Kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes

Quantitative and qualitative research methods

Hoofstuk 2 / Chapter 2
Kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetodes behels die gebruik van

statistiese ontleding van data, die ontwikkeling van statistiese
benaderings vir meting en verklaring van menslike gedrag
Quantitative research methods involve the application of
statistical analysis to data, and the development of statistical
approaches for measuring and explaining human behaviour.

Kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes verkry data in die vorm van
Navorsingsmetodes in Sielkunde beskrywende stories ten einde ‘n verskynsel te verstaan vanaf
die perspektief van die navorsingdeelnemer, en verkry so
begrip vir die betekenis wat mense heg aan hulle ervaringe.
Qualitative research methods obtain data in the form of
descriptive narratives in order to understand a phenomenon
Research methods in psychology from the perspective of the research participant, and gain an
understanding of the meanings that people give to their
experiences.

Hierdie metodes verskaf komplimenterende insigte.
These methods offer complimentary insights.

Die navorsingsproses/The research process

6 Teorie bou: Bevestig en versterk
of verwerp en herformuleer teorië
Theory-building: Confirming and
strengthening or refuting and
reformulating theories
1 Beplanning: Eksploreer die onderwerp,
1. Beplanning / Planning
formuleer navorsingsvraag of hipoteses
Planning: Exploring the research topic,
formulating research questions and/or Navorsingsonderwerp / Research topic
hypotheses

2 Navorsingsmetodes:
Kies ontwerp, eenheid van
5 Rapporteer resultate:
analise, tydraamwerk en
Oorsig van bestaande literatuur
Berei verslag voor vir
teikengemeenskap steekproef metode Review existing literature
Reporting results: Research methods: Select
Drafting report for design, units of analysis,
target community time frame and
sampling methods

Formuleer probleem en stel spesifieke vrae

4 Data analise: Beskrywende
statistieke, narratiewe-, diskoers- en
tema-ontledings
Data analysis: Descriptive statistics,
narrative, discourse and thematic
analysis
3 Data insameling: Waarneming, Formulate problem and pose specific questions
onderhoude, fokusgroepe,
vraelyste, ens
Data collection: Observing and
interviewing, facilitating focus
groups, questionnaires, etc.

2. Navorsingsmetodes / Research methods 2. Navorsingsmetodes / Research methods

Verkennende, beskrywende of verklarende navorsing
Exploratory, descriptive or explanatory research
Navorsingsontwerpe / Research designs
Onbuigsaam / inflexible buigsaam / flexible

Navorsingsontwerpe sluit in: / Research designs incorporate:
 Veranderlikes (OV en AV) / variables (IV and DV)
 Konstantes / constants

Veranderlikes kan oorsaaklik verwant of positief of negatief
gekorreleerd wees
Variables can be causally related or positively or negatively
correlated

‘n Konsepsuele definisie is ‘n duidelike, positiewe beskrywing
van veranderlikes in ‘n ondersoek
A conceptual definition is a clear, positive description of
variables in a study

‘n Operasionele definisie brei uit op ‘n konseptuele definisie
deur ‘n beskrywing in te sluit van wat gedoen moet word ten
einde veranderlikes in ‘n ondersoek waar te neem en te meet
An operational definition is a definition that expands on a
conceptual definition by including a description of what needs to
be done in order to observe and measure variables in a study
• ‘n Konstruk is ‘n sielkundige verskynsel wat gemeet kan word
(bv bemagtiging)
A construct is a psychological phenomenon that can be
measured (e.g. empowerment)
 2. Navorsingsmetodes / Research methods 2. Navorsingsmetodes / Research methods
Die 6 aspekte van bemagtiging weerspieël ‘n operasionele definisie van die konstruk
Hipotese: ‘n tentatiewe antwoord op ‘n navorsingsvraag
The 6 elements of ‘empowerment’ inform an operational definition of this construct Hypothesis: a tentative answer to a research question
Vertroue in eie vermoëns (self-bekwaamheid)

Eenheid van ontleding: die deelnemers van wie die navorser
Confidence in one’s own abilities (self-efficacy) die inligting wil versamel (individue, groepe, ens)
Units of analysis: the objects from which the researcher
Gevoelens van selfwaarde, wants to collect information (individuals, groups, etc.)
Vryheid om in beheer van eie lewe bevoegdheid & selftevredenheid
te wees (vrye wil, selfgeldend) (selfesteem)

Die eenhede van ontleding beïnvloed die keuse van
Freedom to be in control of one’s
life (free will/ self determination)
Feelings of self-worth competence
and self- satisfaction (self-esteem)
steekproef, en die insameling en interpretasie van die data /
The units of analysis will affect the sample selection, and the
Bemagtiging collection and interpretation of the data.
Onafhanklike-interafhanklike
Empowerment Vermoë om te kies en te bereik
belewing van self (selfkonsep) wat ek wil (self-aktualisasie)
Kwalitatiewe navorsers is nie geïnteresseerd in veranderlikes,
Independent/interdependent sense Ability to choose and achieve
hipoteses & eenhede van ontledings. Wel geïnteresseerd om
of self (self-concept) whatever one wants (self- te verduidelik hoe mense kwessies, gebeure en gedrag
actualisation) verstaan en verklaar
Menseregte (billikheid) / Human rights (equity)
Qualitative researchers are not interested in variables,
Figure 2.2: Aspekte van bemagtiging wat ‘n operasionele definisie van die konstruk weerspieël hypotheses and units of analysis. They are interested in
Elements of ‘empowerment’ informing an operational definition of the construct explaining how people understand and account for issues,
events and behaviours.

2. Navorsingsmetodes / Research methods

Dwarssnit vs longitudinale navorsingsontwerpe

Cross-sectional vs longitudinal research designs

Verteenwoordigende steekproefneming veralgemenings Einde van lesing 1

Representative sampling generalisations
 Populasie / population parameters
 Steekproef statistieke / sample statistics End of lecture 1
 Statistiese afleidings / statistical inference

Steekproef word getrek uit ‘n steekproefraamwerk

A sample is drawn from a sampling frame

Die navorsingsproses/The research process

1 Beplanning: Eksploreer die onderwerp,
formuleer navorsingsvraag of hipoteses
Hoofstuk 2 / Chapter 2 6 Teorie bou: Bevestig en versterk
of verwerp en herformuleer teorië
Theory-building: Confirming and
Planning: Exploring the research topic,
formulating research questions and/or
strengthening or refuting and hypotheses
reformulating theories

2 Navorsingsmetodes:
5 Rapporteer resultate: Kies ontwerp, eenheid van
Berei verslag voor vir analise, tydraamwerk en
Navorsingsmetodes in Sielkunde teikengemeenskap steekproef metode
Reporting results: Research methods: Select
Research methods in psychology Drafting report for design, units of analysis,
time frame and
target community
Lesing 2 / Lecture 2 sampling methods

4 Data analise: Beskrywende 3 Data insameling: Waarneming,

statistieke, narratiewe-, diskoers- en
tema-ontledings
Data analysis: Descriptive statistics,
narrative, discourse and thematic
analysis
onderhoude, fokusgroepe,
vraelyste, ens
Data collection: Observing and
interviewing, facilitating focus
groups, questionnaires, etc.
 2. Navorsingsmetodes / Research methods 3. Data-insameling / Data collection

Vlakke van meting / Levels of measurement:

Waarskynlikheidsteekproef
Probability sampling
Eenvoudige ewekansige steekp
Simple random sampling
Interval steekproef / sampling
Gestratifiseerde ewekansige
Stratified random sampling
Meervoudige stadium
Multi-stage sampling
Nie-waarskynlikh steekpr
Non-probability sampling
Gerieflikheidsteekproefneming
Convenience sampling

Metodes van data insameling / Methods for gathering data:
Doelgerigte steekproefneming
Purposive sampling
Sneeubal steekproefneming
Snowball sampling
 nominaal / nominal (e.g. 1 = male, 2 = female)
 ordinaal / ordinal (bv. (40-50%) = 1; (50–60%) = 2)
 interval (e.g. IQ tellings / scores)
 ratio (bv. ouderdom / age)
 waarneming (deelnemer en nie-deelnemer)
observation (participant and non-participant)
 onderhoude (gestruktureerd, ongestrukt., semi-gestrukt.)
interviews (structured, unstructured, semi-structured)
 vraelyste / questionnaires
 fokusgroepe / focus groups

4. Data-ontleding / Analysis of data 4. Data-ontleding / Analysis of data

Beskrywende data ontleding / Descriptive data analysis:
 Sluit in die gebruik van grafieke / includes the use of graphs
Voorstelling op ‘n staaf-diagram van “bemagtiging” by Graad
12 vroulike ‘date-rape’ deelnemers aan ‘n projek.
Maatstawwe van sentrale waardes:
Measures of central tendency: To show ‘empowerment’ among Grade 12 female date-rape
 modus / mode (34%; 88%; 34%; 50%; 78%) participant in a project we could put the data on a bar graph.
 mediaan / median (34%; 34%; 50%; 67%; 88%)
 gemiddelde / mean (34 + 34 + 50 + 67 + 88 = 273/5 = 54.6)

Maatstawwe van veranderlikheid: / Measures of variability:
 Variasiewydte, variansie en standaardafwyking
range, variance and standard deviation
Betroubaarheid en geldigheid / Reliability and validity:
 Lewer ‘n meetinstrument akkurate en egalige/konstante
resultate?
Does a measurement instrument produce accurate and
consistent results?
 Meet dit wat dit veronderstel is om te meet?
Does it measure what it is intended to measure?

4. Data-ontleding / Analysis of data 5. Rapportering van bevindinge / Reporting findings

Identifiseer foute en sydigheid / Identify errors and bias:

Kwalitatiewe data-ontleding: ontleding van betekenis
Qualitative data analysis: analysis of meaning  Metingsfoute: toevallige of konstante foute
Measurement errors: random or constant errors
 Sydigheid: Onderhoudsvoerder -, deelnemer -, ontleder -,
 Tematiese ontleding: sistematiese identifikasie van temas navorser sydigheid
Thematic analysis: systematic identification of themes
Bias: Interviewer bias, participant bias, analyst bias,
researcher bias
 Narratiewe ontleding: inhoud van onderhoud benader as ‘n
storie
Objektiwiteit vs refleksiwiteit / Objectivity vs. reflexivity
Narrative analysis: interview material approached as a story

Rapporteer bevindinge deur middel van ‘n navorsingsverslag

 Diskoers ontleding: ontleding van gebruik en struktuur v taal Reporting findings by means of a research report
Discourse analysis: analysis of use and structure of language
5. Rapportering van bevindinge / Reporting findings 6. Teorie-bou / Theory-building

Formaat van ‘n tipiese navorsingsverslag is: Teorie / Theory

The format for a typical research report is:
 Abstrak / Abstract
 (Oorkoepelende opsomming) / (Executive summary)
 Inleiding / Introduction Navorsing
 Metode / Methods Research
 Resultate / Results
 Bespreking / Discussion
Wetenskaplike kennis word bevorder deur hierdie siklus
 Verwysings / References Scientific knowledge is advanced through this cycle
 (Bylaes) / (Appendices)

Einde van Hoofstuk 2

End of Chapter 2