Seismic Design of Building Structures

Some Considerations on the

Force-Based Design of Structures
(based on Section 1 of [PCK07])

Ricardo Monteiro
UME Graduate School, IUSS Pavia

Summary

2
 Strength and Stiffness
M'y Mn
EIi,eff = =
φ'y φy
M M1 M M1

M2 M2

M3 M3

φy3 φy2 φy1 φ φy φ

Design assumption Realistic assumption
(constant stiffness) (constant yield curvature)
εy
EIi,eff = αEIg φy = C
h 3

Strength and Stiffness

4
 Importance of the initial stiffness

0.06 150
Ki,eff?
0.04 100
Displacement [m]

0.02 50

Force [kN]
0.00 0

-0.02 -50

-0.04 -100

-0.06
-150
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06
Time [s] Deformation [m]

Definition of the initial stiffness

Meaningful range of ki,eff
500
Kig
400

300

200
Displacement [m]

100

-100

-200

-300

-400

-500
-100 -50 0 50 100
Force [kN] 6
 Period calculation

0.5 15.0
T1b
0.4
10.0

Sd [cm]
T1a
Spa [g]

0.3 T1a
0.2 T1b 5.0
0.1
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Periode [s] Periode [s]

2
T1,a =
n
T1,b = 2π
∑m Δ i i

10 ∑FΔ i i
7

Period calculation

• Period underestimated

• Conservative/safe for forces but not necessarily for

displacements

• Formulae rely many times on low demand levels hence

not actually applicable
8
 Ductility and reduction factor

Considerable variation in !y and !u à

variation of " in different codes
9

Reduction factor variability

Maximum admissible q

10
 Bridge piers with different heights (1)
P2)

P1)
2H

Same section

11

Bridge piers with different heights (1)

P2)

P1)
2H

P1 P2

Same section

Capacity: µΔ,P1 > µΔ,P2 Design of both piers for same q?

12
 Bridge piers with different height (2)
P1) P2) 140

120

100 Seismic demand

H
80

Force
60
2H
40
Pier 1
Same
20 Pier 2
section
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Displacement

Demand: µΔ,P1 > µΔ,P2 Design of both piers for same q?

13

Structural elements with different length

System

W3

• Different !y à different ductility demands, because

displacement demand is the same (slab!)
• Unique q means that ductility is assumed the same for
all walls (!y the same for all walls)

14
 Summary (according to [PCK07], 1.3.9)
Considerations about force-based design:

• Initial effective stiffness unknown at the beginning of the

design process
• Uncertainties in estimating the displacement ductility
• Different ductility capacities for the same kind of
structure à equal force reduction factor?
• Different ductility demand within the same structure à
equal force reduction factor?
• Elastic distribution of forces may yield unreasonable
solutions

Despite criticism à force-based design combined with capacity design

à safe structures à however, non-uniform vulnerability 15

Seismic Design of Building Structures

Brief introduction to
Direct Displacement-Based Design
(DDBD)

Ricardo Monteiro
UME Graduate School, IUSS Pavia

16
 DDBD

• Key players

• Main references
– Priestley MJN (1993) “Myths and Fallacies in Earthquake Engineering,” Bulletin of the
NZSEE, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 329-341.
– Priestley MJN (2003) “Myths and Fallacies in Earthquake Engineering, Revisited,” The
Mallet Milne Lecture 2003, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy.
– Priestley MJN, Calvi GM, Kowalsky MJ (2007) Displacement-Based Seismic Design of
Structures, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy.
– Priestley MJN (2004) Handouts and PPT Presentations to the Course “Fundamentals
of Seismic Design” at the ROSE School, Pavia, Italy.

17

Basic idea of DDBD

• Substitute SDOF system: Characterize structure at peak
displacement response.
Δd
0.06 150
Fu
F [kN]
Δ(t)
0.04 100

0.02 50
Δd
φ [m]

0.00 0
Inelastic force- 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06

displacement -0.02 Time [s] -50 [m]

relationship F-Δ
-0.04 -100
ag (t)
-0.06 -150

• Characterizes the structure by

– the secant stiffness to the maximum displacement response of the
substitute SDOF system
– an equivalent viscous damping that represents both initial elastic
damping, and the inelastic hysteretic damping.

• See Chapter 3.4 of [PCK07] and Section 4.5 of the class notes
18
 Objective of DDBD

• Objective of design approach: Design a structure

which achieves a chosen performance limit (= peak
displacement) à Results in structures with uniform
vulnerability.

• Design procedure determines strength required at

plastic hinge locations to achieve defined
displacement for a given seismic intensity.

• Combine DDBD with capacity design principles to

ensure that the chosen mechanism develops.

19

Basic formulation of DDBD for SDOF systems

m
F VB rki

ke
ki

Δy Δd

(Shibata and Sozen, 1976)

20
Basic formulation of DDBD for SDOF systems
m
F VB rki

ke
ki

Δy Δd

Substitute SDOF structure

equations can be derived based on equilibrium considerations of MDoF

and SDoF system

Assumes:
• miDi = measure of inertia force at storey i
• base shear of the two systems is equal: SDimi=Ddme
• kinetic energy of the two systems is equal: SDi2mi=Dd2me=Dd*Ddme
• base moment (overturning moment is equal): SDimiHi=DdmeHe
21

Basic formulation of DDBD for SDOF systems

m
F VB rki

ke
ki

Δy Δd

0.25
Concrete wall building
Concrete frame buildings
Steel frame buildings 0.6
Equivalent viscous damping [-]

0.20 Hybrid prestressed frames

0.5 ξ=0.05
0.15
0.4 ξ=0.10
Sd,el (T) [m]

0.3
Δd ξ=0.15
0.10
ξ=0.20
0.2 ξ=0.30
0.05
0.1
Te
0.00 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 4 6
Displacement ductility [-] T [s]

• If more than one limit state needs to be considered (e.g. SLS and ULS):
Determine for each the design displacement and using the DDBD method
the required base shear. The highest base shear governs the design. 22
Basic formulation of DDBD for SDOF systems
Design input:
• Geometry: Dimensions of structural elements

• Basic material properties: εsy, εsu, εcu, εccu

• Seismic input (Displacement spectra + Equations for transforming 5%

spectrum into spectrum with ξ=ξe) 0.5
⎛ 0.07 ⎞
S d ,ξ = S d ,5% ⎜ ⎟
– Without velocity pulse: ⎝ 0.02 + ξ ⎠
0.25
⎛ 0.07 ⎞
– With forward directivity velocity pulse: S d ,ξ = S d ,5% ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.02 + ξ ⎠
• Example: Bridge column with superstructure = SDoF system

0.6

0.5 ξ=0.05
0.4
Sd,el (T) [m]

0.3
ξ=ξeq
0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 23
T [s]

Basic formulation of DDBD for SDOF systems

Step 1: Determine design displacement
m
F
VB rki

ke
ki

Δy Δd

• Design displacement governed by:

• Structural displacement limits: Strain limits
• Non-structural displacement limits: Drift limits
àChoose critical of structural and non-structural displ. limits
Often: Design for a drift limit specified by the code and detail the
24
section in such a way that the strain limits are satisfied.
Basic formulation of DDBD for SDOF systems
Step 2: Determine yield displacement and design displacement
ductility

• Yield displacement Δy is (approximately) only dependent on the

geometry of the members and the material properties
à known at the beginning of the design.
à see Chapter 4 of [PCK07]

Δd
• Design displacement ductility µΔ =
Δy

25

Basic formulation of DDBD for SDOF systems

Step 3: From charts determine the equivalent damping as a
function of µΔ and the structural type

Concrete wall building Concrete wall buildings

0.25
Concrete frame buildings ⎛ µΔ − 1 ⎞
Steel frame buildings ξeq = 0.05 + 0.444⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
µ π
Equivalent viscous damping [-]

Hybrid prestressed frames ⎝ Δ ⎠

0.20
Concrete frame buildings

0.15 ⎛ µΔ − 1 ⎞
ξeq = 0.05 + 0.565⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ µΔπ ⎠
0.10 Steel frame buildings
⎛ µΔ − 1 ⎞
ξeq = 0.05 + 0.577⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
0.05 ⎝ µΔπ ⎠
Hybrid prestressed frame
0.00 ⎛ µΔ − 1 ⎞
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ξeq = 0.05 + 0.186⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
µ
⎝ Δ ⎠π
Displacement ductility [-]
26
Basic formulation of DDBD for SDOF systems
Step 4: Compute for the effective damping the displacement
spectra. Determine Te as the period where Δ=Δd

0.6

0.5 ξ=0.05 VB rki

β
0.4 Δd ⎛ 5 + ξ ⎞
Te = Tc ⋅ ⋅⎜ ⎟
Sd,el (T) [m]

0.3
Δd Δ c ,5 ⎝ 10 ⎠ ξ=ξeq ke
0.2 ki
0.1
Te
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Δy Δd
T [s]

me 4π 2 me
Te = 2π ke = VB = ke Δ d
ke Te 2

27

DDBD for MDOF systems

- Real buildings are MDOF systems
- DDBD approach is based on SDOF system

Δi Fi

Δi-1 me Fi-1
Δd

Δ3 F3

Δ2
He F2

Δ1
F1

Reduce MDOF system to DDBD for -Distribute forces over height and in plan.
equivalent SDOF system SDOFe
-Account for higher mode effects.
based on inelastic first mode
shape -Apply capacity design
28
 DDBD for MDOF systems

Steps involved in the DDBD of MDOF systems:

• Yield displacement of MDOF System

• Design displacement of MDOF system
• Substitute SDOF structure
• Effective damping of substitute SDOF structure
• (Determine system base shear based on DDBD approach)
• Distribution of base shear forces between structural elements
• Distribution of base shear forces over the height
• Capacity design for DDBD

Note: Structural wall buildings will be used as an

example.
29

Yield displacement of MDOF system

Cantilever walls:
• For each wall assume a triangular curvature distribution
at yield.
Hn
φy
⎛ H ⎞ ε sy 2 ⎛
2 H ⎞
Δ yi = H ⎜⎜1 − i ⎟⎟ =
i H i ⎜⎜1 − i ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 3H n ⎠ l w ⎝ 3H n ⎠
• Assumption of triangular curvature distribution accounts
φy=2εsy/lw
for tension shift effects on displacement.

System of walls of different length:

lw1 lw2
V1 V
Δ ys = Δ y1 + Δ y2 2
VB VB
Δys: yield displacement of system at effective height He
Δyi : yield displacement of wall i at He
Vi: base shear capacities of wall i
30
 Design displacement of MDOF system
= “Inelastic mode shape”; shape dependent on
• structural type
• mechanism
• height of the structure
• displacement ductility

Cantilever wall buildings

• Limit state can be drift or strain controlled.
• For a single wall: If the roof drift θdn governs the design: (p. 97)

φy Hn
θ dn = θ yn + θ pn = + (φm − φ y )L p ≤ θc
2
• If roof drift is less than θc, φm is determined from strain limits.
31

Design displacement of MDOF system

Cantilever wall buildings
• Displacement profile:

ε sy ⎛ H ⎞
Δ i = Δ yi + Δ pi = H i2 ⎜⎜1 − i ⎟⎟ + (φm − φ y )L p H i
lw ⎝ 3H n ⎠

• System of walls of different length: Longer and stronger walls

govern the response

à Adopt their displacement profile for design. Alternatively: Use

average profile chosen to have equal displacements at the
effective height and weighted by wall flexural strength.

32
 Design displacement of MDOF system
Serviceability and damage control curvatures for RC walls

• From section analysis of rectangular walls with

– Axial load ratios ν = [0 ; 0.15]
– Flexural reinforcement ratios ρf = [0.005 ; 0.2]
– Uniformly distributed reinforcement

• Limit curvatures are dominated by the steel strain limits

– Serviceability curvature (εc,max = 0.004, εs,max = 0.015)
• φslw = 0.0175

– Damage-control curvature (εc,max = 0.018, εs,max = 0.06)

• φdclw = 0.072

– Equivalent to φlslw = 1.2εs,max

• For sections with concentrated end reinforcement the limit curvatures are
slightly lower.
33

Substitute SDOF structure

Δi

Δi-1 me Δd

Δ3

Δ2
He

Δ1

n n
• Effective displacement
Δ d = ∑ (mi Δ i )/ ∑ (mi Δ i )
2
(design displacement) i =1 i =1
n
• Effective mass me = ∑ (mi Δ i ) / Δ d
i =1
n n
• Effective height H e = ∑ (mi Δ i H i ) / ∑ (mi Δ i )
i =1 i =1

• Yield displacement Δ y = Δ yi (H e )
34
 Equivalent viscous damping
• Determine ductility demand µΔj on each wall j

• Equivalent effective damping of each wall ξej=ξej(µΔj)

• Equivalent effective damping of system = weighted average

based on the energy dissipated by each structural element
m m
∑ V j Δ jξ j ∑ V jξ j
j =1 j =1
ξe = m =
∑V j Δ j VB
j =1
• Wall base shears are at this point still unknown. Reasonal
assumption: Apportion VB between the walls in proportion to
the square of the wall length lw
m 2
∑ lwj ξ j
j =1
ξe = m 2 35
∑ lwj
j =1

Distribution of design base shear force over height

lw1 lw2 lw3
Fi

Fi-1

F2

F1

• The base shear should be distributed over the height in

proportion to mass and displacement at the discretized mass
locations. The lateral force acting at mass mi is therefore:

mi Δ i
Fi = VB n
∑ mi Δ i
i =1

36
Distribution of base shear forces betw. structural elements
lw1 lw2 lw3

VB

Vb1 Vb2 Vb3

• Traditionally: Proportional to elastic element

stiffnesses.

• New idea: Designer is free to decide on the distribution

of strength between the elements – rational choice is
proportional to the square of the length
37

Distribution of base shear forces betw. structural elements

• Issues to consider:
– Reinforcement contents (equal reinforcement contents lead
approximately to moment capacities proportional to lw2)

– Shear demand (avoid excessive shear demand à choose smaller

reinforcement ratios for longer walls)

– Strength distribution within the structure à Torsional response of

building

• References:
- Paulay T, Restrepo JI (1998) “Displacement and ductility
compatibility in buildings with mixed structural systems,” SESOC
Journal 11(1):7-12.

- Paulay T (2001) “The freedom in choosing the seismic strength of

components,” SEASOC Journal 14(2):51-56.
38
 Other types of structures
• Differences are mainly related to
– Assumed deflection profiles
– Damping values

• Other types of structures that are discussed in

[PCK07]:
– Frame buildings
– Dual wall-frame buildings
– Masonry buildings
– Timber structures
– Bridges
– Structures with isolation and added damping
– Wharves and piers

• The DDBD approach can also be used for

assessment tasks. 39