trit tung héa.tir yni&m va uéc mo cla cu dan néng nghiép vé su sinh san cla hoa mau va con nguti. Tit hai cap d6i lap g&c “me-cha” va “ddt-trdi", ngudi xua dfn dan suy ra hang loat cp di lap nhu nhing thude tinh cla am duong. LOi tu duy dé tao nén & Agubi Bong Nam A cé dai mot quan nigm Iv@ng phan Iw@ng hop (= nhj nguyén) C6 phén chat phac va thé so vé thé gidi (dualisme cosmologique) ma nhiéu nha nghién ctu phuong Tay d4 ting’ néi t6i (J. Preyluski, G. Coedas, E. Porée- Maspéro...). Tu tu duy.lu6ng phan Iu@ng hop, trén co s¥ cdc cap d6i lap ro nét, ngubi Bong Nam A xua hin da mé rong dn ra dé tim cach xdc lap ban chat Am duong cho nhing khdi niém, sy vat bit lap. Qua trinh nay chic 44 din ho téi ch6 cam nhan dude tinh hai mat cla 4m duong va, quan hé chuyén héa ln nhau gida ching. C6 \é nhing y nigm con cé phan hén nhién va chat phac do a la tién dé gidp cho t6 tién ngudi Han pham tru hoa va hé théng héa ching thanh tiét If 4m duong du6i dang nhu ching ta da biét. 1.3.2. 6 ngudi Viet Nam, TU DUY LUGNG PHAN LUGNG HOP boc Id rat dam nét qua Khuynh huéng CAP DOIG khap ndi: 56 Scanned with CamScanner4, oy tM khs ’in dén dau vain khong chan nan. Nguoi viet Nam la dan Oc séng bang wong lai (tinh than lac quan): thisi wé kho thi tin Hing vé gia sé su6ng, sudt dvi khé thi tin ring di con minh sé suing (Khong ai giau ba ho, khong ai khé ba ddi...). MOt vi du dign hinh cho tinh than lac quan Ki la d6 1a bai ca dao mién Trung | vé mudi qui tring. 1.4, Hai huéng phat trién cia triét i Am Duong Cing xuat phat tir nguyén li 4m duong, ngudi xufa da. theo hai nga khic nhau dé c6 hai san phdm rat khdc nhau 1a Ngii hanh va Bat quai, 1.4.1. Mot huéng goi am duong la Ludng nghi va, bing phép phan d6i thudn tiy, di san sinh ra nhifng m6 hinh vii tru chat ché vdi sO ludng thanh t chdn: 2 sinh 4 (Tit tugng), 4 sinh 8 (Bat qu Kinh Dich trinh bay nguy6n Ji hinh thanh vii tru duéi dang: Tha. sinh liéng nghi, ludng nghi sinh we tuong, tit tuong sinh bat quai, bat qudi bién héa v6 cing. Trong chudi nay khong cé ché ditng cho ngdi hanh, Diu nay cho thay quan niém phé bién xua nay cho rang 4m duong - Ni hanh - bat quai déu 1a nhiing san phdm cla cling mot dan tdc la sai 14m biét ching nao! Quan sat théng ké cho thay ngudi phuong Bac duéng nhu rt thich dung nhling cach néi khéi quat voi nhing con S6 chan 4, 6, 8: Ta bang (4 bén hang x6m); tw duc (4 dic cia phu nif theo Nho Qido); tu hai (4 bién); ta ma (xe 4 ngua), t7 phdi (4 ngudi duoc tha chung véi Khéng TW); tv thanh (4 thanh trong ting Han), 7 tru (4 vi dai than); luc bd (6 bd trong triéu dinh); tue cue (6 diéu khé); Luc nghé (6 mén hoc (8-nhac-xa-ngy-thy-s6); luc sc (6 \oai vat nudi: guia, bo, dé, ga, ché, lon); fue tc (6 thi gic); Ive thy (6 cach aat chix Han); Juc vj (6 vi thuéc quy); bat 4m (4m thanh cia 8 loai nhac cu); bét buy (8 vat Guy); bat hién (8 ngudi tai Trung Quée); bat tién (8 vi tien): bat tran (8 mén ain gon); bat vj (bai thudc 8 vi). 1.4.2. Huéng thit hai tao nén nhifng mé hinh vil tru bi . Hung an vai so lugng thanh (6 /é: 2 sinh 3 (Tam 1i), 3 sinh 5 (Ngit hi anh). 60 Scanned with CamScannerVai tro cla s6 5 d6i véi nén van héa n6ng nghiep Nam-A loin ngudi Viet Nam ta cé tuc Kinh né con s6 5, kiéng con s6.5 va kiéng yea aa cip sd cfu thanh nén né (xem 6 trén): Méng n&m, mudi b6h, hai_ba cing 16 nda la di budn! 2.4. Ngii Hanh theo Ha DG Trong sy tén tai va phat trién ctia minh, Ha Dé da trd thanh cd sd cho viéc tao nén Ngii Hanh. Méi phuong — mdi nhém so Ha Dé tiép nhan m6t hanh tudng ting theo thif ty nhu sau (x. bang 2.3): nee HANH phuong bac hanh Thuy phuong nam Phuong déng hanh Méc Phuong tay hanh Kim trung uong hanh Théo Bang 2.3: Twong ting "S6 Ha Dé - Phuong - Hanh" Ngii hanh xy dung nhu thé chinh 1a mot md hinh 5 you 16’ vé edu tric khéng gian cia vit tru. Su sip x€p cdc hanh theo phuong cho thay r6 nguén géc néng nghiép cia Ngii hanh: Déi voi ngudi nOng nghiép khOng gi quan trong hon dat, cho nén hanh Thé dude dat vao trung uong, cai quan bon phudng (vi tri cia sé tham thién luGng dia). Sau dat thi dén nuéc. Déi voi ngudi lam non, gi quan trong hon dit va nuéc; cho nén sau d; quan trong sO mot (Nhdt nudc, nhi Phén...): Hi sO 1 cla Ha Dé, 1a khdi dau (nguyén thiy, 4m, cho nén phai 6 phuong bac; con hanh phugng nam. Con lai cap M6c-Kim thi han ig nghiép, khong at, nuéc tré thanh anh Thay tng véi thiy chung); Thiiy Ja Hoa 1a duong, tat s@ 6 h Moc (dugng) béi cay 66 Scanned with CamScannerc6i IA su sOng, xanh t6t vao budi sdng, mia xudn - ting vdi phuong déng dudng tinh; con hanh Kim (4m, bdi kim loai tinh) ting vdi phudng tay am tinh. Nhu vay, cic hanh dude sip xép theo thit tf cla Ha Dé - d6 1a thet ty Thy - Héa - Méc - Kim - Thé. Thit ty quen ding “Kim- MOc-Thuy-Hda-Th6” 1a thif ty 44 bi sau nay 1am cho sai lac. Gitta cfc hanh c6 quan hé tong sinh (hanh nay hé trd, gitip 43 cho hanh kia): quan hé nay x4c dinh gitfa titng cp hai hanh mOt theo trat ty thudin chiéu kim déng hé cia Ngfi hanh theo Ha Dé (hinh 2. : a * Thily sinh Méc (vi dy: nuéc gitip 7 ¥ cho cay tdi tét); _* Moe sink Héa (wi du: gd lam OD a af BY nhién liéu cho h¥a chy); 6 0. Xn 4 * Héa sinh Thé (vi du: lita d6t tro bui lam cho dat mau m@);_ (rhs) * Thé sinh Kim (vi du: trong long \6 dat sinh ra kim loai); Hinh 2.7: Noi hanh * Kim sinh Thiy (vi du: kim loai —_tyong sinh theo Ha D6 néng chy trd vé thé 1éng). Ngfi hanh tuong sinh thuc chat 18 suf chi tiét héa cila quan hé am dudng chuyén héa (Thuy 18 cc 4m va Héa 1a cue dufong). Gitta céc hanh cdn c6 quan hé tuong khdc (hanh nay han ché, gay trd ngai cho hanh kia) theo cdc c&p sau: * Thy khdc Héa (vi du: nuéc dap tat lita); * Héa khdc Kim (vi du: lita nung chay kim loai); * Kim khde Moc (vi du: dao chat cay); * Moc khdc Thé (vi du: cay hit chat mau ciia dat); *Thd khdc Thiy (vi du: dat dip dé ngan nuéc). Scanned with CamScanner. Quan h@ tuong khdc gida cdc hanh Héaye SaThS — quge xéc inh theo hutng ngupe chigu kim déngg hé trén Lac Thu - bute phat trén tip theo cla Ha D6 (Lac Thy gém cc 86 Moet Kim ty 4 aén 9 xép than hinh vudng sao cho XA [os cdc sé duong va 4m can bang nhau, két qua 7 la bat ki 3 $6 nao trén mot dudng thdng déu ly cho mot téng bat bién bing 15). C4 hai loai Hinh 2.8: Ngd hanh tuong quan hé tuong sinh va tuong khde 06 thé sinh tuong khadc duge ghép lai, trinh bay trong mot hinh ngdi sao ly Ng hanh theo Ha 6 lam g6c va “kéo hanh Thé ti trung tam ra bién (hinh 2.8): Céc mAi tén theo vong tron thuan chiéu kim d6ng h6 biéu thi quan hé Ng hanh tung sinh, cdn cdc mii tén vé theo hinh ng6i sao mét nét bén trong biéu thi quan hé NgGi hanh tuong khac. V6i tu céch mét md hinh bd 5 vé c4u tric khéng gian cia vii tru, Ng hanh c6 cdc wy diém: a) C6 sé lugng thanh t® vila phai (khong nhiéu qua, khong it qua); b) CO s6 lugng thanh t6 1 (bao quat duge trung tam); c) C6 sé lugng moi quan hé téi da. V6 mat todn hoc, ngudi ta d4 ching minh rang hé théng 5 trung t&m chinh 1a hé théng ty diéu chinh uu viét nhat. Khong phai ngdu nhién ma co thé con ngudi a mot he th6ng Noi hanh (xem lI-§4); ban tay ban chan con Ngubi cling déu 1a nhing hé théng Ngo hanh. Ban tay ngudi 5 ngén chinh la san ph&m cui cing cla cd mét qué trinh tign héa tir dong vat bac thap (ca vi vay la 1 mai chéo), qua cdc loai trung gian (loai méng guéc; chim ga...) ma di [én. 2.5. Ung dung cia Nod hanh 2.5.1. Ngfi hanh c6 ting dung rat rong. Sé di nhu vay 1a vi, nhy a n6i, cdc hanh trong Negi hanh 1a nhitng khdi niém vita cu thé via trifu tugng, chting rat da nghia (xem bang 2.4), ' _Trong cdc ¥ nghia nay thi vé mat van héa, dang chi ¥ 1a hé thong cdc mau biéu va vat biéu theo Neti hanh. V8 mau biéu thi hai mau den, dé mang tinh déi lap am/d v6i hai hanh Thiy-Héa (hai Phuong ‘b: ™ 16 rét_hdn, ting vdi hai Thé 6 trung wong. 68 Scanned with CamScanner1_| sé Ha Bs 1 2_| Hanh de sinh Méc 3_| Hanh bi khde Hoa Vat chat kim loai Phuonghuong trun; Thoi tiét khoang ida (mia) cae mila Mui vi Thé dat Mau biéu vat biéu Bang 2.4: Mét sé ung dyng cia Nga hanh Mang tinh uc Ié hon ca 1a b6 vat biéu. Dang chi ¥ 1a trong so vat biéu cho 5 phudng thi da c6é 3 1A nhifng dong vat tiéu biéu cia ving phudng Nam-séng nuéc — dé 1a Chim, Réng va Ria; thanh ngit Viét Nam c6 cau: Nhat diéu, nhi xa, tam ngut, tie tuong. vat biéu cho phuong chinh nam 1a Chim. Day 1a loai vat luén quy tu vé phudng nam 4m nang. Khéng phai ngdu nhién ma ngudi Lac Viét tu xung 1A dong doi ho Héng Bang (Héng Bang = mot loai séu 16n), va trén cdc trong dong 1a cd mot thé gidi cdc loai chim, con ngudi ciing ding Iéng chim dé héa trang. Vat biéu cho phugng déng 1a Réng. Day 1a con vat do nguvi Bach Viét tudng tugng ra trén cd so nguyén mau 1a cé sAu va rin (xem III-§1.2.2). Tinh cach trong tinh cam, hiéu hda cia ngusi nong nghiép da bién con cé s@u nguyén miu dc déc thinh con rong tudng tugng cao quy, hiéni lanh. Réng cdn 1a con vat mang di tinh tong hop wv linh hoat cia vin héa néng nghiép véi cdc déi lap nudc/lita, nuéc/trdi (sinh ra tix nude rdi bay én tréi va phun Iifa), linh hoat t6i mtic khong cn‘c6 c4nh ma van c6 thé bay 1én trdi dude. 69 Scanned with CamScanner§3. TRIET Li VE CAU TRUC THOI GIAN cta vo TRY: LICH AM DUONG VA HE CAN CHI 3.1. Lich va lich 4m duong ghé nong rét cn biét vé thdi tiét, khi hau, vong quay bOn mia, cho nén trén thé gidi nay, moi nén lich phép déu 1a sin phdm cia céc ving vin hda néng nghiép. Cé ba loai lich co ban: lich thudn duong, lich thudn am, va lich 4m duong. Lich (thudn) duong phat sinh ti’ ving van héa Ai Cap (Iu vuc song Nil) vao khong 3000 nim trCN, dua trén chu Ki chuyén dong biéu kign cla mat trdi, mdi chu Ki (goi fa mot nm) c6 365,25 ngay. Lich (thuan) 4m phat sinh tir vung 6 Su tudn hoan cia mat trang: mai chu ki trang (goi la Mot thang) dai 29,5 ngay; mot nam am lich c6 354 Ngay, tic 1a it hon nam duong lich 11 Ngay. Khoang 3 nam thi lich thufn 4m sé nh 6 nam thi né sé nhanh hon 1 khdp cdc mia trong nim cia fic! Vao khoang thé ki thir 7 trCN, lich 4m Lu6ng Ha 43 duoc Nguoi Etruscan tir cho ngudi La Ma. Dén nim 47 trCN, hoang dé Julius Caesar méi thay né bang lich ducng Ai Cap ma 6ng da day cong tim higu trong thdi gian quan doi La Ma do Ong chi huy chiém déng ving nay. Cho dén nay, hé lich duong nay, mae du con r&t » ti chau Au 4a duge phé bign ra hau khap thé gigi. ich thu&n am cho dén nay chi con al han ché 6 mat so quéc gia H6i gido. Mane Lich ctia A D6ng ma ta thudng goi 1A cl mot thit lich dm duong. La sin phim ofa leit 43 két hgp duge c& chu Ki mat trang lin mat gidn, vige xay dung lich nay gm 3 giai doan: a) Dinh céc ngay trong thang theo m, dinh truéc hét 1a hai ngay S6c-vong (56 nam (cho nén d4u h thudn dugng). at tréing bling cach xdc c= bat dau, ngay dau 72 Scanned with CamScannerindng; vong = ngtta mat nhin lén, ngay gitfa thang trang tron — do tim quan trong cia hai m6c thdi gian nay trong thang cho nén dén nay, dan gian ta vin déu dan hing thang cting hai tun s6c- -vong). . Can cit vao théi diém xuat hién ctia trang, hinh dng cia trang, dan gian da tich ly dugc kinh nghiém xem tring ma x4c dinh chinh x4c ting ngay. b) Dinh céc thdng trong ndm theo mét troi bang céch xdc dinh céc ngay tiét (ti = thoi tit) ma trudc ét 1a hai tiét dong cht va ha chi (ngay lanh nhat va ngay néng nhat, chf = tot cing); rdi thém xudn phan va thu phan (ngay giifa xudn va gitfa thu), ta dude né thoi, Ri thém 4 ngay khdi dau cho 4 mia (lap xudn, lap ha, ‘ap thu, lap dong), tong cOng 1a da dude 8 moc goi Ia bat tiét. i€p tuc nhu thé ma phan nhé ra nifa, két cuc 1a xde dinh t, mOi thang c6 2 ngay tiét. Do tém quan trong cla cfc méc thdi gian dé trong nim cho nén nhan dan ta dinh ki cting bai vao cdc dip nay, rdi dan din két hgp vdi lich lao dong (cting vao nhitng di ng viéc ranh r6i), tao thanh nhifng ngay Tét (Tét 1a biEn Am ctia ti tiét, xem IV-§2.3). c) Do méi nam theo mat trdi dai hdn 12 thang theo mit trang la 11 ngay nén cit sau gin 3 nam lai phai diéu chink cho hai chu ky nay phi hgp véi nhau bing cach dat thang nhudn (ndi chinh x4c ra 1a ctf 19 nim thic6 7 nim nhuan), Do chd nghi rang lich nay 1a lich 4m (khng phan biét dude lich am vdi lich 4m duong), nén trudc day cé nhiing ngudi timg phé phan lich nay la: (a) phan 4nh chu Ki hoat dong cia mat tring la mot hanh tinh chét (mat trang khOng ty phat s4ng ma chi phan xa lai anh sdng mat tréi); (b) khong chinh xde do c6 thang nhuan. Sy phé phdn nay [a thiéu co sé vi: ©) Mun x4c dinh nim nhuan thi ly nim duong lich chia cho 19, néu s6 du la 0, 3, 6, 9,11, 14, 17 thi nam d6 1a nam nhudn. Vi du, 1995 : 19 = 15, du 0; nam At Hoi (1995) 1a nam nhuan (nhuan thang 8). 73 Scanned with CamScanner5 A h am duong. Vé Thit nhat, lich ndy khOng phai l@ lich thudn am,ma 4a lic fs a hi phan xa lai nh séng cla mat troi, nhung phén mat trang thi tuy né ding la chi pl a ite hit cla no 43 aah - 4i dat nhat va, do vay, sic hut cla n6 da bil vao d6, né lai l& hanh tinh gn trai (Nay sing cla Todi it nh hutng rt nhiéu dén cudc song ci i gay nén hign tugng thay triéu va Penn eee cha nd chu Wi tam fr cla TGUOT VE sintr var trem trar at (chu Ki Kinh nguyét cla phy ni, chu i - con nguéi, chu ki sinh truting cla cdc loai cOn tring, hoat dong cla nisi ia). : Thit hai, lich nao cling phai sit dung khai niém ‘nhuan’, khac nhau 1a 6 mic 46: lich thuéin_duong 4 nam nhuan 1 ngay, lich thudn am 2 thang nhugn 1 ngay, lich 4m dung g4n 3 nim nhuan 1 thang. Tuy nhuan nhiéu nhung, bu vao 46, lich nay lai téng hop duoc quy luat cla cé mat trang lin mat troi. Va dang chi y la, thé nhat, lich nay phan anh khé chinh xdc su bin dong cla thoi tiét (Méng tém thang tém khong mua, bé cd cay bua ma nhé Ida di..); thit hain’m nhuan thudng cO thdi tiét that thudng (han hn, bao, lut...) va, thi ba, theo mét chu Ki nhat dinh, thang nhuan cla céc nim khée nhau rdi vo nhting thoi digm khdc nhau, né thye chat 1a mot thang dugc kéo dai ra. : a Thang nhuan phdn dnh su phéi hop tw nhién giita hai ludng anh huéng cia mat troi va mat trang cing déng thdi tac d6ng lén trai dat, tao nén sw bién dong thai tiét cb tinh chu Ki cla vii tru. Thién van hoc hién dai da xéc dinh duge ring cif sau gin 3 nam 4m lich thi Trdi Dat lai phdi chuyén dong tiép trén quy dao mot khodng thi gian bling m6t thdng m lich thi méi vé dude diém aa hoi. Ss theo cich dinh lich 4m duong nhw trén thi ctf sau gin 3:nim sé 6 mot thang chi c6 I ngdy tiét, thang a6 sé phai eho dé C6 etic tit — 46 a 1a thang nhuan, 1a oang thdi gian ma Trdi Dat phai chuyén dOng tig} trén qui dé tr3 vé diém giao hoi, Piren quy dao on iu : rit Khow mee na ata Ein dy cho thay Ang"aay 18 mo th ich it lige, bdi i 4m lich cia né phan anh rat t6t nhiéu hién Wong lién quan dén mat trang nhu thiy trig, khf tridu, suf sin trudng cia sinh vat trong thing" ( a , SU sinh Lé Thanh Lan, 1991). Gs ee © Kho&ng cach trung binh tir trai aat dén (384.440 km, hon 4 gidy anh sang); bang 1/2 Tee ra 0 Ian khoang cach dén mat trdi. 74 Scanned with CamScannerHoang Xuan Han (1982) Kéu goi: "C4c nuéc A Dong nén cing nhau du dinh chung sy cdi cdch dé bao tén mét hé lich rat khoa hoc, rat hgp thdi, hgp ngu¥i, b’t nguén ti nén vin minh A Dong, va dang lam tiéu biéu cho nén vin héa dy‘. Khong chi gin day ma ngay tiv 1930, nha thién vain hoc ngudi Phép L. De Saussure 44 ménh danh hé lich nay 1a "mét nén lich php tham sau nhat va 4a 1a mot danh du cho tri khon con ngudi", nhiéu lan ong goi né 1a tai tinh (ceuvre géniale, chef d'ccuvre). Nghién ciu cia L. De Saussure cho thay lich 4m duong cé mét co sé thién van hoc chat ché. Lay chudi sao Bac Odu lam méc, ngudi xua bang mat thuting nhan thay c6 mat trdi, mat trang va 5 ng6i sao tung trung cho Ngii hanh (Thiy, Hda, Méc, Kim, Thé) !4 nhing tinh cu khong nhiing hang ngay cling vom trdi xoay mot vong quanh sao Bac Déu, ma con di chuyén cham trén vom trdéi. Do vay ma, theo s6 lugng, ching dude goi la that tinh, con theo dac tinh thi ching duoc goi la cdc hanh tinh. Tu sao Bac Dau kéo doc xutng", sé x4c dinh dugc mot hé théng 28 ngoi sao c6 dinh trén vom tréi, hang ngay cling vom trdi xoay quanh sao Bac Dau. Do vay ma, theo s6 lugng, ching duoc goi ld NAj thdp bat td, cdn theo dac tinh thi dude goi la nhiing dinh tinh. Ching chia thanh 4 chdm; mdi chdm trong 46 c6 7 sao, tng vdi mét mia, mot phudng, va dudc dat tén theo vat bigu va mau biéu tuong tng clla NgG hanh: chdm Huyén VG (ria den) xuat hign & phuong bac vao mia Dong; chom Chu Tuéc (chim sé dd) xudt hign & phudng nam vao mia Ha; chom Thanh Long (r6ng xanh) xuat hién & phuong d6ng vao mia Xuan; chom Bach H6 (hé tring) xuat hién & phuong tay vao mua Thu. Mai mua 3 thang thi thang d4u tng véi 2 sao, thang gitfa tng véi 3 sao, thang cudi dng vdi 2 sao. Mbi sao trong chdm lai tng véi 1 trong 7 hanh tinh va 1 ngay trong tudn 18. Can cit vao viée chudi sao Bac Ddu tng v6i chom nao; sao nao cla Nhi thap bat td, ngudi ta co thé x4c dinh dugc céc mia va cdc ngay tiét trong nim, cdc thang trong mia, cdc tudn trong thang va cdc ngay trong tudn. Nhi thap bat ta @ trd thanh biéu tuong cla van héa (so sénh HOi Tao Dan cla vua Lé Thanh © Dya vao day ma L. De Saussure goi lich nay [a lich theo hé théng thién van hang doc, phan biét véi lich dudng dya vao sy xuat hién cla cdc chdm sao trén duting Hoang Bao [a lich theo hé théng thién van hang ngang. 75 Scanned with CamScannerTong); nhiéu sao trong d6 da di vao tho ca, truyén thuyét, didn c6 van hoc (vi du: Ngwu, 84u, Tam, Khué, S4m....). . Gia tri ctia lich 4m duong cdn 6 hé dém can chi déc déo cé mot khéng hai ciia nd, 3.2. Hé dém can chi Dé dinh thif ty va goi tén cic don vi thdi gian, ngudi xua ding mot hé d&m goi 1a can chi, g6m hai hé nhé 1A hé can va hé chi. HE CAN gém 10 yéu t6 (Gidp, At, Binh, Dinh, Mau, Ki, Canh, Tén, Nhém, Quy) xay ‘dung trén co sé 5 hanh phdi hdp voi Am dudng (5x2) ma thanh, Vi vay, hé nay con goi 1A hoiic thién can (s6 gic 5 1A s6 1é, sé duong), Su tuong ting hanh-can sir dung rong rai hién nay 1a SU tuong Ung do nguti Trung Hoa quy dinh, 06 tir dai Han (theo dé: Mac = Gidp-At, Hoa = Binh-Dinh, Thé = Mau-Ki, Kim = Canh-Tan, thiy = Nham-Quy). Nha sir hoc Nga P.V. Pozner (1980) tim ra ring, & Viét Nam, phong tue din gian cia mot sé ving con Iu gift dude he théng tuong (mg c8, ma theo 6, thi ty cdc can hoan toan phi hop véi trat ty nguyén thily cla cdc hanh theo Ha 6 (thiy = Giap-At, Ha = Binh-Dinh, Méc = Mau-Ki, Kim = Canh-Tan, Thé = Nham-Quy). HE CHI 6 12 yéu t6 (Ti, Than, Dau, Tudt, Agi). Ching thap can thé cong v6i 4 hanh Thiy- duge goi la thép nhi méi chi ting véi mot c dat, gan gai vei cudc hi, hay dia chi (s6 6 chin 1a sé On vat, toan 1a nhfing con vat sén; song ciia ngudi néng dan, H€ can va hé chi c6 ay ne o g $c lap nhw nhifn; hé dém 10 va 12. Hé chi phd bign hon, ding dé chi 12 gig trong nae ngay Ty ©” Tusng ng chichanh: TY va Hoi = THU. i ; chi-hanh: Ici = THUY; Ty va Noo = HOa: = MOC; Than va Dau = KIM; Siu va Mai = AM THO; Thin va Tua sna as 76 : 4m). Tén ig trén mat Scanned with CamScanner(gdy kbdL dda bing gE TY, vo tie ita dom, 0 24 den Lgl, hE diting Khe DAT AMU sinh rad, 12 thang trong MOL AME HAM Kat du bAng thang Th vdo Iie pitta dOng, Kad dtiding KE bAE dau sind ra, Dong Nam A ed dal Khu vyte md vao {hot xa xu dA COO dam gis trong AgdY VA thang trong nam nha quin ahi vay. Khong phat nga niga ma cu dan ang & whima ving bIdt Wap van duy tl die hd teh 68 may. Lich eft ngubi Khon bat dau tie thang 11, sdnv hon lich Vidt hide nay 2 thang (Bdng Nghia Van, 1972). Theo sdeh Bar Nam abat thang ehé thy ddr thd KL 19, 6 Bat Bat, MI Lung (Ha Tay), cling van thang nam ly thing 1 Rm thang du nam, hang thang ly nay mong 2 Ln ngdy d4u thang, Gold thang tui, ngay tida’ Cong chi voi teh bat dau tir thang TH ndy, ngdy Te Doan Ngo 5-8 mdi dong voi YP Hohla AL ngay gide dm, Cond ngudi Vidt cd thh sie ahat quan trong hg thong ich Am dugng nouydn thiy con dé lai dau vat noi sy tén tal cba t8n gol thing Mot img vor thang 11 (so sant; Mot, Chap, Gidng, Hai...) Phdi hyp eve can chi vai nhau, ta due he dém gdm 60 den yi vai cde ten go nut, Gidp Th At Shu... Quy Hgi, got Whe Can chi, hay Luc gidg. Khic hin vai he dém 60 (gid-phitt-gidy) eta phuun y, diy LV mdt he dem 60 dade bist, due tao ra tren cd sd ti@t Hi dim dung theo nguyen te chi ghép ede can chi "ddng tinh" * (duisng vai duting, dm vai dry’, nghia Ld ed mot nia SO RET AG khong ddng dén (khong c6 Gidp Sth, At Tie. Hé can chi ding dé goi tén ngdy, thing, nim, Cif 60 nim goi 1A mot AG7, HOi ddu Hen sau Cong nguyen bait du ndm tht 4, hoi hi¢n nay bat ddu nd 1O84 (uy du Cong nguyén dén nay dd cé 33 hOi trdi qua), Bang TF cho phép xc dinh 60 tén can chi (mai tén 66 MOU md sd’ tutdng ting, vida: AT} 2, Nhfim Thin = 29), Dyfa vao bing 2.5, e6 thé chuyén déi dé dang tY nim dong lich sang nim Am lich va nguye lai theo cic cong thite dudi day: BOL IG ty than CAN di 1d hd dusng (thign can), cdn CHI he am (dia chi) 16i, ndn tan can chi vin ld sy Ket hop hai hda am dug, vi dus “Gidp Tr = “Gidp” (ydu tO dusng cia he can duong) + “Tr” (yu t8 duong cia nh’ chi am). Scanned with CamScannerBang 2.5: Bang can chi A- Cach déi néim duong lich sang néim can chi: (Al) d[(D — 3) : 60] Trong a6: C - ma sé tén nim can chi; D - nim dung lich; d - sO du ciia phép chia. Ching han, tim tén can chi cia nim 1994, ta c6: d [(1994 - 3) : 60] = 11 (11 14 ma sé ctla Giép Tuat). Trong cong thic A1, vige tri 3 nhim “Oi trdi qua tir sau Cong nguyén dén na nam cén tim trong hdi chia né (truting hoy > Ghi cho: a) Ta c6 thé don gidn hoa cong thie Ai ban; Ngay trong bang 2.5: Thay vi danh s6 tir 1, 06 thé «; dau tir 4, 5,... (tue 1a mai 38 trong bang déu di bang: ...59, 60, 1, 2, 3. Khi 46, COng thic A1 sé (A2) c 19 cach dua phép trit 3 vao anh s6 cdc 6 trong bang bat ludc cong them 3) va két thic £6 dang (A2): 78 Scanned with CamScannerb) Néu biét nim du hoi va ki higu H la nam cubi cla hi truéc thi ta sé © 06 cng thie: Ovi du trén, nim d4u hoi 1a 1984, vay H = 1983; dién vao cong thie, ta c6 71994 - 1983 = 11. Tra s6 11 trong bang 2.5 dugc Giép Tuat. B- Cach déi tit nam can chi sang ndm duong lich: ov [nacre | Trong d6: D - nam dung lich, C - ma s6 tén nim can chi theo bang; h - s6 hOi da tréi qua (tinh dén nim can tim). Dé xfe dinh s6 hOi da trdi qua, phai biét mOt nim bat Ki ciing hOi v6i nim cn tim, lay nam 46 chia cho 60 sé duc h. : Vi du: Cn déi nim At Ti (ma s6 42) ra nim duong lich, biét ring 46 1a khoang nhiing nim Mi ném bom mién Bac. Ta lay, chang han, 1972 (la nim Mi ném bom mién Bac dif d0i nhat) chia cho 60, dugc h ='32.)Bjgn cdc sé vao F rE cong thie: 42 + 3 + (82 60) = 1965 (At Ti nim 1965)- Kain qm Ser so “& Ghi chi: Néu biét nam au Adi va Ki higu H 1a n&m cudi Adi trude th) ta sé cé cong thitc: Vi du: C4n déi nm Nham Thin (ma s6 29) ra nim dung lich, biét nam d4u hi la 1924, ta co: 29 + 1923 = 1952 (Nham Thin la nim 1952). C- Cach d6i ndm Duong lich sang ndm Can chi dé} vdi nhiing ndm truée céng nguyén: é chuyén déi nhiing nam trudc cong nguyen, c&n lap mot bang d6i xing guong vi bang 2.5, nghia la, thay vi danh sO tin 1, 2, 3...., ta danh s6 lui 60, 59, 58,.... Vie tinh toan tién hanh theo nhing cng thie tren, © Vige d6i thang, ngay duong lich sang hé can chi xin xem Mo rng 4 trong: Tran Ngoc Thém - Tim vé ban sdc van hda Viét Nam, NXB Tp. HCM, 1996, tr. 184-187. 79 Scanned with CamScanner