Final Lab Manual

General English Lab Manual
Nirma University
Institute of Technology
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences
Language Lab Manual
General English (XXXX)
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, ITNU

Table of Contents
Sr Contents
No.
1 About the Course
2 Learning Outcomes
3 Activities
4 Rubrics
5 Session
Plan
6 Study Material

About the Course
Course Name: General English
Course Code: XXXXX
Teaching Scheme: Two Lectures and Two-hours Practical per week (L-T-P-C: 2-0-1=3)
Course Type: Compulsory for B.Tech (Semester-I/II) students
The course General English (XXXX) is a three-credit compulsory course offered by

the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at IT-NU. This course aims at
introducing English language through literature – to enhance students’ LSR skills to
flourish in highly competitive academic and industrial fields.

Learning Outcomes
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO):

At the end of the course, students will be able to –
Sr No Learning Outcomes Bloom’s Taxonomy

(Revised)
1 Develop and build upon their abilities in listening, speaking and L3

reading skills.
2 Inculcate the habit of reading and listening, thereby, absorbing L3

profound ideas, learning appropriate expressions and enhancing
vocabulary.
3 Demonstrate effective speaking skills by preparing, organising L3

and presenting their ideas during critical conversation
4 Examine ethical, moral, social and cultural values through the L4

study of literature.
1
Activities
Listening Skills
Each student has to undertake following listening activities, out of which 3 activities will be
evaluated. On the basis of the responses by the student, she/he is assessed by the lab
instructor. Rubrics are followed for assessment. Each student’s listening activity should be
assessed (15 Marks).
Listening Skills
Activity I.
Students can listen to the conversation that’s available in the links below and answer the questions that
follow.
https://www.examenglish.com/TOEFL/TOEFL_listening_conversation1.htm
Activity II.
URL for Steve Jobs – Commencement speech is given below. Students will listen to the podcast and
answer the questions given below. (sample questions, can be tailor made)
https://podcasts.apple.com/fr/podcast/steve-jobs-2005-stanford-commencement-
speech/id1522163030?i=1000491212759
1. Explain how a random calligraphy class that Jobs took at Reed College in the1970s impacted
the way you create documents today. What is Jobs’ larger point in telling the audience about
the calligraphy class?
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2. Jobs says that getting fired from his own company at age 30 was the best thing to happen to
him. Why?
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3. Describe one of your own failures and explain what you learned from that experience.
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4. Explain what Jobs means when he says that death is the single best invention of Life. Also,
why do you suppose he capitalizes the word, “Life,” in that part of his speech?
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5. At the time of this speech in 2005, Jobs said that his cancer was in remission and he believed
he had beaten the disease. Later, the cancer returned and Jobs died on Oct. 5, 2011, from
complications connected to his pancreatic cancer. How does knowing that Jobs would
ultimately lose his battle against cancer change the meaning/impact of his words for today’s
audience?
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Podcast/video of Steve Jobs – Harward Graduation Ceremony https://youtu.be/D1R-jKKp3NA

• Learnings from his speech
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• Vocabulary takes away

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• Their speech (simulated one) on graduation ceremony

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Activity III.
URL for Swami Vivekananda’s Chicago speech. Students can follow the link and can be encouraged
to write a paragraph based on their understanding of the speech.
https://bookends.in/audio-library-swami-vivekanandas-chicago-speech/
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Activity IV.
Enhancing listening skill through movie clips of the ‘Life of Pi’. For many students, films are their
initial control with English-speaking culture.
https://youtu.be/6t4ZnW0CHbE
https://youtu.be/B-w7ZmY9w9Y
https://youtu.be/28cS9UQpUXc
1) Describe the Extrapersonal communication.

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2) Acquaint them with Indian English and observe English accents & Pronunciation.
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Students can listen to the video clip of Life of Pi that’s available in the links below and answer the
questions that follow.
Movie Clip: https://youtu.be/Uy6qr_l5vAE
Multiple Choice Questions: Life of Pi
1. Who is the author of novel Life of Pi?
A. John Fisher
B. Yann Martel
C. Grace Leni
D. Martin Larkish
2. Who directed the film Life of Pi?
A. David Magee
B. Suraj Sharma
C. Yann Martel
D. Ang Lee
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3. What is Life of Pi about?
A. A girl named Pi who grows up on a deserted island.

B. A stranded whizz kid who refers to himself as Pi
C. A boy named piscine who is trapped on a raft with a Bengal tiger whom he befriends
D. A man who has to survive solely on Ireland.
4. Piscine Molitor Patel is named after
A. A famous Indian government official

B. A famous landmark
C. A swimming pool
D. A close family relative
5. Why does Pi's family have to move country?
A. They want to move nearer their family.

B. His father intends to settle and sell the zoo animal in Canada.
C. They want to move to a different climate.
D. Pi's father decides that the political actions being taken are not to his liking.
6. What is Pi's companion's name? *
A. Richard Parker
B. Peter Parker
C. Chai
D. Indigo Pear
7. How many days does Pi survive on the raft?
A. 139
B. 227
C. 294
D. 114
8. What was the name of the ship that sank?
A. Titanic II
B. Tsimtsum
C. Panama Lady
9. Where did Pi’s lifeboat come ashore?
A. Mexico
B. India
C. Bahamas
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10. Who has the worst sea sickness?
A. Pi
B. Ravi
C. Richard Parker
D. Orange Juice
11. Where does Pi grow up?
A. Munnar
B. Toronto
C. Zurich
D. Pondicherry
12. How does Richard Parker get his name?
A. Pi names him after favourite teacher.

B. His zookeeper names him after himself.
C. He resembles a famous actor named Richard Parker.
D. A clerical error
13. What was Pi grateful to Richard Parker for?
A. His weight kept the boat steadier.

B. He killed the dangerous hyena.
C. He distracted him from the despair of being utterly alone and having lost his family.
D. He provided warmth
14. What does Pi say is life's only true opponent?
A. Death
B. Lack of faith in God
C. Despair
D. Fear
15. What aspect of Pi's personality makes his survival struggle even harder?
A. His allergy to cats

B. His sensitivity to sunlight
C. His vegetarianism
D. His fear of the ocean
16. In Pi's second story, the cook is paralleled to whom?
A. The zebra
B. The hyena
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C. Richard Parker
D. Pi's survival instinct
17. Pi’s father teaches him and his brother, Ravi, a lesson about wild animals by
A. feeding a wild goat to a tiger

B. playing a video tape of a lion circus stunt gone wrong
C. throwing fish into a shark tank
D. showing them a scar he received from a hyena
18. Pi sees an orangutan named Orange Juice floating on a raft made of
A. oars
B. wood planks
C. bananas
D. oranges
19. What becomes Pi’s most valuable tool in training Richard Parker? *
A. A whip
B. A whistle
C. An oar
D. A megaphone
20. After his rescue, Pi is interviewed by two officials from the
A. Japanese Ministry of Transport

B. Japanese Department of Police
C. Japanese Shipping Association
D. Japanese Zoological Society
Activity V.
Listening for gist:
Lenka – Everything at Once
https://youtu.be/eE9tV1WGTgE
Identify the different similes
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Listening for specific purpose:

Listen to the song ‘under the lemon tree’ and do the following exercises:
Song: https://youtu.be/l2UiY2wivTs
1) Locate all the noun you heard.
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2) Which tense is used. Make 5 sentences using the same tense.

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3) Inferences
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Presentation
Each student has to make an individual presentation on a non-technical topic of his/her choice. On
the basis of the presentation, she/he is assessed by the lab instructor. Rubrics are followed for
assessment. Presentation of each student should be assessed (15 Marks).
Students will be instructed on how to make a formal presentation with Power Point application.
They will be shown the following video:
https://youtu.be/Ks-_Mh1QhMc - Your body language may shape who you are | Amy Cuddy
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https://youtu.be/cFLjudWTuGQ - Make Body Language Your Superpower | Stanford School of

Business
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https://youtu.be/eIho2S0ZahI - How to speak so that people want to listen | Julian Treasure

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https://youtu.be/Iwpi1Lm6dFo - How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips

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The students will then be asked to choose a Non-Technical topic of their interest to make
presentations.
Topic:
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Objective:
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Takeaway:
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Extempore
The aim of extempore activity is to enable them to speak freely, at the moment, without any script so
that they can enhance their self-confidence in speaking English. Each student will be assessed (15
marks).
Following are the suggested topics for Extempore:
1. Procrastination: How It Affects Our Everyday Life

2. Goal-Setting and Planning – Why Everybody Should Try and See the Biggest Picture If They
Want to Succeed
3. The Most Important Lesson My Life Has Taught Me So Far
4. Health and State of Mind: Do You Believe that Both Ill and Good Health Begins with the
Wrong or Right State of Mind?
5. Climate Change –Anthropocene
6. Easy Come, Easy Go: The Importance of Efforts in Learning and Understanding the Value of
Money and Other Resources
7. What Do You Believe the Rarest Human Quality Is in Today’s World? Which Quality Do We
Need More to Make the World a Better Place?
8. Name the Person Who Influenced You Most and How He/She/It influenced you?
9. Children and Television: Should the Two Be Kept Apart? Is the Television’s Influence on
Children Really All That Negative?
10. How Important Are Educational Institutions for Real Education? How Much Learning Actually
Happens in the Classroom? Should the Traditional Educational Arrangements Be Altered?
11. The Extent to Which Mass Media Control What and How We Think. In Reality, How
Independent Are Our Opinions and Decisions?
12. Are Team Sports Important for Character Formation? Does Participation in Them Actually
Help Develop One’s Personality?
13. Are Intelligence and Education Really the Two Most Important Person’s Characteristics?
14. The Most Successful Person You Know and Why You Believe Him/Her to Be So
15. What Was the Hardest Thing You’ve Ever Had to Do (Intellectual, Emotional, Moral, etc.)?
16. Describe and Discuss Your Dream Job. Does It Even Exist?
17. The Most Important (Most Interesting, Favorite) Book You’ve Ever Read (Movie You’ve
Watched)
18. Does a Smoking Ban Infringe the Rights of Smokers?
19. What Famous Person, Either Living or Dead, Would You Like to Meet in Person the Most?
20. Are Exams (Tests, Multiple Choice Tests, etc.) Good Means of Knowledge/Skills Assessment?
21. What Would You Undertake If You Had a Hundred Percent Guarantee of Success?
Takeaway:
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Group Discussion
Students will be instructed regarding how to participate in a Group Discussion
They will be shown the following video: https://youtu.be/E-Cq06fegI4 - What to do in Group
Discussion(GD)Round. Students are divided in groups. Then each group chooses a topic for
discussion. All the students are assessed by the lab instructor for Group Discussion (15 Marks).
• Following are the suggested topics for GD:

1. Climate Change – Issues and Solutions
2. Age and Youth – Experience and Young Talent
3. Are advertisements beneficial or not
4. Do business and ethics go hand in hand
5. Does India really need more big statues
6. E-learning – Pros and Challenges
7. Farm Bills – Pros, Cons and Challenges
8. Is India becoming Intolerant
9. Lessons for the world from Covid-19 Pandemic
10. Media is a mixed blessing
11. National Education Policy 2020
12. New Channels – breaking rules to give breaking news
13. Status of women in India
14. Unemployment in India
Takeaway:
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Grammar Virtual Lab
The virtual lab helps students learn English grammar. It is a technological breakthrough for imparting
language skills. Virtual lab is user-friendly, remotely accessible, it has interactive mode which helps
the learner to progress through a continuous system of feedback. The tasks are assigned to the
students at their pace. The quality of the language proficiency among the English language learners
has been enhanced with the help of this virtual lab. The automated learning environment removes
one’s fear and creates a happy learning situation. The virtual lab adds a power beyond chalk and talk.
Each student will be evaluated on the basis of grammar exercises (15 Marks)
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl_exercises/grammar_exercises/index.html
Grammar Exercises:
Adjective
Adverb
Articles
Nouns
Prepositions
Tenses
Punctuations
Spelling Exercises
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Rubrics
Rubrics for Listening Skill
Criterion Level 1 Level 2 Level3

Ability to focus The student found The student was The student was
it difficult to mostly attentive able to
concentrate on the and usually able concentrate fully
listening task, but to listen with and listen very
was able to attend good attentively
occasionally. concentration. throughout the
assessment.
General understanding While the student The student The student

did not understand showed a good showed a very
a lot of the general good general
vocabulary and understanding of understanding of
information, he/she the vocabulary all vocabulary
was able to and information, and information,
complete some of with most completing all
the questions. questions the questions.
completed.
Listening for details Although the The student was The student
student showed a able to include included all the
limited ability to most specific specific
listen for details, information and information and
specific details in his/her details in his/her
information was answers. answers.
occasionally
included.
Accuracy of answers The student Answers were The content was

included a small mostly accurate always accurate
amount of and related to the and related to the
information, information information
however, a lot was given, with a given.
left out or was not only a few
accurate. errors.
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Rubrics for Presentation
Criterion Level 1 Level2 Level 3 Level4 Level5
Verbal Makes Uses only basic Uses limited Uses a variety Uses a variety
mistakes in vocabulary and vocabulary and of vocabulary of vocabulary
vocabulary expressions expressions and and expressions
Fumbleswhile • Uses basic • Uses a variety expressions, • Uses a variety
structures, of structures but makes
speaking makes frequent with frequent some errors in of structures
Cannot errors errors, or uses word choice with only
respond to • Hesitates too basic structures • Uses a variety occasional
questions often when with only of grammar grammatical
raised bythe speaking, which occasional structures, but errors
audience often interferes errors makes some • Speaks smoothly,
with • Speaks with errors withlittle hesitation
communication some • Speaks with that does not
• Purpose isn’t hesitation, some
clear; needs a lot which often hesitation, but interfere with
of help interferes with it does not communication
communicating; communication usually • Stays on taskand
usually does • Tries to interfere with
not communicate, communication communicates
respond but sometimes • Stays on task effectively; almost
appropriately or does not most of the always
clearly respond time and responds appropriately
• Frequent appropriately communicates and always triesto
problems with or effectively; develop the interaction
pronunciation clearly generally • Pronunciationand
and intonation • responds intonation
Pronunciation appropriately are almost
and intonation and keeps always very
errors trying to clear/accurate
sometimes develops the
make it interaction
difficult to •
understand the Pronunciation
student and intonation
are usually
clear/accurate
with a few
problem areas
Non-Verbal No eye Mumbles the Low voice, Clear voice, Natural,
contact words, occasionally generally confident
Agitation is audience inaudible; some effective delivery that
revealed members in the distracting filler delivery; does not just
through back can't hear words and minimal convey the
body anything; too gestures; distracting message but
language many filler articulation gestures, etc., enhances it;
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like shaky words; mostly, but not but somewhat excellent use of
voice or distracting always, clear monotone volume, pace
shaking gestures etc
hands or
legs while
speaking
Originality Readymade Clear Copy Some copy Common Original Topic

of Content material Paste of paste but Topic but Originality in
used material , understanding originality in Content
without Use of and has some content and Based one’s
any readymade view point of approach. own views
changes presentations his/her own Some views are and
with minor Modified use one’s own understanding
changes here of ready
and there material
Organisation Audience Audience has Satisfactory Superb

of the There is no cannot difficulty organization; organization;
Content effort to understand following Clear clear
organise presentation presentation introduction; introduction;
the content because of because of main points are main points
There is no proper some abrupt well stated, well stated and
beginning organization; jumps; some of even if some argued, with
or end introduction is the main points transitions are each leading to
underveloped are unclear or Somewhat the next point
or irrelevant; not sufficient sudden; clear of the talk;
main points stressed; conclusion; clear summary
and conclusion and
are unclear conclusion.
Logic (Flaw No flaw of No data Data is well An effort to Synthesised
and beginning, analysis or compiled but synthesis and material, Data
Construct of middle or understanding no logical interpret the well
the end. of the data, approach, data data though understood
Argument) Data is not irrelevant data not supporting not so well and interpreted
understood and abruptly the argument structured, An Arguments are
or framed and leading to attempt to well structured
completely argument unclear Structure and data
irrelevant without logical statement of argument but supporting the
flaw the problem weak argument main argument
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Rubrics for Extempore
Criterion Level 1 Level2 Level 3 Level42 Level5
Verbal Makes Uses only basic Uses limited Uses a variety Uses a variety
mistakes in vocabulary and vocabulary and of vocabulary of vocabulary
vocabulary expressions expressions and and
Fumbles • Uses basic • Uses a variety expressions, expressions
while structures, of structures but makes • Uses a variety
speaking makes frequent with frequent some errors in of structures
Cannot errors errors, or uses word choice with only
respond to • Hesitates too basic structures • Uses a variety occasional
questions often when with only of grammar grammatical
raised by speaking, which occasional structures, but errors
the often interferes errors makes some • Speaks
audience with • Speaks with errors smoothly, with
communication some • Speaks with little hesitation
• Purpose isn’t hesitation, some that does not
clear; needs a which often hesitation, but interfere with
lot of help interferes with it does not communication
communicating; communication usually • Stays on task
usually does • Tries to interfere with and
not communicate, communication communicates
respond but sometimes • Stays on task effectively;
appropriately or does not most of the almost always
clearly respond time and responds
• Frequent appropriately communicates appropriately
problems with or effectively; and always tries
pronunciation clearly generally to develop the
and intonation • responds interaction
Pronunciation appropriately •
and intonation and keeps Pronunciation
errors trying to and intonation
sometimes develops the are almost
make it interaction always very
difficult to • clear/accurate
understand the Pronunciation
student and intonation
are usually
clear/accurate
with a few
problem areas
Non-Verbal No eye Mumbles the Low voice, Clear voice, Natural,
contact words, occasionally generally confident
Agitation is audience inaudible; some effective delivery that
revealed members in the distracting filler delivery; does not just
through back can't hear words and minimal convey the
body anything; too gestures; distracting message but
language many filler articulation gestures, etc., enhances it;
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like shaky words; mostly, but not but somewhat excellent use of
voice or distracting always, clear monotone volume, pace
shaking gestures etc
hands or
legs while
speaking
Logic ( Flaw No flaw of No data Data is well An effort to Synthesised

and beginning, analysis or compiled but synthesis and material, Data
Construct of middle or understanding no logical interpret the well
the end. of the data, approach, data data though understood
Argument) Data is not irrelevant data not supporting not so well and interpreted
understood and abruptly the argument structured, An Arguments are
or framed and leading to attempt to well structured
completely argument unclear structure and data
irrelevant without logical statement of argument but supporting the
flaw the problem weak argument main argument
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Rubrics for Group Discussion
Criterion Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
Verbal Makes Uses only basic Uses limited Uses a Uses a varietyof
Comm mistak vocabulary and vocabulary and variety of vocabulary
unicat es expressions expressions vocabulary and expressions
ion using Uses basic Uses a variety and Uses a variety
vocabu structures, of structures expressions, of
lary makes frequent with frequent but makes structures with only
Talks errors errors, or uses some errors occasional grammatical
after Hesitates too basic structures in errors
lot of often when with only word choice Speaks smoothly, with
encour speaking, which occasional errors Uses a little hesitation that does
ageme often interferes Speaks with variety of not interfere with
nt with some hesitation, grammar communication
Unable communication which often structures, Stays on task and
to Purpose isn’t nterferes with but makes communicates effectively;
comm clear; needs a lot communication some errors almost always responds
unicate of help Tries to Speaks with appropriately and always
the communicating; communicate, some tries to develop the
point usually does not but sometimes hesitation, interaction
respond does not respond but it does Pronunciation and
appropriately or appropriately or not usually intonation are almost
clearly clearly interfere always very clear/ accurate
• Frequent Pronunciation with
problems with and intonation communicat
pronunciation errors sometimes ion
and intonation make it difficult Stays on
to task most of
understand the the time and
student communicat
es
effectively;
generally
responds
appropriatel
y and keeps
trying to
develops
the
interaction
Pronunciati
on and
intonation
are usually
clear/accura
te with a
few
problem
areas
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Active *Posture, Listens to Listens to Drifts in Disrespectful of others
Listening demeanor, others most of others some of and out of when they are speaking;
eye the time, does the time, does discussion, behavior indicates total
contact, not stay not stay listening to non-involvement with
and focused on focused on some group or discussion
behavior other's other's remarks
clearly comments (too comments (too while
demonstrat busy busy clearly
es formulating formulating missing or
respect an own) or loses own) or loses ignoring
d continuity of continuity of others
attentivene discussion. discussion.
ss to Shows Shows some
others consistency in consistency in
*Follows responding to responding to
agreed- the comments the comments
upon of others of others
rules or
group
norms for
discussio
ns and
carries
out
assigned
roles
Non- Voice Mumbles the Low voice, Clear voice, Natural, confident
Verbal shakes words, audience occasionally generally delivery that does not
Comm while members in the naudible; some effective just convey the message
. speakin back can't hear distracting filler delivery; but enhances it; excellent
g anything; too words and minimal use of volume, pace etc
Body many filler gestures; distracting Continuous eye contact
shakes words; articulation gestures,
while distracting mostly, but not etc., but
speakin gestures always, clear somewhat
g Eye contact Initially less of monotone
No eye once or twice eye contact but Eye contact
contact picks up as the but looks
speech moves sideways in
between
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Content *Builds Volunteers Volunteers Struggles Does not participate
on others’ comments, comments but but and/or only makes
ideas most are lacks depth, participate negative or disruptive
*Expresse appropriate and may or may s, remarks, comments
s their reflect some not lead to occasionall are inappropriate or
own ideas thoughtfulness, other questions y offers a off topic
clearly leads to other from students comment
*Contribut questions or when
es remarks from directly
comments student and/or questioned
that are others , may
timely, simply
appropriat restate
e, questions
thoughtful or points
and previously
reflective raised, may
*Responds add
respectfull nothing
y to other new to the
student's discussion
remarks or provoke
*Provokes no
questions responses
and or
comments questions
from the
group.
Resosour *Comes Has done the Has done the Has not Unable to refer to text
ce/ to reading with reading; lacks read the for evidence or support
Documen discussio some thoroughness entire text remarks
t ns thoroughness, of and cannot
Reference prepared, may lack some understanding sustain any
having detail or critical or insight reference
read or insight to it in the
studied course of
required discussion
material
27
Session Plan
S.No.
Practical No. Topic Hours
2
1. I Introduction to lab component
2. 2
II Listening subskills- exercises
3. 2
III Listening subskills- exercises
4. 2
IV Pronunciation, Presentations
5. 2
V Pronunciation, Presentations
6. 2
VI Pronunciation, Presentations
7. 2
VII Reading subskills- activities
8. 2
VIII Reading subskills- activities
9. 2
IX Speaking subskills-activities
10. 2
X Speaking subskills-activities
11. 2
XI Speaking subskills-activities
12. 2
XII Group Discussion
13. 2
XIII Group Discussion
14. 2
XIV Group Discussion
15. 2
XV Grammar virtual Lab
30
Total Hours
28
Reading Skills
READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Aphantasia: A life without mental images
Close your eyes and imagine walking along a sandy beach and then gazing over the horizon as
the Sun rises. How clear is the image that springs to mind?
Most people can readily conjure images inside their head - known as their mind's eye. But this year
scientists have described a condition, aphantasia, in which some people are unable to visualise mental
images.
Niel Kenmuir, from Lancaster, has always had a blind mind's eye. He knew he was different even in
childhood. "My stepfather, when I couldn't sleep, told me to count sheep, and he explained what he
meant, I tried to do it and I couldn't," he says. "I couldn't see any sheep jumping over fences, there was
nothing to count."
Our memories are often tied up in images, think back to a wedding or first day at school. As a result,
Niel admits, some aspects of his memory are "terrible", but he is very good at remembering facts. And,
like others with aphantasia, he struggles to recognise faces. Yet he does not see aphantasia as a
disability, but simply a different way of experiencing life.
Mind's eye blind
Ironically, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction aisles. His
condition begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I asked him what happens
when he tries to picture his fiancee. "This is the hardest thing to describe, what happens in my head
when I think about things," he says. "When I think about my fiancee there is no image, but I am
definitely thinking about her, I know today she has her hair up at the back, she's brunette. But I'm not
describing an image I am looking at, I'm remembering features about her, that's the strangest thing and
maybe that is a source of some regret."
The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: "You're weird." But while Niel is very relaxed
about his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One person who took part
in a study into aphantasia said he had started to feel "isolated" and "alone" after discovering that other
people could see images in their heads. Being unable to reminisce about his mother years after her
death led to him being "extremely distraught".
29
The super-visualiser
At the other end of the spectrum is children's book illustrator, Lauren Beard, whose work on the
Fairytale Hairdresser series will be familiar to many six-year-olds. Her career relies on the vivid
images that leap into her mind's eye when she reads text from her author. When I met her in her box-
room studio in Manchester, she was working on a dramatic scene in the next book. The text describes
a baby perilously climbing onto a chandelier.
"Straightaway I can visualise this grand glass chandelier in some sort of French kind of ballroom, and
the little baby just swinging off it and really heavy thick curtains," she says. "I think I have a strong
imagination, so I can create the world and then keep adding to it so it gets sort of bigger and bigger in
my mind and the characters too they sort of evolve. I couldn't really imagine what it's like to not
imagine, I think it must be a bit of a shame really."
Not many people have mental imagery as vibrant as Lauren or as blank as Niel. They are the two
extremes of visualisation. Adam Zeman, a professor of cognitive and behavioural neurology, wants to
compare the lives and experiences of people with aphantasia and its polar-opposite hyperphantasia.
His team, based at the University of Exeter, coined the term aphantasia this year in a study in the
journal Cortex.
Prof Zeman tells the BBC: "People who have contacted us say they are really delighted that this has
been recognised and has been given a name, because they have been trying to explain to people for
years that there is this oddity that they find hard to convey to others." How we imagine is clearly very
subjective - one person's vivid scene could be another's grainy picture. But Prof Zeman is certain that
aphantasia is real. People often report being able to dream in pictures, and there have been reported
cases of people losing the ability to think in images after a brain injury.
He is adamant that aphantasia is "not a disorder" and says it may affect up to one in 50 people. But he
adds: "I think it makes quite an important difference to their experience of life because many of us
spend our lives with imagery hovering somewhere in the mind's eye which we inspect from time to
time, it's a variability of human experience."
Questions 1–5
Do the following statements agree with the information in the IELTS reading text?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
30
1. Aphantasia is a condition, which describes people, for whom it is hard to visualise mental images.
2. Niel Kenmuir was unable to count sheep in his head.
3. People with aphantasia struggle to remember personal traits and clothes of different people.
4. Niel regrets that he cannot portray an image of his fiancee in his mind.
5. Inability to picture things in someone's head is often a cause of distress for a person.
6. All people with aphantasia start to feel 'isolated' or 'alone' at some point of their lives.
7. Lauren Beard's career depends on her imagination.
8. The author met Lauren Beard when she was working on a comedy scene in her next book.
Questions 9–13
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9. Only a small fraction of people have imagination as as Lauren does.
10. Hyperphantasia is to aphantasia.
11.There are a lot of subjectivity in comparing people's imagination - somebody's vivid scene could be
another person's .
12. Prof Zeman is that aphantasia is not an illness.
13. Many people spend their lives with somewhere in the mind's eye.
31
Reading Passage 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
The Earth
(A) The Earth is the third planet from the Sun and it is the only planet known to have life on it. The
Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago. It is one of four rocky planets on the inside of the Solar
System. The other three are Mercury, Venus, and Mars.
(B) The large mass of the Sun makes the Earth move around it, just as the mass of the Earth makes the
Moon move around it. The Earth also turns round in space, so different parts face the Sun at different
times. The Earth goes around the Sun once (one "year") for every 365¼ times it turns all the way
around (one "day").
(C) The Moon goes around the Earth about every 27⅓ days, and reflects light from the Sun. As the
Earth goes round the Sun at the same time, the changing light of the Moon takes about 29½ days to go
from dark to bright to dark again. That is where the idea of "month" came from. However, now most
months have 30 or 31 days so they fit into one year.
(D) The Earth is the only planet in our Solar System that has a large amount of liquid water. About
71% of the surface of the Earth is covered by oceans. Because of this, it is sometimes called the "Blue
Planet".
(E) Because of its water, the Earth is home to millions of species of plants and animals. The things that
live on Earth have changed its surface greatly. For example, early cyanobacteria changed the air and
gave it oxygen. The living part of the Earth's surface is called the "biosphere".
(F) The Earth is part of the eight planets and many thousands of small bodies that move around the
Sun as its Solar System. The Solar System is moving through the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy
now, and will be for about the next 10,000 years.
(G) The Earth is generally 150,000,000 kilometers or 93,000,000 miles away from the Sun (this
distance is named an "Astronomical Unit"). The Earth moves along its way at an average speed of
about 30 km or 19 mi a second. The Earth turns all the way around about 365¼ times in the time it
takes for the Earth to go all the way around the Sun. To make up this extra bit of a day every year, an
additional day is used every four years. This is named a "leap year".
(H) The Moon goes around the Earth at an average distance of 400,000 kilometers (250,000 mi). It is
locked to Earth, so that it always has the same half facing the Earth; the other half is called the "dark
side of the Moon". It takes about 27⅓ days for the Moon to go all the way around the Earth but,
because the Earth is moving around the Sun at the same time, it takes about 29½ days for the Moon to
go from dark to bright to dark again. This is where the word "month" came from, even though most
months now have 30 or 31 days.
32
Questions 1–8
Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following
information? Write the correct letter, A–H, in boxes 1–8 on your answer sheet.
1. Earth’s natural satellite
2. Distance between Earth and Sun
3. General information about Earth
4. The Solar System
5. Length of most moths
6. Another name for Earth
7. The living part of the Earth's surface
8. The movements of Earth around the Sun
Questions 9-13
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.
9. Apart from Earth, other rocky planets in our Solar Systems are Venus, Mars and .
10. Moon from the Sun on Earth.
11. There are millions of of plants and animals that inhabit Earth.
12. Now the Solar System is travelling through .
13. The dark side of the Moon is the side, which faces Earth.
33
READING PASSAGE 3
Read the text below and answer Questions 29–40.

What to do in a fire?
Fire drills are a big part of being safe in school: They prepare you for what you need to do in case of a
fire. But what if there was a fire where you live? Would you know what to do? Talking about fires
can be scary because no one likes to think about people getting hurt or their things getting burned. But
you can feel less worried if you are prepared.
It's a good idea for families to talk about what they would do to escape a fire. Different families will
have different strategies. Some kids live in one-story houses and other kids live in tall buildings. You'll
want to talk about escape plans and escape routes, so let's start there.
Know Your Way Out
An escape plan can help every member of a family get out of a burning house. The idea is to get
outside quickly and safely. Smoke from a fire can make it hard to see where things are, so it's
important to learn and remember the different ways out of your home. How many exits are there? How
do you get to them from your room? It's a good idea to have your family draw a map of the escape
plan.
It's possible one way out could be blocked by fire or smoke, so you'll want to know where other ones
are. And if you live in an apartment building, you'll want to know the best way to the stairwell or other
emergency exits.
Safety Steps
If you're in a room with the door closed when the fire breaks out, you need to take a few extra steps:
• Check to see if there's heat or smoke coming in the cracks around the door. (You're checking to
see if there's fire on the other side.)
• If you see smoke coming under the door — don't open the door!
• If you don't see smoke — touch the door. If the door is hot or very warm — don't open the
door!
• If you don't see smoke — and the door is not hot — then use your fingers to lightly touch the
doorknob. If the doorknob is hot or very warm — don't open the door!
If the doorknob feels cool, and you can't see any smoke around the door, you can open the door very
carefully and slowly. When you open the door, if you feel a burst of heat or smoke pours into the
room, quickly shut the door and make sure it is really closed. If there's no smoke or heat when you
open the door, go toward your escape route exit.
Questions 29-34
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
34
29. While some might live in a tall buildings, others might live in a .
30. Important thing is to talk with your kids about escape and .
31. Making a is a good idea, it can help you escape.
32. If you live in an apartment, you have to know the way to the staircase or other .
33. You can only open the door if the is not hot and you can’t see smoke around the
door.
34. You should immediately close the door, if smoke into the room
Questions 35–39
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Section 3?
In boxes 35–39 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
35. It is important to have a strategy before escaping the fire.
36. You should mark different ways out of your home on the map.
37. If you’re stuck in a room, and see smoke coming from the other room, you should open the door
and ran to the exit.
38. Hot door means you shouldn’t open it to escape.
39. If you open the door and everything seems fine, go straight to the exit.
Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.
40. This article is mainly aimed at helping:
A Children
B Children and their parents
C Only parents
D Teachers at schools
35
Paraphrase given research article based on climate change:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
36
Pronunciation Practice (IPA)
Most people can readily conjure images inside their head - known as their mind's eye. But this year
scientists have described a condition, aphantasia, in which some people are unable to visualise mental
images. Niel Kenmuir, from Lancaster, has always had a blind mind's eye. He knew he was different
even in childhood. "My stepfather, when I couldn't sleep, told me to count sheep, and he explained
what he meant, I tried to do it and I couldn't," he says. "I couldn't see any sheep jumping over fences,
there was nothing to count."
Transcription:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
37
Study Material
Greek Root Words
The table below defines and illustrates 25 of the most common Greek roots.
Root Meaning Examples

38
anti against antibacterial, antidote, antithesis
ast(er) star asteroid, astronomy, astronaut
aqu water aquarium, aquatic, aqualung
auto self automatic, automate, autobiograph
biblio book bibliography, bibliophile
bio life biography, biology, biodegradable
chrome color monochromatic, phytochrome
chrono time chronic, synchronize, chronicle
doc teach document, docile, doctrinal
dyna power dynasty, dynamic, dynamite
geo earth geography, geology, geometry
gno to know agnostic, acknowledge
graph write autograph, graphic, demographic
hydr water dehydrate, hydrant, hydropower
kinesis movement kinetic, photokinesis
logos word, study astrology, biology, theologian
narc sleep narcotic, narcolepsy
path feel empathy, pathetic, apathy
phil love philosophy, bibliophile, philanthropy
phon sound microphone, phonograph, telephone
photo light photograph, photocopy, photon
schem plan scheme, schematic
syn together, with synthetic, photosynthesis
tele far telescope, telepathy, television
tropos turning heliotrope, tropical
Latin Root Words
The table below defines and illustrates 25 of the most common Latin roots.
Root Meaning Examples

ab to move away abstract, abstain, aversion
acer, acri bitter acrid, acrimony, exacerbate
audi hear audible, audience, auditorium
bene good benefit, benign, benefactor
brev short abbreviate, brief
circ round circus, circulate
dict say dictate, edict, dictionary
duc lead, make deduce, produce, educate
39
fund bottom founder, foundation, funding
gen to birth gene, generate, generous
hab to have ability, exhibit, inhabit
jur law jury, justice, justify
lev to lift levitate, elevate, leverage
log, logue thought logic, apologize, analogy
luc, lum light lucid, illuminate, translucent
manu hand manual, manicure, manipulate
mis, mit send missile, transmit, permit
omni all omnivorous, omnipotent, omniscent
pac peace pacify, pacific, pacifist
port carry export, import, important
quit silent, restive tranquil, requiem, acquit
scrib, script to write script, proscribe, describe
sens to feel sensitive, sentient, resent
terr earth terrain, territory, extraterrestrial
tim to fear timid, timorous
vac empty vacuum, vacate, evacuate
vid, vis to see video, vivid, invisible
List of 100 Vocabulary Words
For meaning of the words go to: https://drdianehamilton.com/top-100-vocabulary-words-

that-adults-should-know/
1. Acquiesce 14. Clandestine

2. Acronym 15. Cognition
3. Ambiguity 16. Collaborate
4. Analogy 17. Colloquial
5. Anachronism 18. Connotation
6. Andragogy 19. Contrived
7. Antithesis 20. Conundrum
8. Antonym 21. Correlation
9. Articulate 22. Criterion
10. Assonance 23. Cumulative
11. Benchmarking 24. Curriculum
12. Brainstorming 25. Deference
13. Circumspect 26. Developmental
40
27. Dialect 63. Monologue
28. Diction 64. Motif
29. Didactic 65. Myriad
30. Dissertation 66. Nemesis
31. Divergent 67. Nominal
32. Egregious 68. Norms
33. Eloquence 69. Obfuscate
34. Emergent 70. Obtuse
35. Empathy 71. Onomatopoeia
36. Enigma 72. Ostentatious
37. Epitome 73. Oxymoron
38. Epiphany 74. Paradox
39. Epitaph 75. Paraphrase
40. Erudite 76. Pedantic
41. Existential 77. Pedagogy
42. Exponential 78. Perusal
43. Formative 79. Phonemes
44. Holistic 80. Phonological
45. Homonym 81. Plagiarism
46. Hubris 82. Plethora
47. Hyperbole 83. Posthumously
48. Incongruous 84. Preposition
49. Infamy 85. Pretentious
50. Initiation 86. Pseudonym
51. Innate 87. References
52. Intellectual 88. Reflection
53. Interactive 89. Rubric
54. Irony 90. Sardonic
55. Jargon 91. Satire
56. Juxtaposition 92. Simile
57. Malapropism 93. Soliloquy
58. Magnanimous 94. Superfluous
59. Mentor 95. Syntax
60. Metaphor 96. Thesis
61. Meticulous 97. Validity
62. Mnemonic 98. Vernacular
41
99. Virtual 100. Vocational
One Word Substitution

One Word Substitution : A
One Word Sentence
Aborigines The original inhabitants of a country
Abridge To condense
Acceterate Cause to move faster
Accelerate Speed up
Acoustics Relating to sound
Acrophobia Pathological fear of high places
Acumen Superior mental acuteness
Adhoc For the purpose
Adolscence A stage of growth between boyhood and youth.
Adulation Excessive devotion
Aerial Living in air
Aeronautics Science of flight of aeroplanes
Aesthetic A love of beauty
Affidavit A written statement given on oath
Affinity Having a natural attention to
Aggravate To make worse
Aglophoble A person who hates England
Agonostic One who thinks that everything is know through god only.
Alimony Money giving to a woman who divorses his husband.
Allegory Description of a subject with symbolical representation to another.
Allusive Having reference to something
Alluvial Sandy soil deposited by running water
Altimeter Instrument used for measuring altitudes in aircraft.
Altruist One who works for the good of others.

Amateur One who learns a subject as a hobby.
Ammeter Instrument used for measuring the electrical currents in amperes.

42
Amnesty General pardon of the offenses against gout.
Amphibian Living/ Operating on land and water.
Amphibious Animals that can be live on land and water.
Ample Adequate or more than dequate - in extent, size etc.
Anachronism Comparing modern persons with ancient persons
Anachronism Something out of its proper time.
Anachronistic A word which can be interpreted in any way.
Anachronistic Set in wrong time or period.

Anaesthetics Drugs causing unconciousness such as chloroform.
Anaesthetist One who gives chloroform to a patient.
Analogy Relation - Relationship
Anarchist One who is out to destroy government
Anarchist One who provokes disorder in a state.
Anatomist One who describes the parts of the human body.
Anatomy Study of sciences relating to the bodily structure of human.
Anemometer Instrument used for measuring the force and velocity of winds.
Annihilate Destroy utterly
Annuity Yearly grant - beings - animals and plants by way of disection.

Annular Ring shaped
Anodyne Pain reliever
Anonymous That which is written without name.
Antagonist Enemy - Antagonism
One who studies history relating to the development of man from primitive
Anthropologist
ages.
Antibiotics Drugs which completely destroys bacteria.
Antiquarian A person who is interested in antiquities.
Aphelion The point in a planet's orbit that tis farthest from the sun.
Apiary a bee house (Contains several hives).
Apirigee A point as above that is nearest to earth.
43
Apologist One who says sorry (Sorrow) for his mistakes.
Aporhtegm Words spoken by great men.
Apostasy To renounce one's faith or religion.
Apostate One who deserts his religion or principles.
Aquarium A thing where fishes are kept.
Aquatic Living in water
Arbitrator One who is appointed by two parties & decide their difference.
Arboreal Living in trees
Arboriculture Cultivation of trees and vegetables.
Archaeologist One who studies human antiquities.
Archaism Using ancient Languages.
Archeologist One who make a scientific study of human antiquities.
Archive That what is not in current use.
Aristocracy The rule by nobels.
Arsenal A place where weapons are manufactured and stored.
Articulate To pronounce Clearly.
Astronomy Study of heavenly bodies.
Atheist One who has no belief in god.
Atmosphere The air surrounding the earths.
Audible That which can be heard.
Audiometer Instrument used for measuring the intensity of sound.
Audiophone Instrument used for improving imperfect sense of hearing.
Aurora Australis Southern lights
Aurura Borealis Northern lights.
Autocracy Absolute rule by one person.
Autocrat Who exercises absolute power.
Avairy A building for keeping - rearing and breeding of birds.
Avalanche A heavy mass of snow falling down a hill with great noise.
Avarice Greed - Inordinate desire to gain and hoard wealth.
One Word Substitution : B
One Word Sentence
Ballad A short narrative poem - adopted for writing and signing
Ballistics Science dealing with the motion of projectile like rockets bombs & shells.
Balmaccan A type of man's overcoat.
Barbarism Mixed Language
44
Barometer An apparatus used for measuring the atmospheric pressure.
Bellicose Ready to fight.
Benefactor Kindly helper. One who makes a request or endowment.
Benevolent Kind hearted
Bevy Group of girls or women larks. Flocks of quail.
Bibliographer One who writes big books.
Bibliography A list of books with details of authorship, editions, subject etc.
Bibliophile A lover book
Biblophile One who loves the study of books.
Bifurcate Divided into two branches.
Bigamy The crime of having two life partners at a time.
Bilingual Spoken or written in two languages.
Biography Life of a person written by somebody.
Biologist One who studies the science of animals and plants.
Biota Animal and plant life of a religion or period.
An apparatus which records the fight data of an aeroplane and is also a voice
Black Box
recorder.
Blackbinding Kidnapping for selling into slavery.
Blasphemer One who speakes evil - Impcous one - irrevirent one.
The process the transfusing blood of one person into blood stream of another
Blood Transfusion
person.
Boat Wrighter Wagon maker
Bolo Large single - adged military knife - Machete

Botanist One who studies the science of plants
Boycott To obstain from buying or using

Boycott Unite to punish a person from association.
Brettle Easily broken
Buccal Of the check of the sides of the mouth.
Bureaucracy A gout in which the whole power is vested in officials.
Butcher One whose business to a slaughter cattle for food.
Bygamist One who has two wives.
45
One Word Substitution : C
One Word Sentence
Cacophonous Harsh or discordant sound.
Cadaver Dead body
Caduceus Emblem of medical profession and US army medical corps.
Caliber Diameter of bore of gun - degree of merit.
Calligraphy Beautiful writing
Calorimeter An instrument used for measuring quantities of heat.
Canon Church law body of principles.
An apparatus used in an internal combustion engine for charging air
Carburator
with petrol
Cardiac Pertaining to the heart
Cardinal Of prime importance
Cardiograph A medical instrument for tracing heat movements.
Caries Dental decay
Describe the habits, merits and demerits of a man by seeing his skull
Carniology
carniologist.
Carnivore Flesh eater - dogs - cats - lions etc
Carnivorous An animal tht eats human flesh.
Carrion Dead and putrifying flesh
Catastrophe Denotes the last stage of a tradegy.
Celibate One who resolved not to marry.
Centipede An insect with many legs.
Cervine Of deers or the deer family - Deerlike.
Chagrien Vexation from humiliation or disappointment.
Chandlier Candle maker - Merchant - Dealer in supplies and provisions.
Chemotherapy Controls of infections by chemicals.
Chiarascuro Distribution of light and shade in a picture.
Chiromanchy Fortune telling through palm reading - palmistry.

Choronology Arrangements of events according to dates or times of occurance.
Chronologer One who writes the details of transactions which made in a country.
Chronometer An instrument kept on boardship for measuring accurate time.
It contains a series of lenses arranged to throw on screen an enlarged
Cinematograph
image of photography
Circumlocution A round about way of speaking.
46
Clarify Make clear.
Classic That which is acclaimed as an excellent work.
Clio Greek muse of history.
Coalesce Grow into one - Blend - unite - fuse.
Coercion Intimidation by threat or duress - forceful - compulsion.
Coeval Of the same age or duration - Contemporary with.
Cognomen Surname or nickname.
Collegues Those who work in the same department.
Colleiny Complete with buildings and work - Caolmines.
Comatose In a coma - Lacking energy - Lethargic.
Comely Pleasing in appearance - fair - pretty.
Commutator Device for reversing direction of electrical current.
Compensation Money given for requisitioned property.
Concatinate Linked together
Concetric Having the same centre.
Conflagrative Combustible - flammable - inflammable
Me who is well versed in any subject a critical judge of any art
Connisseur
particularly fine arts.
Connoisseur Expert in art - the fine arts.
Contagious Disease A disease which spreads by contact.
Contemporary A man living in the same age with another.
Contemporary One who lives at the same time of another
Continent Restrained in regard to desires or passion - especially to sexual desires.
Convalescence The gradual recovery from illness.
Converge To meet in a point (Rays & illness).
Cooper Maker of casks or barrels.
Copy-right Exclusive right to publish a book.
Coral reef A chain of rocks laying at or near the sea.
Cosmopolitan One who is free from national limitations.

Costegate Correct by punishing.
Creditor One to whom a debt is owing.
Credulity Trust without proper evidence readiness to believe.

Credulous A person who readily believes others.
Credulous Too ready to believe
47
Crescograph Instrument used for measuring the growth of plants.
Cresendo Gradual increase in force - volume - loudness.
Crisis Turning point of danger or disease.
Cryogenies Branch of physics dealing with very low temparature.
Cryptograph Secret writing.
Crystallography Science of crystallization.
Cul-De-Sac Dead end
Cygnet Young swan.
Centre of interest - something that strongly attracts attention by its
Cynosore
brilliance.
Cytogenetics Cell formation.
Cytology Dealing with cells.
One Word Substitution : D
One Word Sentence
Debacle Sudden collapse - general break-up - violent rush.
Debtor One who owes money to another.
Decalogue Ten commandments.
Decelerate Slow down.
Defendant One who is sued by the plaintiff.
Got birth and followed principles in a particular caste but telling, he is
Deism
not god.
Deist One who believes in the existence of god.
Delettante An admirer by the people
Deliquisic Become liquide by absorbing moisture from the air - Melt away.
Delittante One who takes up an art - dabbler - a lover of fine arts.
Deluge Anything that overwhelms like a flood - great flood - rain.
Democracy The gout formed by the people.
Demography Science of vital and social statistics.
Demonology Ralating to devils - ghost and other terror things.
Depilate Remove hair from.
Dermatologist One who treates skin diseases.
Desiccate Dry throughly - Remove moisture from.
Despondent High - Spirited - Overflowing with enthusiasm - boiling up.
Is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute
Despotism
power.
48
Detenu One who detained in custody.
Dislectical (s) Logical argumentation.
Dialysis The process for flood purification when the kidneys malfunction.
Situation requiring a choice between equally undesirable alternatives -

Dilemna
perplexing problem.
Diminish Make or become smaller.
Diminuendo Gradual increase in force.
Dipsomania Irristible craving for alcoholic drinks.
Dissuade Persuade not to do something.
Dividend Sum payable as profit to an individual by a joint stock company.
Domicile A place where one lives permanently.
Dorsal Situated on bank.
Drinker's apparatus Instrument used to help breathing in infantile paralysis.
The origin of electricity in a dynamo is the transformation of
Dynamo
machanical energy into energy.
One Word Substitution : E

One Word Sentence
Earth's Atmosphere
Is covering of air which surrounds of earth.
Ebullient Situated on the abdominal side.
Eccentric That which is not placed centrally.
Ecclisiologist One who studies the science relating to the church.
Eclectric Persons with unusual or odd personality.
Eclogue A pastoral poem.
Study of plants or of animal or of people or of institutions in relation to
Ecology
environment.
Edible That which is fit to be eaten.
Effiminate A person who is a womanish in his habit.
Effiminate One who possess the quantities of woman.
Egoeism Selfishness - opposed to altruism.
Egoism Speaking too much of one self.
Egoist One who speaks using I and me always.
One which rescemes its normal shape and size after the stress is
Elastic
releases.
49
Electrometer Instrument used for measuring electricity.
Elegiac Expressing sorrow or lamentation.
Elegy A lament for the dead.
Elixir Not clerical.
The ommission from a sentence of a work or words that would comple
Ellipsis
the construction.
Elymology Science relating to the formation and development of words.
Elymology Which discribes the birth of a particular word.
Embeyyle Divert money fraudulently to one's own use.
Emeritus Honourably discharged from service.
Emetic Inducing vomiting - something that induces vomiting.
Emollient Soothing to living tissue.
Empericism Belief based on experience or observation.
Encomuim Formal expression of high praise - eulogy.
Encroach Make inroads on others property.
A disease which becomes prevalent in a particular area on account of
Endemic
its surroundings conditions.
Enduring Long lasting.
Enjoin Direct or order someone to do something.
Enthologist One who studies the science of the variatees of human race.
Entomologist One who studies about insects.
Ephemeral Transitory - short lived - lasting a very short time.
Epicentre (Of Earch Quack) is the point at which earthquake breakout.
Epicure A person who is very fond of sensous enjoyments.
Epicure One who prefers sensual pleasures.

Epidemic A disease which attackes many people in a particular area in one time.
Epilogue A poem of speech at the end of the play.
Epilogue A short speech at the end.
Epiphangi An appearance or manifestation.
Equanimity Evenness of mind or temper.
Equigravisphere A point in space where the gravity is constant.
Equine Of horses - horselike - a horse.
Equinox When days and nights are equal (March21 - September).
Esoteric Known only a few - Reconcile.
50
Estivate Spend a hot or dry period in a prolonged state of torpor or dormancy.
Estuary A broad channel formed by joining of the sea and river water.
Ethologist One who studies the science of character.
Etiology Study of causation. The study of the cause of disease.
Etymologist One who studies derivations of words - history of linguistic change.
Eulogy Speech or writing that praises - High praise - Encomium.
Euphemism Soften expression.
Euphony Melodious Music
Euphony Pleasant sound.
Euthanasia Mercy killing painless death to relieve suffering.
Euthenics Science of improving the environment.
Exaggerate Describe a thing beyond limits of truth.
This is a outer most zone of the atmosphere and beings at about 40
Exasphere
miles above earth.
Science dealing with life or possibilities of life existing beyond the
Exbiology
earth.
Exegesis Critical explanation or interpretation.
Exemplary Fit to be
Exercism Slogan to derive or get out of the dragon.
Exodus Departure - Emigration (Usually of a large number of people).
Exonerate Free from blame - Exculpate.
Explicit Fully and clearly expressed.
Extempore Speech delivered without any preparation.
Extinguish To put an end to.
Eymologist One who studies the science and origin of words.
One Word Substitution : F

One Word Sentence
Fanatic One who passes interest in religion.
Fatalism Religion that which believes that god is everything.
Fathom Understand fully - unit of length equal to six feet.
51
Fathometer Instrument used for measuring the depth of the ocean.
Fauna Animals of a given region or period.
Fealthy Sworn allegance to a lord.
Feduciary Of the relationship between a trustee and his principal.
Fertile That which is productive.
Fetish Amulet object believed to have magic power.
Filly A young female horse.
Fission Cleaving or splitting into parts.
Animals such as birds, sheep and goats keeping together in large
Flock
number.
Flora Plants of a particular region or period.
Flotsom The thing which comes out from sea (Cannot stay in water).
Fluctuating Moving to & fro.
Flux Continuous change - instability - fusion.
Footedpad Robber, who goes on foot.
Formidable That which is heard tobe resisted.
Fortissimo Very loud.
Fragile That which can be easily broken.
Funambulist A rope dancer - who walks on thread.
Funge A class of plants which have no chlorophyll.
Fussion Uniting by metting together.
One Word Substitution : G

One Word Sentence
Galvanize Startle into sudden activity - to coat with zinc.
A glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions
Galvanometer
between glasses.
Gambrel Type of roof.
Gastronomy Relating to taste (Food taste).
Gender Male goose
Genealogist One who traces the history of the descent of families.
Geneology Heredity, Hereditary
Genocide international distriuction of racial groups.
Genuine Authentic - free from pretense.
Geologist One who studies the internal structure of the earth (crust).
52
Germicide Medicine that kills germs.
Geysers There are natural hot water springs.

Glacier A huge mass of snow moving slowly down the valley and stopes.
Mass of lic. Formed by snow on mountains moving slowly along
Glaciers
valley.
Gnosticism A type of yoga (Gymnastics).
Government Connoisseur of choice food.
Graminuiorous Animals that feed on grass.Animals that feed on grass.
Gregarious Animals living in flocks.
Gynaecologist One who treates femal diseases
One Word Substitution : H

One Word Sentence
Haemorrhage Escape of blood to the ruptures of blood vessels inside the body.
Hagiology Relating to kings Hagiographic.
Herbivore Plant eater - hoofed mammals.
Herbivorous Animals eating herbs.
Hedonist One who devotes himself to pleasure.
Hiatus Gap - Missing part - Break in continuity - lacuna.
Hibernate To spend the winter in a dormant state.
Hibernation Condition of sleep during certain parts of the year.
Hierarchy Any system of persons or things passed on to other.
Hieroglyphic Pictographic script.
Histrionics Acting - Artificial behaviour or speech done for effect.
Hodge-Podge Heterogeneous mixture - Jumble.
Holocaust A sacrifice totally concerned by fire - Devastation.

Holography Making of true - three dimensional photographs by use of laser beams.
Homely Not beautiful - unattractive - plain.
Homogenous Things which are of the same kind and of the same dimensions.
Homologous Corresponding having same or similar relation.
Word pronounced the same as, but different in meaning spelled the
Homophone
same wayhood.
Horologist One who studies the art of clock making.
Horticulture An art of garden cultivation.
53
Hostage Persons given to another as pledge.
Hullabaloo Clamorous noise or disturbance - Uproar.
Hybrid Anything derived from heterogeneous sources.
Hydraulics Study of water or other liquid in Motion.
Hydrographer One who knows the positions of lands and draws the maps.
Hydrography Description of oceans and lands and the oceans.
Hydrometer Instrument used for measuring the specific gravity of liquids.
Hydrophobia It is usually caused by the bite of mad dog.
Hydrophobia Rabies disease (Dog's bite) disease of water.
Hydrophone Instrument used for recording sound under water.
Culture of plants without soil, with the help of chemical solutions
Hydroponics
containing nutrients.
Hydrostatics Relating to water.
Hydrotropic Turning towards or away from moisture.
Hygrometer Instrument used for measuring humidity in air.
Hymn Song in praise of god.
Hyperbola Curve with two distinct and similar branches.
Hypercriticism Deep criticism.
One Word Substitution : I

One Word Sentence
Ichthyologist An expert in fishes.
Ichthyology Study of fishes.
Iconoclast Destroyer of images attached on traditions.
Iconography Teaching by pictures and models.
Iconolater Worshipper of idols or images.
Idol Favorite - Any person or thing devotedly or excessively admired.
Igloo Eskimo home shaped hut or native house.
Igneous Of or about fire produced under intense heat.
Ill-o·mened Ill fated - Unlucky
Illegible That which is incapable of being read.
Illicit Unlicensed - unlawful
Imago an insect in its sexually mature adult state
Immiscible Incapable of being mined.
54
Immutable Unchangeable - unalterable - changeless.
Implicit Not fully and clearly expressed implied.
Imply Indicate without express statement.
Impregnable That which cannot be taken by force.
Improbable That which is not likely to happen.
Impromptu Made or done without previous preparation - Extemporaneous.
Impenetrable impossible to pass through or enter.
Inattentive Not giving proper attention.
Inaudible That which cannot be heard.
Incarcerate imprison or confine.
Incarnadine Blood red - crimson - flesh coloured - pale pink.
Incinerate Burn - Reduce to ashes.
Incognito Travelling under a name other than one's own.
Incombustible Not inflammable
Incompatible Persons who cannot work or live together in harmony.
Incomprehensible That which cannot be understood.
Iconoclast A destroyer of images.
Incorrigible Incapable of being corrected.
Incorruptible very honest : incapable of being corrupted
Incredible That which cannot be believed.
Incriminate Change with a crime or fault.
Incumbent Holding of an office - obligatory.
Indescribable That which is impossible to describe adequately.
Inescapable That which cannot escaped from.
Inevitable Sometimes which cannot fail to come to pass.
Inexplicable That which cannot be explained.
Infallible Incable of making mistakes
Infanticide Murder or infants.
Infections That (disease) which is liable to spread.
Inflammable That which sets on fire easily.
Inimitable That which cannot be.
Insolation The sun's energy
Insoluble That which cannot be dissolved in liquid.
Insomnia Loss of sleep.
Inhalation taking air into lungs - stimulus.
55
Insurmountable too great to be overcome.
Interdiction Prohibition prevention from participation in certain sacred acts.
Interjection A word exclamation
Internist Medical student receiving training in a hospital.
Intractable That which cannot be controlled easily.
Invertebrate Without a backbone - without strength of characters.
Invincible That which cannot be defeated.
Invulnerable Incapable of being wounded.
The layer of the earth's atmosphere which contains a high concentration
Ionosphere
of ions and free electrons.
Irrevocable A decision on which one cannot go back.
Isobel Is a contour lines of equal rainfall.
A line on a map connecting points having the same amount of rainfall
Isohyets
in a given period.
Isthmus A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses.
Itinerate One who journeys from place to place.
Common Idioms and their Meanings
An idiom is a phrase, saying or a group of words that has a metaphorical meaning, which has become
accepted in common usage. An idiom’s symbolic sense is quite different from the literal meaning or
definition of the words of which it is made. There are a large number of Idioms and they are used very
commonly in all languages. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 idiomatic expressions in the
English language.
Acid Test:
Meaning - Acid test proves the effectiveness of something.
Cut the ground from under feet :
Meaning - When you cut the ground from under someone's feet, you do something which weakens
their position.
Chase your tail:
Meaning - Spending a lot of time and energy doing a lot of things but actually achieving too little.
56
Whole bag of tricks -
Meaning - Means trying all the clever means to achieve something.
Deliver the goods -
Meaning - Do what is expected or promised.
Fine-tooth comb -
Meaning - Examining something carefully to not miss out any details.
Explore all avenues
Meaning - Trying out every possibility to get a result.
Fast track something -
Meaning - Rating something higher on your priority list to achieve the desired result.
Get ducks in a row -
Meaning - Getting your things well organized.
Get the show on the road -
Meaning - Putting up a plan or idea into action.
Keep your fingers on the pulse -
Meaning - Being constantly aware of the most recent developments.
Mean business -
Meaning - Being serious about what you announce.
Think on your feet -
Meaning - Adjusting quickly to changes and making fast decisions.
Example - A good sales man must be able to think on his feet to close the deal
Sail through something -
Meaning - Being successful in doing something without difficulty.
Tricks of the trade :
57
Meaning - Clever or expert way of doing something.
Not let grass grow under feet -
Meaning - Don't delay in getting something done.
Work like a charm -
Meaning - Works very well or has the desired effect.
Back-room boys -
Meaning - People who perform important work but have no contact with the public.
Dead wood -
Meaning - People or things which are no longer useful or necessary.
Get the axe -
Meaning - lose the job.
Plum job -
Meaning - Desirable position which is well-paid and considered relatively easy.
Shape up or ship out -
Meaning - This expression is used to warn someone that if they do not improve their ways, they will
have to leave their job.
Golden handshake -
Meaning - Big sum of money given to a person when they leave a company or retire.
Separate sheep from goats -
Meaning - Examining a group of people and deciding their suitability
Waiting in the wings -
Meaning - Waiting for an opportunity to take action, mostly to replace someone else in their job.
Play it by ear
Meaning: Playing something by ear means that rather than sticking to a defined plan, you will see how
things go and decide on a course of action as you go along.
58
Raining cats and dogs
Meaning: We Brits are known for our obsession with the weather, so we couldn’t omit a rain-related
idiom from this list. It’s “raining cats and dogs” when it’s raining particularly heavily.
Turn a blind eye
Meaning: To “turn a blind eye” to something means to pretend not to have noticed it.
Fat chance
Meaning: We use the expression “fat chance” to refer to something that is incredibly unlikely.
Pot calling the kettle black
Meaning: We use this expression to refer to someone who criticises someone else, for something they
themselves are guilty of.
Once in a blue moon
Meaning: The phrase refers to something that happens very infrequently.
Head in the clouds
Meaning: Used to describe someone who is not being realistic.
A penny for your thoughts
Used to ask what someone is thinking about.
Actions speak louder than words
What someone does means more than what they say.
Add insult to injury
Make a bad situation worse.
At the drop of a hat
Without any second thought or hesitation.
Bite off more than you can chew
Take on something that you are not capable of doing.
Call it a day
59
Give up on something temporarily or permanently.
Costs an arm and leg
Very expensive.
Driving me up the wall
Making something extremely irritated and annoyed.
Fat chance
Incredibly unlikely to occur.
Feeling a bit under the weather
Feeling slightly ill.
Hear it on the grapevine
Hear a rumor about someone.
In stitches
Laughing very hard till your sides hurt.
Kill two birds with one stone
To do two things at the same time.
Let the cat out of the bag
Tell everyone a secret.
Once in a blue moon
Something that happens very rarely.
Piece of cake
Something that is very easy to accomplish.
Raining cats and dogs
Raining heavily.
Steal someone’s thunder
60
Take credit for something that someone else has done.
The ball is in your court
It is up to you to take a decision or the next step.
The last straw
The final problem in a series of problems.
Blow one’s own trumpet
Meaning: “Blowing one’s own trumpet” means to boast about one’s own achievements
Actions speak louder than words
Refers to the idea that it’s better to do something than just talk about it.
Add fuel to the fire
Something that worsens an already bad situation.
All bark and no bite
Being verbally threatening, but unwilling to do anything significant.
Beating around the bush
Avoiding the main issue.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
It’s better to have a small, secured advantage than the possibility of a bigger one. It’s better to stick
with what you have than risk it for something greater.
Blessing in disguise
Something good and beneficial that did not initially seem that way
Break a leg
Something you say to someone you want to wish luck on.
61
Chip on your shoulder
When someone is upset about something that happened a while ago.
Come hell or high water
Possible obstacles in your path.
Cry over spilt milk
Complaining about a loss or failure from the past.
Hit the nail on the head
Do or say exactly the correct thing
Slap on the wrist
A mild punishment, such as a scolding.
Spill the beans
Tell a secret.
Taste of your own medicine
When someone receives the same treatment, usually negative, that they gave someone else.
LIST OF SOME COMMON WORDS AND THEIR SYNONYMS
62
Word Synonym to begin to start
A to behave to act
about approximately believable plausible
abstract Summary belly stomach
to accomplish to achieve bendy flexible
to accumulate to build up beneficiant generous
to administer to manage beneficial favourable
to admit to confess bid tender
almost nearly bizarre weird
animated lively blameless innocent
to annoy to irritate, to bother bloodbath massacre
to answer to reply bloodless cold
anyway Besides branch department
apparent Obvious brave courageous
to appear to seem to bring sth. back to reintroduce
applicable Relevant to bring sth. on to cause
appreciable considerable to bring sb. up to raise
ardour Passion brow forehead
arise Occur bum backside, behind,
bottom
aromatic Fragrant
business commerce, trade
to arrive to reach
busy (telephone) engaged
artful Crafty
C
association organization
candy sweet
to assure to guarantee
to categorize to classify
attractive Appealing to categorise
away Absent (BE)
awful Terrible charter constitution
B cheesy corny, tacky
backbone Spine chiefly mainly
backside behind, bottom choosy picky
bad (not good) poor, naughty to chop to cut
ballot poll chorus refrain
to bear on sth. to affect
to beat to defeat
becoming fitting
63
citation quotation couch sofa
to cite to quote crook criminal
class lesson, course crusade campaign
cube dice
clerk receptionist
curative healing
clever intelligent
curler roller
to close to shut cussed stubborn
coiffure hairstyle D
to collapse to break down dash sprint
to collect to gather daybreak dawn
comfort consolation deceptive misleading
decontrol deregulate
comic comedian
dedicated committed
commencement graduation
to deduce to infer
complete total defective faulty
completely totally deliberate planned
concord harmony deliberately intentionally
to condemn to sentence delicate fragile
to demostrate to protest
confederate accomplice
to
to confine to restrict denationalize to privatize
conflict clash to
to conform to comply denationalise
(BE)
to confuse to mix up
denims jeans
to connect to associate, to put to denote to indicate, to represent
through (telephone)
to deprave to corrupt
considerate thoughtful
depraved wicked, evil
constancy fidelity to desert to abandon
constant fixed deserted abandoned
constitution structure destiny fate
construction (lit.) interpretation detached indifferent
to consult to refer to devil satan
dicy risky
contemporary modern
to to distinguish
continuous continual differentiate
contrary opposite to diminish to decrease
convention conference disadvantaged deprived
to convey to communicate disagreeable unpleasant
to disappear to
to cope to manage
van
correct right ish
64
disaster catastrophe fortunate lucky
to disclaim to deny foxy cunning
to disclose to reveal foyer lobby
discount reduction
fragrance perfume
disgrace shame
French dressing vinaigrette
domesticate cultivate
dossier file to function to operate
dubious doubtful Word Synonym
dull (person) stupid G
E garbage rubbish
eager keen
garbage can trashcan (AE)
earth soil (AE)
ecocnomic profitable gay homosexual
egocentric selfish
to glitter to sparkle
to elevate to raise, to promote
to grab to seize
to encounter to come across
enormous huge, immense grasping greedy
to enquire to investigate gratis free of charge
equity fairness gratuity tip
especially particularly gravestone headstone
essential fundamental
to grouse to grumble
to establish to set up
gut intestine
to evaluate to assess
everlasting eternal H
exactly precisely hall corridor
except apart from to hand sth. out to distribute
to expire to run out handsome good-looking
to explode to blow up
hang-out haunt
extra additional
happily fortunately
F
to fabricate to manufacture hard tough
famous famed, renowned hashish cannabis
fanatic enthusiast to hawk to peddle
fantastic great, brilliant to hazard to endanger
to float to drift hearsay rumour
fool idiot hermetic airtight
foolish silly highbrow intellectual
forehead brow hint trace, tip
to foretell to predict hole gap
formerly previously
65
home domestic inflow influx
homicide murder informal casual
housebreaking burglary infrequent rare
hunger starvation inheritor heir
to hurry to rush innocent harmless
hypothesis speculation insolvent bancrupt
I to inspect to examine
idler loafer instinct intuition
if whether instructions directions
to ignore to disregard insufferable unbearable
illiberal intolerant insufficient inadequate
to illuminate to clarify; to light insupportable intolerable
up insurgent rebel
to illustrate to demonstrate intellectual mental
to imagine to suppose, to to intend to mean
assume
to imitate to mimic to intensify to heighten
interplay interaction
immediate instant
inventory stock
immobile motionless
immoderate excessive invoice bill
immodest conceited to ivolve to entail
to impact to affect isolated loney
impartial neutral J
impasse deadlock jealous envious
impassive emotionless joy delight
to impeach to question K
impediment obstacle knowingly deliberately
imperative vital L
impolite rude lacking missing
incidentally by the way last final
inconsiderate thoughtless leading main
indisputable indeniable to learn to memorize
infamous notorious legitimate valid, lega
infantile childish lethal deadly
to infect to contaminate liveable habitable
inflexible rigid livid furious
66
loopy crazy moderately reasonably
lousy awful modern contemporary
lucid clear more and more increasingly
M moreover in addition
mackintosh waterproof coat movie film
madness insanity murderer assassin
magican conjuror N
magistrate Justice of the Peace naked bare
to magnify to exaggerate nameless anonymous
to maintain to preserve napkin serviette
manmade artificial to narrate to relate
mannequin model a narrative a story
material fabric a native a local
matters things to near to approach
maybe perhaps, possibly necessary essential
in the meantime meanwhile nightfall dusk
measure degree nobility the Aristocracy
meeting assembly to nominate to appoint
mendacity lying non-stop continuous
merciless cruel noon midday
middleman intermediary noted famous
midway halfway to notify to inform
to migrate emigrate notwithstanding however
mild gentle nugatory worthless
to mimic to imitate numerous many
mind intellect O
mindless senseless obdurate stubborn
to minimize to play down object thing
to mirror to reflect obligatory compulsory
to misconceive to misunderstand oblique indirect
miserable depressing omnipotent all-powerful
misery distress obsolete out of date
misread misinterpret off-season low season
missing lost to operate to function
mistrust distrust organic biological
67
ornament decoration R
outside external reasonable fair
to overhaul to overtake to receive to get
to overlook to miss refrain chorus
overseas abroad reliable dependable
to oversee to supervise religious devout
P remainder the rest
painting portray remark comment
paper money notes reminiscence memory
particular specific remorse regret
passable satisfactory remoted isolated
pattern sample removable detachable
peaceable peaceful to renew to resume
perception insight to renounce to give up
phantasm illusion repute reputation
pocket book notebook to respond to reply
poisonous toxic revolting disgusting
possibility opportunity rubbish nonsense
post-mortem autopsy rude impolite
practically virtually to rue to regret
praise compliment S
precedence priority sacristy vestry
precept principle satisfied convinced
precis summary scarcity shortage
pressing urgent scrumptious delicious
previous preceding second moment
priority precedence to select to choose
prompt immediate selection choice
prosperous affluent self-assured confident
to provide to supply signal sign
provided if significant meaningful
to put sth. back to postpone silly foolish
Q sincere honest
to quake to tremble skull cranium
quite fairly soiled dirty
68
spotlight highlight unhurt unharmed
stable steady uninjured unhurt
steady regular unlawful illegal
unmarried single
stupid silly
unstated unspoken
substantially considerably
untimely premature
suggest propose untrue unfaithful
sundown sunset unusual strange
sunrise dawn unvoiced voiceless
sure certain uprising rebellion
surroundings environment usually generally,normally
V
to survive to outlive
vacancy emptiness
to symbolize to represent
to vacuum to hoover
T vague indistinct
tailored tailor-made vain useless
temper mood valueless worthless
terror terrorism to vanquish to conquer
to vary to differ
testament testomony
vast huge
today nowadays virtue advantage
torpid lethargic to visualize to imagine
touchdown landing W
touchy sensitive warrantly guarantee
to transform to convert well mannered polite
well timed timely
transitority temporary
winery vineyard
transparent obvious
to withstand to resist
trustworthy reliable Z
twister tornado zenith peak
twosome pair
U
ultimate final
Source:
uncared for neglected
uncommon unusual
uncooked raw http://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/words/synonyms4.htm
undeniable indisputable
understandable comprehensible
unforeseen unexpected
unfortunate unlucky
69
List of some common words and their to answer to ask
antonyms (opposites)
answer question
antonym synonym
Word Opposite apart together
A approximately exactly
about exactly to argue to agree
above below to arrest to free, to set free
absence presence arrival departure
abundance lack to arrive to depart, to leave
to accept to refuse artificial natural
accidental intentional to ask to answer
active lazy asleep awake
to add to subtract to attack to defend
to admit to deny attack defence,
protection
adult child
attic cellar
advanced elementary
autumn spring
affirmative negative
awake asleep
afraid brave
awful delicious, nice,
after before pleasant
against for B
alike different back in front of
alive dead background foreground
all none backward forward
always never bad good
ancient modern bad luck fortune, good luck
to agree to refuse, to argue beauty ugliness
to allow to forbid before after
already not yet to begin to end, to stop, to
always never finish
amateur professional beginning end, ending
to amuse to bore behind in front of
angel devil below above
animal human best worst

to annoy to satisfy better
worse
70
beautiful ugly clear cloudy
big small, little clever stupid
birth death to close to open
bitter sweet closed open
black white cloudy clear, sunny,
blunt sharp bright
cold (adjective) hot
body soul
cold (noun) heat
to bore to amuse, to be
interested in to come to go
boring exciting, comedy drama, tragedy
interesting complicated simple
to borrow to lend
compliment insult
bottom top
compulsory voluntary
boy girl
to connect to separate
brave cowardly, afraid
consonant vowel
to break to mend, to fix
constant changeable
broad narrow
construction destruction
brother sister
to continue to interrupt
to build to destroy
cool warm
busy lazy
correct false, wrong
to buy to sell
courage fear
C
courageous cowardly
calm excited
cowardly brave, courageous
careful careless to create to destroy
careless careful cruel human,
to catch to miss, to throw kind
ceiling floor human
e
cellar attic
to cry (schreien) to whisper
centre outskirts, suburb
to cry (weinen) to laugh
certainly probably
D
changeable constant
to damage to repair
cheap expensive
danger security, safety
child adult, grown-up
dangerous safe
children parents
dark light
clean dirty
daughter son
71
dawn dusk dull interesting
day night dusk dawn
dead alive E
death birth, life early late
deep shallow east west
defeat victory easy difficult, hard
defence attack elementary advanced
to defend to attack to emigrate to immigrate
delicious awful emigration immigration
to deny to admit empty full
to depart to arrive to end to begin
departure arrival end beginning
desperate hopeful ending beginning
to destroy to build, to create, enemy friend
to form
to enjoy to hate
destruction construction
to enter to leave
devil angel
entrance exit
dictatorship republic
equal different
to die to live
even odd
different alike, equal, the
same evening morning
difficult easy everybody nobody
dirty clean everything nothing
disease health exactly about,
approximately
distant near
excited calm
to divide to unite
exciting boring
division unity
to exclude to include
to divorce to marry
exit entrance
divorce marriage, wedding
expensive cheap
divorced married
export import
domestic foreign
exposure shelter
down up
extreme moderate
downstairs upstairs
F
drama comedy
to fail to succeed, to pass
dry humid, wet
failure success
72
false correct, true future past, present
far near G
fast slow general particular, special
fat slim, thin generous mean
fear courage gentle violent, rough,
female male strict
few many gentleman lady
final first giant tiny, very little,

small
to find to lose girl boy
to finish to begin to give to take
finish start to go to come, to stop
first final, last good bad
to fix to break good luck bad luck
flat hilly grown-up child
floor ceiling guest host
to follow to lead guilty innocent
to forbid to allow, to let, to
H
permit
for against happiness sadness
foreground background happy sad
foreign domestic handsome ugly
foreigner native hard easy, soft
to forget to remember to harvest to plant
to form to destroy to hate to enjoy, to like,
to love
fortune bad luck
health disease, illness
forward backward
healthy ill, sick
to free to arrest
heat cold
to freeze to melt
heaven hell
frequently occasionally
heavy light
fresh old/stale
hell heaven
friend enemy
here there
front rear
high deep
in front of back, behind
high low
full empty
hilly flat
funny serious
to hit to miss
73
hopeful desperate, lack abundance, plenty
hopeless lady gentleman
hopeless hopeful
to land to take off
horizontal vertical
land water
host guest, visitor
large small
hot cold
last first
huge tiny
late early
human animal
to laugh to cry
humane cruel
lazy active, busy
humid dry
to lead to follow
hungry thirsty
to learn to teach
husband wife
to leave to arrive, to enter
I left right
in front of back, behind to lend to borrow
to ignore to notice less more
ill healty, well to let to forbid
to immigrate to emigrate to lie to stand
immigration emigration life death
import export light dark, heavy
in out to like to hate
to include to exclude liquid solid
to increase to reduce little big, large
innocent guilty little much
inside outside to live to die
insult compliment long short
intelligent silly, stupid to lose to find, to win
intentional accidental loser winner
to be interested in to bore loud quiet
interesting boring, dull to love to hate
to interrupt to continue lovely terrible
J low high
junior senior to lower to raise
K bad luck good luck
kind cruel good luck bad luck
L M
74
major minor new ancient, old
male female nice awful, nasty
man woman niece nephew
many few, some night day
marriage divorce no yes
married divorced, single nobody everybody
to marry to divorce noisy quiet, silent
master servant noon midnight
maximum minimum none of al lof
mean generous normal strange
to melt to freeze north south
men women not yet already
to mend to break nothing everything
mess order to notice to ignore
midnight noon now then
minimum maximum O
minor major occasionally frequently
to miss to hit, to catch occupied vacant
moderate extreme odd even
modern ancient, old off on
monarchy republic often seldom,
moon sun sometimes
more less old modern, new,
young
morning evening on off
mountain valley to open to close, to shut
much little open closed, shut
N opponent supporter
narrow broad, wide order mess
nasty nice, pleasant ordinary special
native foreigner, stranger other same
natural artificial out in
near distant, far outside inside
negative affirmative outskirts centre
nephew niece over under
never always
75
P rainy sunny
parents children rear front
part whole to receive to send
partial total to reduce to increase
particular general to refuse to agree, to accept
to pass to fail regret satisfaction
past future, present to remember to forget
peace war to repair to damage
to permit to forbid to reply to ask
to plant to harvest reply question
plenty lack republic dictatorship,
monarchy
pleasant awful
to rest to work
polite rude
rich poor
poor rich, wealthy
right left, wrong
poverty wealth
to rise to sink
powerful weak
rough gentle, smooth,
presence absence soft
present past, future rude polite
pretty ugly rural urban
private public S
probably certainly sad happy
professional amateur sadness happiness
to protect to attack safe dangerous
protection attack safety danger
public private salt sugar
to pull to push (the) same different, the other
pupil teacher satisfaction regret
to push to pull to satisfy to annoy
Q to save to spend, to waste
question answer to scream to whisper
quick slow security danger
quiet loud, noisy seldom often
R to sell to buy
to raise to lower to send to receive, to save
76
to sit to stand to start to stop
senior junior start finish, end, stop
to separate to connect, to to stop to start, to go
unite to stand to lie
serious funny
strange normal
servant master
stranger native
to set free to arrest
strict gentle
shallow deep
strong weak
sharp blunt
student teacher
shelter exposure
stupid clever, intelligent
short long, tall
suburb centre
to shout to whisper
to succeed to fail
to shut to open
success failure
sick healthy
to subtract to add
silent noisy
sugar salt
silly intelligent
summer winter
simple complicated
sun moon
to sink to rise
sunny cloudy, rainy
single married
supporter opponent
sister brother
to suspect to trust
slim fat
sweet bitter, sour
slow fast, quick
synonym antonym
small big, large, tall
T
smooth rough
to take to give
soft hard, rough
to take off to land
solid liquid
tall small, short
some many
to teach to learn
sometimes often
teacher pupil, student
son daughter
then now
soul body
terrible lovely
sour sweet
there here
south north
thick thin
special general, ordinary
thin thick, fat
spring autumn
thirsty hungry
to stand to sit
to throw to catch
77
tight loose W
tiny giant, huge war peace
together apart warm cool
tomorrow yesterday to waste to save
top bottom water land
total partial weak powerful, strong
town village wealth poverty
tragedy comedy wealthy poor
true false wedding divorce
to trust to suspect well ill
U west east
ugliness beauty wet dry
beautiful, to whisper to scream, to shout
ugly handsome white black
(boys), pretty
whole part
(girls)
wide narrow
under over
wife husband
to unite to divide, to
separate to win to lose
unity division winner loser
up down winter summer
upstairs downstairs to work to rest
urban rural woman man
useful useless women men
useless useful worse better
V worst best
vacant occupied wrong correct, right
valley mountain Y
vertical horizontal yes no
victory defeat yesterday tomorrow
village town young old
violent gentle
visitor host Source:
voluntary compulsory http://www.englisch-
vowel consonant hilfen.de/en/words/opposites4.htm
78
Special Issue: Geosocial Formations and the Anthropocene
Theory, Culture & Society
0(0) 1–13
The Politics of Climate ! The Author(s) 2017
Reprints and permissions:
Change Is More Than sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav

DOI: 10.1177/0263276417690236
the Politics of journals.sagepub.com/home/tcs
Capitalism
Dipesh Chakrabarty
University of Chicago
Abstract
Discussion of global climate change is shaped by the intellectual categories developed
to address capitalism and globalization. Yet climate change is only one manifestation
of humanity’s varied and accelerating impact on the Earth System. The common
predicament that may be anticipated in the Anthropocene raises difficult questions
of distributive justice – between rich and poor, developed and developing countries,
the living and the yet unborn, and even the human and the non-human – and may
pose a challenge to the categories on which our traditions of political thought are
based. Awareness of the Anthropocene encourages us to think of humans on differ-
ent scales and in different contexts – as parts of a global capitalist system and as
members of a now-dominant species – although the debate is, for now, still struc-
tured by the experiences and concepts of the developed world.
Keywords
Anthropocene, capitalism, climate change, global warming, humanity, politics, species,
species thinking
Many of us still approach the problem of global warming armed only

with weapons forged in times when globalization (of media, capital)
seemed to be the key issue for the world. Globalization and global warm-
ing are no doubt connected phenomena, capitalism itself being central to
both. But they are not identical problems. The questions they raise are
often related, but the methods by which we define them as problems are,
equally often, substantially different. Social scientists, especially friends
on the left, sometimes write as though these methodological differences
did not matter; that scientists are, after all, only studying or measuring
the outcomes of capitalism while we, with our methods of political
Corresponding author: Dipesh Chakrabarty. Email: dchakrab@uchicago.edu

Extra material: http://theoryculturesociety.org/
2 Theory, Culture & Society 0(0)
economy, always knew what the ultimate cause of it all was! What I wish
to do in this brief statement is go over some of the narratives that the
findings of natural or biological sciences make possible. It is not my aim
in this short essay to resolve the tensions I point to in our narratives of
climate change.
Two Approaches to Climate Change

One generally finds two approaches to the problem of climate change.
One dominant approach is to look on the phenomenon simply as a one-
dimensional challenge: How do humans achieve a reduction in their
emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the coming few decades? The
question is driven by the idea of a global ‘carbon budget’ that the fifth
aggregate report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) foregrounded. It also sets as its target the idea of keeping the
average rise in the surface temperature of the planet below the 2 C thresh-
old, since anything above that is labeled ‘dangerous’. The climate prob-
lem is seen in this approach as a challenge of how to source the energy
needed for the human pursuit of some universally accepted ends of eco-
nomic development, so that billions of humans are pulled out of poverty.
The main solution proposed here is for humanity to make a transition to
renewable energy as quickly as technology and market signals permit.
The accompanying issues of justice concern relations between poor and
rich nations and between present and future generations: Given the con-
straints of a given carbon budget, what would be a fair distribution of the
‘right to emit GHGs’ – since GHGs are seen as scarce resources –
between nations in the process of this transition to renewables? Should
not the less developed and more populous countries (like China and
India) have a greater right to pollute, while the developed nations take
on more responsibility to make deep cuts in their emissions and under-
take financial commitments to help the developing nations achieve their
goals? The question of how much sacrifice the living should make as they
curb emissions, to ensure that unborn humans inherit a world that
enables them to achieve a better quality of life than the present gener-
ation, remains a more intractable question, and its political force is
reduced by the fact that the unborn are not here to argue about their
share of the atmospheric commons.
Within this broad description of the first approach, however, are
nested many disagreements. Most imagine the problem to be mainly
one of replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources by renewables; many
also assume that the same modes of production and consumption of
goods will continue. These latter analysts imagine a future in which the
world is more technologically advanced and connected than now, but
with the critical difference that a consumerist paradise will be within the
reach of most, if not all, humans. Some others – on the left – would agree
Chakrabarty 3
that a turn to renewables is in order, but argue that since it is capitalism’s

constant urge to ‘accumulate’ that has precipitated the climate crisis, the
crisis itself provides yet another opportunity to renew and reinvigorate
Marx’s critique of capital. I am not sure about the kind of economy that
these latter scholars visualize as replacing the global capitalist regime, but
there is clearly an assumption that a globalized, crowded (9–10 billion
people), socially just, and technologically connected post-capitalist world
can somehow come into being and avoid the pitfalls of the drive to
accumulate. And then there are those who think of not just transitioning
to renewable sources of energy but of actually scaling back the world
economy, de-growing it, and thus reducing the ecological footprint of
humans while desiring a world marked by equality and social justice for
all. Still others think – in a scenario called ‘the convergence scenario’ – of
reaching a state of economic equilibrium globally whereby all humans
live at more or less the same standard of living. And then, of course, there
are those who think of the most desirable future as capitalist or market-
based growth with sustainability.
Against all this, there is another to way to view climate change: as
part of a complex family of interconnected problems, all adding up to
the larger issue of a growing human footprint on the planet that has,
over the last couple of centuries and especially since the end of the
Second World War, seen a definite ecological overshoot on the part
of humanity. This overshoot, of course, has a long history but one that
has picked up pace in more recent times. The Israeli historian Yuval
Noah Harari explains the issue well in his book, Sapiens: A Brief
History of Humankind. ‘One of the most common uses of early stone
tools’, writes Harari, ‘was to crack open bones in order to get to the
marrow. Some researchers believe that this was our original niche.’
Why? Because, Harari explains, ‘genus Homo’s position in the food
chain was, until quite recently, solidly in the middle’ (2015: 9).
Humans could eat dead animals only after lions, hyenas, and foxes
had had their shares and cleaned the bones off all the flesh sticking
to them! It is only ‘in the last 100,000 years’, says Harari, ‘that man
jumped to the top of the food chain’ (2015: 9). This has not been an
evolutionary change. As Harari explains:
Other animals at the top of the pyramid, such as lions and sharks,
evolved into that position very gradually, over millions of years.
This enables the ecosystem to develop checks and balances that
prevent lions and sharks from wreaking too much havoc. As the
lions became deadlier, so gazelles evolved to run faster, hyenas to
cooperate better, and rhinoceroses to be more bad-tempered. In
contrast, humankind ascended to the top so quickly that the eco-
system was not given time to adjust. (2015: 11–12)
The problem of humans’ ecological footprint, we can say, was ratcheted

up with the invention of agriculture (more than 10,000 years ago) and
then again after the oceans found their present level about 6,000 years
ago and we developed our ancient cities, empires, and urban orders. It
was ratcheted up yet again over the last 500 years with European expan-
sion and colonization of faraway lands inhabited by other peoples, and
the subsequent rise of industrial civilization. But a further ratcheting up
by several significant notches happened after the end of the Second
World War, when human numbers and consumption rose exponentially
thanks to the widespread use of fossil fuels, not only in the transport
sector but also in agriculture and medicine allowing, eventually, even the
poor of the world to live longer – though not healthy – lives. (The last big
famine we saw in India, for example, was in 1943, before my birth,
though many still die of hunger.) GHG emissions gave humans the cap-
acity to interfere in Earth Systems processes that regulate the climate of
the whole planet, in short yielding the planetary-scale geological agency
that quite a few scientists and science-scholars including David Archer
(2009: 6) and Naomi Oreskes (2007: 93) have written about. This planet-
wide geological agency of humans, however, cannot be separated from
the way humans interfere in the distribution of natural life on the planet.
Not only have marine creatures not had the evolutionary time needed
to adjust to our newfound capacity to hunt them out of existence through
deep-sea fishing technology, but our GHG emissions now also acidify the
oceans, threatening the biodiversity of the great seas, and thus endan-
gering the very same food chain that feeds us. Jan Zalasiewicz and his
colleagues on the sub-committee of the International Stratigraphy
Commission, charged with documenting the Anthropocene, are thus
absolutely right to point out that it is the human record left in the
rocks of this planet as fossils and other forms of evidence – such as
terraforming of the ocean bed – that will constitute the long-term
record of the Anthropocene, perhaps more so than the excess GHGs in
the atmosphere. If human-driven extinction of other species results – say,
in the next few centuries – in a Great Extinction event, then (my geologist
friends tell me), even the epoch-level name of the Anthropocene may be
too low in the hierarchy of geological periods.1
Viewed thus, the idea of the Anthropocene increasingly becomes more
about the expanding ecological footprint of humanity as a whole – and
this must include the question of human population, for while the poor
do not have a direct carbon footprint, they contribute to the human
footprint in other ways (this is not a moral indictment of them) – and
less about a narrowly defined problem of climate change. In that sense,
one could say that the expression ‘Anthropocene’ now refers more to
(mostly human-driven) changes to Earth System as a whole and less
about moral culpability of humans (or some humans) in causing them.
As Zalasiewicz says in the concluding paragraph of a recent essay: ‘The
Chakrabarty 5
Anthropocene – whether formal or informal – clearly has value in giving

us a perspective, against the largest canvas, of the scale and the nature of
the human enterprise, and of how it intersects (‘‘intertwines’’ now, may
be a better word) with the other processes of the Earth system’ (2015:
12).2 This reminds us that the climate change problem is not a problem to
be studied in isolation from the general complex of ecological problems
that humans now face on various scales – from the local to the planetary
– creating new conflicts and exacerbating old ones between and inside
nations. There is no single silver bullet that solves all the problems at
once; nothing that works like the mantra of transition to renewables to
avoid an average rise of 2 C in the surface temperature of the planet.
What we face does indeed look like a wicked problem, one that we may
diagnose but not be able to ‘solve’ once and for all.3
The Anthropocene and the Inequities of Capitalism

In my essay ‘The Climate of History: Four Theses’, I acknowledged that
there was ‘no denying that climate change has profoundly to do with the
history of capitalism’ but added that it could not be reduced to the latter
(Chakrabarty, 2009: 212). I then went on to point out that while climate
change would only accentuate the inequities of the global capitalist order
as the impact of climate change – for now and in the immediate future –
falls more heavily on poorer nations and on the poor of the rich nations,
it was different from the usual crises of capital. I said: ‘Unlike in the crises
of capitalism, there are no lifeboats here for the rich and the privileged’
(Chakrabarty, 2009: 221).
Many scholars on the left vehemently oppose the idea this could be a
crisis for all of humanity; hence they criticize the expression ‘human’-
induced climate change. Thus, Swedish academics Andreas Malm and
Alf Hornborg (2014) ask in a widely cited essay that if human actions
have indeed precipitated this collective slide into a geological period that
signifies human domination of the planet and even of its geological his-
tory, then why name that period after all humans or the human species,
the anthropos, when we know it is the rich among humans or the insti-
tutions of capitalism or the global economy that are causally (hence
morally?) responsible for this change in our condition? ‘A significant
chunk of humanity is not party to fossil fuel at all’, they point out,
and add: ‘hundreds of millions rely on charcoal, firewood or organic
waste such as dung’ (2014: 65). They cite the Canadian scholar Vaclav
Smil to say that ‘the difference in modern energy consumption between a
subsistence pastoralist in the Sahel and an average Canadian may easily
be larger than a 1,000-fold’, hence ‘humanity seems far too slender an
abstraction to carry the burden of causality [for climate change].. . .
Realizing that climate change is ‘‘anthropogenic’’ is really to appreciate
that it is sociogenic’ (2014: 65). They then go on to criticize my statement
regarding the rich having no ‘lifeboats’. ‘[T]his is a flawed argument’,

they write. ‘It blatantly overlooks the realities of differentiated vulner-
ability on all scales of human society.. . . For a foreseeable future –
indeed, as long as there are human societies on Earth – there will be
lifeboats for the rich and the privileged’ (2014: 66). Quite a few other
scholars have since repeated the charge.
I find it ironic that some scholars on the left should speak with an
assumption similar to that made by many of the rich, who do not neces-
sarily deny climate change but believe that, whatever the extent of the
warming and destabilization of the climate, they will always be able to
buy their way out of the problem! This is understandable coming from
economics textbooks that envision capitalism as an economic system that
will always face periodic crises and overcome them, but never face a crisis
of such proportions that it could upset all capitalist calculations. It is easy
to think within that logic that climate change was just another of those
business-cycle type challenges that the rich had to ride out from time to
time. Why would scholars on the left write from the same assumptions?
Climate change is not a standard business-cycle crisis. Nor is it a standard
‘environmental crisis’ amenable to the usual risk-management strategies.
The danger of a climate tipping point is unpredictable but real.4
Left unmitigated, climate change affects us all, rich and poor. They are
not affected in the same way, but they are all affected. A runaway global
warming leading to a Great Extinction event will not serve the rich very
well. A massive collapse of human population caused by climate disloca-
tion – were it to happen – would no doubt hurt the poor much more than
the rich. But would it not also rob global capitalism of its reserve army of
‘cheap’ labor on which it has so far depended? A world with freakish
weather, more storms, floods, droughts, and frequent extreme weather
events cannot be beneficial to the rich who live today or to their descend-
ants who will have to live on a much more unfriendly planet. Remember
that the American scientist James Hansen’s book, Storms of My
Grandchildren (2009), spoke of the perils that future generations of
Americans will face. Hansen’s book was about his own grandchildren,
not the grandchildren of friends Hansen may have in India or China. In
fact, the journal Science News published by the University of Leicester has
just reported the conclusions of a study led by Professor Sergei Petrovskii of
their department of applied mathematics that suggests that ‘an increase in
the water temperature of the world’s oceans of around six degrees Celsius –
which some scientists predict could occur as soon as 2100 – could stop
oxygen production by phytoplankton by disrupting the process of photo-
synthesis’ (University of Leicester Press Office, 2015: n.p.; see also Sekerci
and Petrovskii, 2015).5 Not a great prospect, even for the super-rich.
Of course, this is an extreme scenario. But the point of the lifeboat
metaphor was not to deny that the rich, depending on how rich they are,
will always have – compared to the poor – more resources at their
Chakrabarty 7
disposal to deal with disasters and buy their way to relative safety. It is
possible that the lifeboat metaphor was too cryptic (and it clearly mis-
fired for some readers) but my point was that climate change, potentially,
has to do with changes in the boundary conditions needed for the sus-
tenance of human and many other forms of life. Climate scientists have
pointed out that there is a temperature zone within which humans find it
easy to survive. Runaway global warming could, theoretically, warm up
the planet to a point where humans would find survival difficult. The
rich, for all their money, for example, would not find it easy to live in a
world whose supply of oxygen had dried up; even they are subject to
biological processes! And, to stay with the polemics for a moment, it
could be argued that even the super-rich need functioning markets and
technological systems to continue to enjoy the benefits of their wealth
and investments. In the extreme – and let us hope, unlikely – scenario of
runaway global warming, the descendants of the super-rich will find it
difficult to hold on to their privileges.
Consider also this additional argument: if the rich could simply buy
their way out of this crisis and only the poor suffered, why would the rich
of the rich nations do anything about global warming unless the poor of
the world (including the poor of the rich nations) were powerful enough to
force them to act? Such power on the part of the poor is clearly not in
evidence. Nor were the rich nations ever known for their altruism. A
better case for rich nations and classes to act on climate change, it
seems to me, is couched in terms of their enlightened self-interest. The
science of global warming allows us to do so by precisely making the point
that, for all its differential impact, it is a crisis for the rich and their des-
cendants as well – as Hansen’s popular book amply makes clear. Besides,
some rich nations like Australia, because of their geographical location,
lie very exposed to the likely negative impacts of climate change. So yes, a
politics of even broader solidarity than simply solidarity of the poor is
called for, though I agree that this is by no means easy to achieve.
All these considerations only underline how difficult it is to operation-
alize the word ‘common’ in the expression ‘common but differentiated
responsibility’ that is often used as a guideline for climate change politics.
It is only when placing the problem of planetary climate change in a
framework that is larger than the spatio-temporal scales involved in
the analysis of capitalism or globalization that we begin to see in what
sense climate change may be – if not a common responsibility – a
common predicament. The following sections are an attempt to expand
the overall argument further in this latter direction.
Politics in/of the Anthropocene

So long as we think of climate change simply as a problem of greenhouse
gas emissions and as a matter of transitioning to renewables within a
given timetable and a specified carbon budget, we can also point to what
might constitute ‘the politics of climate change’, for example the just
distribution of the carbon budget between developed and emergent
economies and poorer or more immediately threatened nations. A very
difficult question to ponder, however, is whether or not the climate crisis
– when seen as symptomatic of humanity’s ecological overshoot – also
signals the first glimpse we might have of a possible limit to our very
human-centered thinking about justice, and thus to our political thought
as well. Global warming accentuates the planetary tendency towards
human-driven extinction of many other species, with some scientists sug-
gesting that the planet may have already entered the beginnings of a long
(in human terms) Great Extinction event (Ceballos et al., 2015).
Anthropogenic climate change thus produces a crisis in the distribution
of natural reproductive life on the planet. But our political and justice-
related thinking remains very human-focused. We still do not know how
to think conceptually – politically or in accordance with theories of just-
ice – about justice towards non-human forms of life, not to speak of the
inanimate world. Thinkers of animal rights have extended questions of
justice towards some animals, but their theories are limited by strict
requirements relating to the threshold of sentience in animals. Besides,
some philosophers also argue that, whatever the practical value of a
category such as life in biology, ‘life as such’ cannot be a strict philo-
sophical category. Yet we cannot think ‘extinction’ without using the
category ‘life’, however difficult it may be to define it. The really difficult
issue that arises when scholars write about humans being stewards of the
planet is what our relationship, conceptually, would be to bacteria and
viruses, given that many of them are not friendly to the human form of
life (while many are). Yet it is undeniable that the natural history of
species life on this planet involves the histories and activities of bacteria
and viruses.
So while I agree that politics as we know it continues and will continue
into the foreseeable future, and that there is no politics of the
Anthropocene as such (but much politics about the label
‘Anthropocene’, as we know!), a deepening of the climate crisis and of
the ecological overshoot of which it is a symptom may indeed lead us to
rethink the (European) tradition of political thought that has, since the
17th century and thanks to European expansion, become everybody’s
inheritance today. Nigel Clark makes a similar point from a somewhat
different point of view:
A generous – and apposite – response to Anthropocene inquiry,

then, might be a new willingness in critical, social, cultural and
philosophical thought to embrace the fully inhuman . . . This means
putting thought and questions of practical action into sustained
contact with times and spaces that radically exceed any conceivable
Chakrabarty 9
human presence . . . [and] to connect up with . . . vast domains that

are themselves recalcitrant to the purchase of politics. In this way,
the Anthropocene . . . confronts the political with forces and events
that have the capacity to undo the political . . .. (2014: 27–8)
Species Thinking
Now back to the question of whether or not we should think of humans
through the biological category of ‘species’, alongside other historical
categories such as ‘capitalism’, as we think through this crisis. Malm
and Hornborg take the position that while ‘the Anthropocene’ might
effectively represent a possible polar-bear point of view – since they,
the bears, might want to know ‘what species is wreaking such havoc
on their habitats’, ‘(w)ithin the human kingdom. . . species-thinking on
climate change is conducive to mystification and political paralysis’
(2014: 67). Let me say why I disagree. Can the story of ecological over-
shoot by humans be thought of simply as the story of modernization and
its inherent inequalities and also not as the story of a particular species –
Homo sapiens – coming to dominate the biosphere to such an extent that
its own existence is now challenged? Think of the story as Harari tells it.
Today, with their consumption, numbers, technology and so on, humans
– yes, all humans, rich and poor – put pressure on the biosphere (the rich
and poor do it in different ways and for different reasons) and disturb
what I called above the distribution of life on the planet. Harari puts the
point well:
Humankind ascended to the top [of the food chain] so quickly that
the ecosystem was not given time to adjust. Moreover, humans
themselves failed to adjust. Most top predators of the planet are
majestic creatures. Millions of years of domination have filled them
with self-confidence. Sapiens by contrast is more like a banana
republic dictator. Having so recently been one of the underdogs
of the savannah, we are full of fears and anxieties over our pos-
ition . . . (2015: 11–12)
He concludes: ‘Many historical calamities, from deadly wars to eco-

logical catastrophes, have resulted from this over-hasty jump’ (2015: 12).
If one could imagine someone watching the development of life on this
planet on an evolutionary scale, they would have a story to tell about
Homo sapiens rising to the top of the food chain within a very, very short
period in that history. The more involved story of rich–poor differences
would be a matter of finer resolution in that story. As I have said else-
where, the ecological overshoot of humanity requires us to both zoom
into the details of intra-human injustice – otherwise we do not see the
suffering of many humans – and to zoom out of that history, or else we

do not see the suffering of other species and, in a manner of speaking, the
suffering of the planet (Chakrabarty, 2016a: 189–99). Zooming in and
zooming out are about shuttling between different scales, perspectives
and different levels of abstraction. One level of abstraction does not
cancel out the other or render it invalid. But my point is that the
human story can no longer be told from the perspective of the 500
years (at most) of capitalism alone.
Humans remain a species in spite of all our differentiation. Suppose all
the radical arguments about the rich always having lifeboats and there-
fore being able to buy their way out of all calamities including a Great
Extinction event are true; and imagine a world in which some very large-
scale species extinction has happened and that the survivors among
humans are only those who happened to be privileged and belonged to
the richer classes. Would not their survival also constitute a survival of
the species (even if the survivors eventually differentiated them-
selves into, as seems to be the human wont, dominant and subordinate
groups)?
The ecological overshoot of humanity does not make sense without
reference to the lives of other species. And in that story, humans are a
species too, albeit a dominant one. This does not cancel out the story of
capitalist oppression. Nor does it amount to the claim that any one
particular discipline now has the best grip on the experience of being
human. Biology or something that misses out on the existential dimen-
sion of being human will never capture the human experience of falling in
love or feeling love for God in the same way that poetry or religion
might. A big brain gives us a capacity for cognition of that which is
really big in scale. But it also gives us our deeply subjective experience
of ourselves and our capacity to experience our individual lives as mean-
ingful. We cannot produce a consilience of knowledge. But surely we can
look upon ourselves and on the human story from many perspectives
at once.
Debating Climate Change in Uneven Public Spheres

Climate change is an unfolding problem, and human responses to it –
both practical and intellectual – will no doubt vary with the actual
futures we come to face. Ten years ago, before the fourth assessment
report of the IPCC became the subject of great publicity in print and
electronic media, a typical laundry list of debatable questions with ref-
erence to climate change would have seemed rather different and much
less urgent than issues about the climate that agitate us today. Ten years
ago, it was difficult, for example, to interest social scientists in India – the
country I am from and a country that is among the top four biggest
emitters of greenhouse gases today –in the topic of climate change.
Chakrabarty 11
Everyone, however, was absorbed in debating globalization. Foucault

and Agamben, governmentality and bio-politics, and the economists
Sen, Stiglitz and Bhagwati, were on everyone’s lips, not Paul Crutzen,
Eugene Stoermer or the idea of the Anthropocene.
The first essay I ever wrote on climate change – ‘The Climate of
History: Four Theses’ – was written originally in Bangla (Bengali) in a
Calcutta journal, Baromas, in 2008. No one in the city (or elsewhere)
took much notice of it until I translated and expanded it into an English
version for the American journal Critical Inquiry, which published it in
2009. The experience made me aware of two aspects of the contemporary
world I inhabit. Not all global issues were equally global. Globalization –
including questions about multinationals, money markets, derivatives
and complex financial instruments, the net, the social media, and, of
course, the global media – was a genuinely global topic that was dis-
cussed everywhere but global warming was not. And it also became clear
who set the terms of the discourse. It was the scientists of nations that
played a historical role in precipitating the problem of global warming
through their emission of polluting greenhouse gases – for example, the
United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and other developed
countries – who played two critical roles: as scientists, they discovered
and defined the phenomenon of anthropogenic climate change, and as
public intellectuals they took care to disseminate their knowledge so that
the matter could be debated in public life in an informed manner. I am
thinking of scholars/researchers like James Hansen, Wallace Broecker
(who coined the phrase ‘global warming’), Paul Crutzen, Jan
Zalasiewicz, David Archer, Will Steffen, Tim Flannery and others.
Scientists of emerging economies like China and India remained confined
to their specialist arenas of research. None of them, to my knowledge,
wrote any book to explain global warming for the general reader. Global
warming is a planetary phenomenon. But as a subject of discussion, it
seemed to be distributed very unequally in the world. The situation has
changed somewhat in the last ten years – thanks in part to the increasing
frequency and fury of extreme weather events in different areas of the
world – but not substantially.
What are the implications of this disparity in the distribution of infor-
mation? It surely skews the ‘global’ debate on climate change in more
than one way. When governments come to global forums to discuss and
negotiate global agreements on climate change, they do not come equally
resourced with informed public discussions in their respective nations,
while some governments, admittedly, do not even desire informed pub-
lics. More importantly, it means that our debates remain anchored pri-
marily in the experiences, values, and desires of developed nations, that
is, in the West (bracketing Japan for the moment), even when we think
we are arguing against what we construe to be the selfish interests of
‘the West’.
Notes
In preparing this piece, I have drawn and elaborated on – and also
departed from – my essay ‘Whose Anthropocene? A Response’
(2016b). Thanks are due to anonymous referees of Theory, Culture &
Society for their helpful criticisms.
1. ‘If global warming and a sixth extinction take place in the next couple of
centuries, then an epoch will seem too low a category in the hierarchy [of the
geological timetable].’ Personal communication with Professor Jan
Zalasiewicz, 30 September 2015.
2. I am grateful to Professor Zalasiewicz for sharing this paper with me.
3. See the detailed and excellent discussion in Incropera (2016).
4. For more on this point, see my essay ‘Climate and Capital: On Conjoined
Histories’ (Chakrabarty, 2014).
5. I owe this reference to Julia Adeny Thomas.
References
Archer D (2009) The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000
Years of the Earth’s Climate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky A, Garcı́a A, Pringle RM and Palmer TM
(2015) Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth
mass extinction. Science Advances 1(5): 1–5.
Chakrabarty D (2009) The climate of history: Four theses. Critical Inquiry 35(2):
197–222.
Chakrabarty D (2014) Climate and capital: On conjoined histories. Critical
Inquiry 41(1): 1–23.
Chakrabarty D (2016a) The human significance of the Anthropocene.
In: Latour B (ed) Reset Modernity! Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 189–199.
Chakrabarty D (2016b) Whose Anthropocene? A response. In: Lekan T and
Emmett R (eds) Whose Anthropocene? Revisiting After Nature: Politics and
Practice in Dipesh Chakrabarty’s Four Theses: Special Issue of RCC
Perspectives: Transformations in Environment and Society. Munich: Rachel
Carson Center, pp. 103–113.
Clark N (2014) Geo-politics and the disaster of the Anthropocene. Sociological
Review 62(S1): 27–28.
Hansen J (2009) Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth about the Coming
Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity. London:
Bloomsbury Press.
Harari YN (2015) Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. New York: Harper
Collins.
Incropera FP (2016) Climate Change: A Wicked Problem – Complexity and
Uncertainty at the Intersection of Science, Economics, Politics, and Human
Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Malm A and Hornborg A (2014) The geology of mankind? A critique of the
Anthropocene narrative. Anthropocene Review 1(1): 62–69.
Oreskes N (2007) The scientific consensus on climate change: How do we know
we are not wrong? In: Demento JFC and Doughman P (eds) Climate Change:
Chakrabarty 13
What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
Sekerci Y and Petrovskii S (2015) Mathematical modelling of plankton–oxygen
dynamics under the climate change. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 77(12):
2325–2353.
University of Leicester Press Office (2015) Failing phytoplankton, failing
oxygen: Global warming disaster could suffocate life on planet Earth.
Science Daily press releases, 1 December.
Zalasiewicz J (2015) The geology behind the Anthropocene (typescript).
Dipesh Chakrabarty teaches in the Departments of History and South

Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. His
latest publications include The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar
and His Empire of Truth (University of Chicago, 2015) and Historical
Teleologies in the Modern World, co-edited with Henning Trüper and
Sanjay Subrahmanyam (Bloomsbury Academic, 2015).
This article is part of the Theory, Culture & Society special issue on
‘Geosocial Formations and the Anthropocene’, edited by Nigel Clark and
Kathryn Yusoff.

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General English Lab Manual

Language Lab Manual

General English (XXXX)

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, ITNU

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, ITNU

About the Course

Course Name: General English

Course Code: XXXXX

Course Type: Compulsory for B.Tech (Semester-I/II) students

The course General English (XXXX) is a three-credit compulsory course offered by

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, ITNU

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO):

Sr No Learning Outcomes Bloom’s Taxonomy

1 Develop and build upon their abilities in listening, speaking and L3

2 Inculcate the habit of reading and listening, thereby, absorbing L3

3 Demonstrate effective speaking skills by preparing, organising L3

4 Examine ethical, moral, social and cultural values through the L4

Podcast/video of Steve Jobs – Harward Graduation Ceremony https://youtu.be/D1R-jKKp3NA

• Vocabulary takes away

• Their speech (simulated one) on graduation ceremony

1) Describe the Extrapersonal communication.

1. Who is the author of novel Life of Pi?

A. A girl named Pi who grows up on a deserted island.

4. Piscine Molitor Patel is named after

A. A famous Indian government official

5. Why does Pi's family have to move country?

A. They want to move nearer their family.

6. What is Pi's companion's name? *

7. How many days does Pi survive on the raft?

8. What was the name of the ship that sank?

9. Where did Pi’s lifeboat come ashore?

11. Where does Pi grow up?

12. How does Richard Parker get his name?

A. Pi names him after favourite teacher.

13. What was Pi grateful to Richard Parker for?

A. His weight kept the boat steadier.

14. What does Pi say is life's only true opponent?

A. His allergy to cats

16. In Pi's second story, the cook is paralleled to whom?

A. feeding a wild goat to a tiger

18. Pi sees an orangutan named Orange Juice floating on a raft made of

20. After his rescue, Pi is interviewed by two officials from the

A. Japanese Ministry of Transport

Listening for specific purpose:

2) Which tense is used. Make 5 sentences using the same tense.

https://youtu.be/cFLjudWTuGQ - Make Body Language Your Superpower | Stanford School of

https://youtu.be/eIho2S0ZahI - How to speak so that people want to listen | Julian Treasure

https://youtu.be/Iwpi1Lm6dFo - How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips

Following are the suggested topics for Extempore:

1. Procrastination: How It Affects Our Everyday Life

• Following are the suggested topics for GD:

Criterion Level 1 Level 2 Level3

General understanding While the student The student The student

Accuracy of answers The student Answers were The content was

Originality Readymade Clear Copy Some copy Common Original Topic

Organisation Audience Audience has Satisfactory Superb

Logic ( Flaw No flaw of No data Data is well An effort to Synthesised

Aphantasia: A life without mental images

Mind's eye blind

In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this