Name:Ifra Shahid

Reg. : 70081269
Program : BSAM
Course : Corporate Aviation
Instructor : Sir Naeem Mobashar
Semester :6A

Research and enlist various technical/non-economic regulations applicable on

aircraft operators/commercial airlines through ICAO Annexures and give a
brief detail of each.

1. Airworthiness of Aircraft (ANNEX #8)

Regulations deal with the airworthiness of the aircraft not only in terms of its design
and production standards but also in terms of its performance under different
operating conditions such as when there is an engine failure during take-off.

Annex 8 is separated into four sections. Part I incorporates definitions; Part II

arrangements with systems for certificate and proceeding with airworthiness of
airplane; Part III incorporates specialized prerequisites for the confirmation of new
huge plane plans; Part IV arrangements with helicopters

The level of airworthiness required to be maintained by a national code is indicated by

the broad standards of Annex 8 supplemented, where necessary, by guidance material
provided in ICAO's Airworthiness Technical
Manual.

The technical standards dealing with certification of airplanes are limited at present to
multi-engine airplanes of over 5 700 kg maximum certificated takeoff mass.

2. Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

(ANNEX#3)
Regulations cover the timing, nature, and supervision of maintenance and overhaul
work and the training and qualifications of the engineers who carry out such work.

Pilots need to be informed about meteorological conditions along the routes to be

flown and at their destination aerodromes. At international aerodromes, the
meteorological information is normally supplied to aeronautical
users by a meteorological office.

Landing forecasts are prepared for some international aerodromes to meet the
requirements of landing aircraft. They are appended to the aerodrome reports and
have a validity of two hours.
To assist pilots with their flight planning, most States provide meteorological
briefings which are increasingly carried out using automated systems.

To provide aircraft in flight with information about significant weather changes,

meteorological watch offices are maintained.

3. Personnel Licensing (ANNEX#4)

Regulations governing the numbers and type of flight and cabin crew, their duties,
training and licensing, and their work-loads and schedules.

Adequate personnel training and licensing also instill confidence between States,
leading to international recognition and acceptance of personnel qualifications and
licenses and greater trust in aviation on the part of the traveler.

Licensing is the act of authorizing defined activities that should otherwise be

prohibited due to the potentially serious results of such activities being performed
improperly.

One of ICAO’s main tasks in the field of personnel licensing is to foster the
resolution of differences in licensing requirements and to ensure that international
licensing standards are kept in line with current practices
and probable future developments.

4. Rules of the Air ( ANNEX #2)

Detailed regulations cover both how aircraft are operated (that is, aspects such as
flight preparation and in-flight procedures), and also the operation of the airlines
themselves. In all countries, air transport operators must be licensed by the relevant
civil aviation authority and must satisfy certain criteria and operating standards.

An aircraft must be flown by the general rules and either the visual flight rules (VFR)
or the instrument flight rules (IFR).

Instrument flight rules must be complied with in weather conditions other than those
mentioned above. A State may also require that they be applied in designated
airspaces regardless of weather conditions

A flight plan must be filed with air traffic services units for all flights that will cross
international borders, and for most other flights that are engaged in commercial
operations.

Regardless of the type of flight plan, the pilots are responsible for avoiding collisions
when in visual flight conditions, by the principle of see-and-avoid
.
5. Operation of Aircraft (ANNEX#6)

Lastly, there is a complex profusion of regulations and recommended standards

dealing with aviation infrastructure, such as airports, meteorological services, en-route
navigational facilities, and so on.
In 1948 the Council first adopted Standards and Recommended Practices for the
operation of aircraft engaged in international commercial air transport.

Aircraft range from commercial airliners to the one-seat glider, all of which cross
national boundaries into adjacent States.

Clearly defined International Standards and Recommended Practices exist in respect

of operating minima based on the aircraft and the environmental factors found at each
aerodrome.

Critical to safe aircraft operations is the knowledge of the operating limits of

each particular type of aircraft.The Annex sets out minimum performance
operating limitations, concerning aircraft in use today.