review the importance of research, importance of literature organization that needs to understand better the community

reviews, sampling method, criteria of a good research, source

and trends of any kind or its customers will employ research.
of research problem, types of research, differences of
quantitative and qualitative, research process Research projects educate the action of decision-makers to a
range of important issues, including planning for primary
• yellow – terms
transport and infrastructure projects, responses to climate
• blue green – meaning
• green – In short change, taxation policy, and many other areas.

Lesson 1: Definitions, Importance, Standards of Good Research

Characteristics of Research 1. Commitment to a Theoretical Attitude – the aim is
Definitions of Research objectivity; the researcher sets aside personal beliefs and
judgments and records what is experienced to learn the truth.
Research is a systematic inquiry that involves collecting data, Truth claim is only right or valid if it is "objectively valid.
documentation of critical information, and analysis and
interpretation of that data/information, under suitable 2. Research should contribute necessary knowledge to the
methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic profession – research should have a meaningful purpose, not
disciplines (Babbie, 2010). Research is performed to appraise just to get the degree or personal status. It should not be trivial
the rationale of a hypothesis or an interpretive paradigm; to but instead an essential impact.
organize a body of permanent knowledge and findings for
3. Reflects a distinction of guiding interest – serves to provide
sharing them appropriately and generating questions for
value to the profession through understanding. This knowledge
further inquiries.
helps explain the aim of the research and determine how the
It is a careful consideration of a study regarding a particular research should be performed.
concern or problem using the scientific process to describe,
4. The researcher is acquainted with the subject area and other
explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon, which
related research – guarantees that the researcher appreciates
involves the inductive and deductive method. An inductive
the subject matter and has a profound understanding of the
research method is used to analyze an observed event;
topic to interpret and critically analyze data.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH, while deductive methods are used to
verify the observed event; QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. 5. Needs a clear understanding of symbol systems and open to
questioning and revisions – symbols are subjective. The
Importance of Research
researcher must evaluate the various knowledge and
Market and social research offer Accurate and timely interpretations of the people they are researching. Additionally,
information on the behavior, needs, attitudes, opinions, and proper research can endure issues and comments.
motivations of a population. Businesses create products and
6. Responds to challenge – proper research withstands to
services to attain the desires of their customers, and
questioning and comments of others. A researcher should be
governments can tailor policies and programs to citizens' needs,
able to justify their research and their conclusions.
with this knowledge. Also, vital national statistics on social
issues, television ratings, tourism movements, unemployment, 7. The researcher is socially responsible and complies with
and others can be reliably determined. ethical norms – researchers should meet ethical standards of
the society as they associate with their subjects, colleagues,
It serves a vital social role in the government and businesses in
employers, and society as a whole.
developing services, policies, and products that are attuned to
an identified need. It contributes to the country’s economic
wellbeing by ensuring that organizational responses to these
needs are relevant and appropriately targeted. Any
 Lesson 2: Types of Research
Pure Research vs. Applied Research
Primary research is also known as pure or fundamental
research because it is knowledge-specific. At the same time,
applied research is also referred to as contractual research
because its primary focus is on providing a solution to a specific
problem.
Pure Research = Pinagaaralan lang
Applied Research = May specific problem/need solution
Types of Research Designs
Quantitative Research vs. Quantitative
Qualitative Research vs. Quantitative
Research
Streefkerk (2019) distinguishes qualitative research from
quantitative. Quantitative research works with numbers and
statistics, while qualitative research deals with texts and
meanings during the collection and data analysis. At the same
time, both are crucial for gaining different kinds of knowledge.
Numbers and graphs are used in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
presentations to test or validate theories and hypotheses. This
research can be applied to establish generalizable facts about
a topic. Conventional quantitative methods include
experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and surveys
with closed-ended questions.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH deals with words to understand
concepts, thoughts, or experiences, enabling gathering in-
depth insights on topics that are not well understood.
Conventional qualitative methods include interviews with
open-ended questions, observations described in words, and
literature reviews that explore concepts and theories.
RESEARCH DESIGNS
Qualitative Research Designs
Phenomenology = To explore and describe lived experiences
and the meaning individuals attribute to them.
It is a type of qualitative research referring to the study of
phenomena such as events, situations, experiences, or
concepts. Phenomenology is an approach of describing
something that exists as an integral part of the world in which
we are living. Wherever our knowledge is deficient, and that
clarification or explanation is crucial, the phenomenological
research can begin systematically with the full confidence.
Phenomenological research will not necessarily offer definitive
explanations, but it promotes awareness and insight about the
phenomena.
Ethnography = To understand and describe the culture and
social practices of a specific group or community.
The social science that deals with the origins and social
relationships of human beings is known as anthropology.
Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that offers an
accurate description of individual human societies. The term
means "portrait of a people." It is a procedure for descriptive
studies of cultures and peoples. According to Van Maanen,
"ethnography fieldwork usually encompasses living with and
living like those investigated. In its liberal and most
conventional sense, fieldwork requires the full-time
engagement over a lengthy period (typically unspecified). It
consists mostly of ongoing interaction with the study on their
period. The cultural boundary is that the people under
investigation have something in common. The cultural limits
are:
• geographical – a particular region or country
• religious
• tribal – a family construction or its types
• shared experience
• lifestyle – a manner to live together
Ethnographic studies require extensive fieldwork by the
investigator in the current sceneries. The outcomes are
expressed as though they were being expressed by the subjects
themselves, often using local language and terminology to
describe phenomena.
Grounded Theory = makabuo ng bagong theory ayon sa
nakuhang mga data
Grounded theory, as a qualitative research approach, permits
theory/theories to arise from the collected data. Grounded
theory research adopts a systematic yet flexible process to
gather data, code the data, establish connections, and
determine what theory/theories are established or are derived
from the data. The chief feature of Grounded theory research
is the development of new theory by collecting and analyzing
data about an event. It is beyond phenomenology because the
explanations that emerge are genuinely new and are used to
develop new theories about a phenomenon.
Case Study = To provide an in-depth exploration of a specific
individual, group, event, or phenomenon (MAY CASE TO)
Case studies are analyses of people, events, decisions, periods,
projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are
examined holistically by one or more methods. Social sciences
and life science use the case study method through descriptive
or explanatory, just like surveys. Case study research
approaches can be applied either qualitatively or quantitatively.
Case study research describes an entity that corresponds to a
single unit, such as a person, an organization, or an institution,
though some describe a series of cases. The latter type is used
to investigate causation to find more in-depth theories. They
may be prospective, in which criteria are established, and cases
fitting the criteria are included as they become available, or
retrospective, in which criteria are established for selecting
cases from historical records for inclusion.
Content Analysis = more on text and data
Content analysis is a research tool applied to establish certain
words, themes, or concepts in a given qualitative data (i.e.,
text). The researchers can quantify and analyze the presence,
meanings, and relationships of certain words, themes, or
concepts using content analysis. Researchers can then
formulate inferences about the messages within the texts, the
writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time
surrounding the text.
Sources of data could be from interviews, open-ended
questions, field research notes, conversations, or any
occurrence of communicative language (for example, books,
essays, discussions, newspaper headlines, speeches, media,
historical documents).
Historical = History
Historical research or historiography aims to systematically
recapture the complicated nuances, the people, meanings,
events, and even ideas of the past that have shaped the
present (Berg & Lune, 2012). Understanding the history of
the discipline you are interested in and analyzing the
cultural, political, and social era of the specific text you are
investigating relies on reading and knowing history. Its
primary activity is gathering evidences. Regarding the past,
the evidences are assessed within the temporal scope of
time under study. Then, access how it contributes to the
understanding of that period. Historical research entails
more than merely compiling and presenting factual
information; it also requires interpretation of the
information.
Researches cannot accept historical data at face value
since many diaries memoirs, reposts, and testimonies are
written to enhance the writer's position, stature, or
importance. Because of this possibility, historical data has
to be examined for its authenticity and truthfulness. Such
examination is done through criticism; by asking and
researching to help determine truthfulness, bias,
omissions, and consistency in data.
 Typically, histories focus on particular individuals, social
issues, and links between the old and the new. Some
historical research aims to reinterpret prior historical
works by revising existing understandings and replacing
them with new, often politically charged ones.
Historical research depends on a wide variety of sources, both
primary & secondary, including unpublished material.
Primary Sources
• Eyewitness accounts of events
• Can be oral or written testimony
• Found in public records & legal documents, minutes
of meetings, corporate records, recordings, letters,
diaries, journals, drawings.
• They are located in university archives, libraries, or
privately-run collections such as local historical society.
Secondary Sources
• Can be oral or written
• Secondhand accounts of events
• Found in textbooks, encyclopedias, journal articles,
newspapers, biographies, and other media such as
films or tape recordings.
Quantitative Research Design
The goal of the quantitative research study is to establish
the relationship between an independent variable and
dependent or outcome variable in a single population .
- Quantitative research designs can either be descriptive
(subjects usually measured once) or experimental
(subjects measured in pre and post-treatment phases).
- has an objective stance and deals with numbers and
logic.
- numeric and unchanging data and detailed, convergent
reasoning instead of different reasoning [i.e., creating
a variety of ideas about a research problem in a
random, free-flowing approach].
Its chief attributes are:
1. The data is usually generated using structured
research instruments.
2. The results came from more extensive samples that
are representative of the population.
3. The research study can be usually replicated or
repeated, given its absolute reliability.
4. The researcher has a set defined research question to
which objective answers are sought.
5. All aspects of the study are carefully established
before data collect
6. ion, in the form of numbers and statistics, often
presented in tables, charts, figures, or other non-
textual forms.
7. Projects can be applied to generalize concepts more
extensively, predict future outcomes, or examine
causal relationships.
8. Researcher's tools for data gathering are
questionnaires or computer software.
MORE ON STATISTICS!
Many types of primary quantitative research can be
distinguished into the four following distinctive methods.
These are:
1. Survey Research - is an essential tool used in most
quantitative outcome research methodologies and studies.
Surveys utilized to ask questions to a sample of respondents
via online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-
intercept surveys, etc. Ask multiple survey questions, collect
data from a pool of customers, and analyze it to derive
numerical results. It is the initial step in collecting data for
any study. This type of research can be applied with a
specific target audience group and can be conducted across
multiple groups for comparative analysis. Before the
research, the sample of respondents must have randomly
chosen members, enabling the researcher to maintain the
accuracy of the obtained results easily. A massive
assortment of respondents will be approached using
random selection. Survey research was traditionally
conducted face-to-face or via phone calls. With the
development made by online mediums such as email or
social media, survey research has spread to online mediums.
The two types of surveys, either of which can be chosen based
on the time in hand and the required data:
• Cross-sectional surveys: Cross-sectional surveys are
observational surveys applied in situations where the
researcher gathers data from a given sample of the
population at a given time. (WALANG NAGBABAGO)
Researchers can evaluate various constructs at a
given time. Data collected using this type of survey is
from people who portray similarity in all variables
except the variables used for research. During the
survey, this one variable will stay unchanging. Cross-
sectional surveys are useful with retail, SMEs,
healthcare industries. Information is generated
without modifying any parameters in the variable
ecosystem. Multiple samples can be analyzed and
compared using a cross-sectional survey research
method. Multiple variables can be assessed using
survey research. However, in the cross-sectional
surveys, the cause-effect relationship of variables
cannot be established. It usually assesses the
 variables at a given time and not across a continuing
period.
• Longitudinal surveys: Longitudinal surveys are also
known as observational surveys. However, unlike
cross-sectional surveys, they are performed across
different time durations to determine a development
with the respondents' behavior and thought-
processes.(MAY NAGBABAGO) This period can be
days, months, years, or even decades. An example is
a researcher planning to analyze the change in
teenagers' buying habits over five years will have to
do longitudinal surveys. The same variables were
examined at a particular point in time, and in
longitudinal surveys, different variables can be
analyzed at varying gaps or periods. Longitudinal
surveys are extensively used in the medicine and
applied sciences. Other than these two fields, they
are also applied to observe a change in the market
trend, analyze customer satisfaction, or derive
feedback on products/services. In events where the
sequence of events is highly essential, longitudinal
• Conventional research methods are more effective than
surveys are used. Researchers rely on longitudinal
surveys when there are research subjects that need
• Online teaching is an effective method in tourism and
to be thoroughly inspected before concluding.
• It is a boon to organize events during the time of COVID 19.
2. Correlational Research - is used to establish a relationship
between two closely-knit entities and how one impacts the
other and what results eventually notice. (KUNG MAY
RELATIONSHIP NG DALAWA OR MARAMING VARIABLE)
This research method gives value to naturally occurring
relationships. At least two different groups are required to
apply the quantitative research successfully; without
making assumptions about various aspects, a relationship
between two groups or entities must be determined.
Example of Correlational Research Questions:
• The relationship between stress and depression
• The relationship between job satisfaction and job
loyalty
• The relationship between tourist satisfaction and
destination loyalty
3. Casual-comparative Research - This research method
mainly relies on the aspects of comparison. Also described
as quasi-experimental research, this quantitative research
method is applied by researchers to determine the cause-
effect equation of two or more variables where one variable
is dependent on the other independent variable. The
independent variable is established but not controlled, and
its influence on the dependent variable is noted. These
variables or groups must be developed as they exist in the
original set up. The dependent and independent variables
will always prevail in a group; the conclusions should be
carefully established considering all the factors.
Example of Causal-Comparative Research Questions:
• The impact of drugs on a teenager.
• The effect of COVID 19 on travel intention
• The effect of substantial health provision in the
indigenous communities of Aeta
4. Experimental Research - Also known as actual
experimentation, this research method is reliant on a
theory. Experimental research uses one or more theories
(TO KNOW IF THE THEORY/STATEMENT IS VALID OR
NOT), which has not been proven in the past and is merely
a supposition. In experimental research, an analysis is
performed to prove or disprove the statement. This
research method is applied in natural sciences.
Conventional research methods are more effective than
modern techniques.
Example:
modern techniques.
hospitality courses.
5. Descriptive Research - McCombes (2019) describes
descriptive research as accurately and systematically
describing a universe or population, event, or
phenomenon to answer what, when, where, when, and
how questions, but not why. Descriptive research is
described as quantitative research, though qualitative
research can also be used. The research design should be
carefully designed to guarantee that the results are valid
and reliable.
A descriptive research design can use a mixed variety of
research methods to examine one or more variables. The
researcher does not perform manipulation of any of the
variables, but only observes and measures them, unlike
experimental research.
Descriptive research is an appropriate selection when the
research wants to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends,
and categories. It is useful when not much is established yet
about the given topic or problem.
Lesson 3: Conceptualization of the
Research Cycle

The research writing process involves a cyclical progression
starting with the selection of a topic or identification of a
problem. This is followed by literature reviews to fortify the
study's foundation and identify gaps in previous research. The
researcher gains a comprehensive understanding through
literature reviews, leading to problem formulation,
operationalization, and selection of a research design.
Research instruments are formulated, and key participants are
identified for data collection, emphasizing instrument validity
and participant suitability. After obtaining the desired sample
size, the researcher retrieves, screens, encodes, and applies
statistical treatment to the data, which is then analyzed and
interpreted in relation to the study's problems. The conclusions
align with the findings, and recommendations play a crucial
role in the practical application and potential for future
research. The process becomes cyclical as study
recommendations may inspire further research by other
scholars.
Lesson 4: The Literature Review, Importance, and Process
The scientifically crucial literature review in a very field consists
of the previous studies within the space, established colleges
of thought, academic articles, and scientific journals among
different topics. The literature review services differ from one
field to another. In maximizing sciences, the literature is
usually facts, and also the review could also be simply an
outline of the essential sources. Whereas in soft sciences, the
survey gives a summary and synthesis of different colleges of
thought and their relationships. An outline summary is that the
transient account of all informational highlights from relevant
sources.
In contrast, synthesis is the reorganization of the data in such a
way that informs of the study's set up of work the analysis
drawback. It is outlined as a survey of scientific books,
academic articles, and the other systematic scientific research
sources essential to a selected issue, space of study, or theory,
to supply an outline, summary, and meaningful analysis of a
plan, faculty of thought, or concepts bearing on the analysis
question in the study. The literature review familiarizes the
author with the coverage of data in their study. It presents to
the readers, the author's depth of comprehension and data of
their subject. The following reasons support the need for an
extensive literature reviews:
1. Literature review allows the interpretation of recent
literature within the lightweight of the latest developments
within the field; this helps establish the consistency in data
and relationships of previous materials.
2. Data progress within the field is traced. The way the
dialectics of contradictions between different thoughts
inside the sphere helped establish facts is known
throughout reviewing the literature. This helps in
developing the impact of the latest data on the field.
3. The literature is primarily criticized for identifying gaps
within the information of the sphere. This gap is more
investigated throughout the analysis to derive new facts or
theories that add value to the study.
4. The conduct of a scientific and systematic study
necessitates the analysis of existing information, thus,
facilitating the requirement for literature review.
5. The literature review helps in distinguishing the present
study’s place within the scope of the intellectual
dimensions.
The literature review conjointly validates the study by
providing data on its relevance and coherency to the
comprehensive data and ways in the analysis that establishes
the author's experience within the field. It also provides
legitimacy to hold forward the knowledge of the world
mistreatment scientific and systematic ways. Similarly, it
reveals the continuance of data that needs more investigation
and hence, aid as a start line for future analysis.
Criteria in Selecting Literature Reviews
• The relevant materials should be as recent as
possible. Reviewed materials are new or fresh
because of the rapid change in technology, social,
economic, scientific, and personal lifestyles.
• Reviewed materials should be objective and unbiased.
Avoid review materials that are incredibly political or
religious or one-sided.
• Surveyed materials should be linked to the study and
must be examined by the researcher.
• The reviewed materials should come from genuinely
original and authentic facts, or data must be valid and
reliable. Avoid materials where fictitious data are
provided just to complete the research report
because it is hard to establish.
• Reviewed materials should not be too little and too
many. The researcher should provide sufficient
reviewed materials to give insight into the research
problem or establish the nature of the present studies.
However, the number may also rely upon the
availability of related materials.
Lesson 5: Research Problems Formulation
The researcher has to initially specify what topic or problem
to pursue to start the research process. Without a precise
topic at hand, it can be challenging to commence the
literature review. The following can be helpful sources to
decide on a topic.
• Existing theories
• Most pressing problems emerging in the
environment
• Any personal experience/personal interest
• Suggestions of experts/advisers/faculty
members/mentors
• Recommendations made by previous researchers
• Research list of the institution
• Research priorities of funding organizations
• Research list of national and international
organizations
• Literature and the media
• Research Problem from a Paradoxical Incident or
Conflicting Results
Criteria of a Good Research Problem
Good (1942) provides the factors to be considered in selecting
a thesis or research problem that is both external and personal.
External criteria deals with novelty and importance for the field,
availability of data and method, and institutional or
administrative cooperation. Personal criteria involve such
considerations as interest, training, cost, and time. A more
detailed list of criteria for choosing the problem follows:
1. Novelty and avoidance of unnecessary duplication
2. Importance for the field represented
3. Interest and intellectual curiosity
4. Training and personal qualifications
5. Availability of data and method
6. Special equipment and working conditions
7. Sponsorship and administrative cooperation
8. Costs and returns
9. Hazards and penalties
10. Time factor
Importance of Choosing a Good Title
The title synthesizes the focal idea or ideas of your study.
A good title has the fewest possible words needed to
describe your research paper's content and purpose
adequately. The research title is the most read part of the
paper, and it is usually read first. It is, therefore, the most
crucial part that defines the research study. A good
research title should reflect the study's subject/s,
respondents, area, or local of the study, and it is period or
time frame. Compelling titles in academic research papers
have several characteristics that reflect general principles.
1. Indicate the subject and scope of the study accurately,
2. Rarely include abbreviations or acronyms, unless they are
commonly known,
3. Make use of words that create a positive impression and
stimulate reader interest,
4. Use current terminologies and meanings from the field of
study,
5. Identify key variables, both dependent and independent,
6. Discuss how the paper will be organized,
7. Present a relationship between variables which supports
the primary hypothesis,
8. Is limited to 5 to 15 functional words,
9. Does not include unnecessary phrasing, such as, "A Study
of," "An Analysis of" or similar constructions,
10. Uses the form of a question or declarative statement,
11. If quote forms part of the title, the source of the quote is
cited [usually using an asterisk and footnote],
12. Use appropriate grammar and capitalization with all first
and last words capitalized, including the first word of a
subtitle. All nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs between the first and last words of the title are
also capitalized, and
 13. Rarely indicate an exclamation mark at the end of the
title.
Lesson 9: Sampling Techniques
Sampling definition: Sampling is a method of choosing
individual members or a subset of the population to make
statistical assumptions and calculate characteristics of the
whole population.
Probability Sampling - A theory of probability is applied to
screen individuals from a population and generate samples in
probability sampling. (EQUAL, LAHAT MAKAKAPARTICIPATE)
Sample participants are chosen in random selection processes
to provide each audience with an equal opportunity to
participate in the sample. The four main types of probability
sampling are:
• Simple random sampling: Simple random sampling is nothing but
arbitrary identifying elements for a sample. This sampling
technique is done where the desired population is substantially
significant.
Definition: Every individual in the population has an equal and
independent chance of being selected.
Example: Imagine a list of employees in a company. Using a random
number generator or a random starting point, you select individuals
from the list until you reach your desired sample size.
• Stratified random sampling: The use of a stratified random
sampling method, with a considerable population, is grouped into
strata. Sample participants are chosen randomly from these strata,
which should ideally not overlap with each other.
Definition: The population is divided into subgroups (strata), and
samples are randomly selected from each stratum.
Example: If you're studying a university population, you might divide
students into strata based on their majors (e.g., science, arts, business)
and then randomly select students from each stratum.
• Cluster sampling: Cluster sampling as a probability sampling
method is used with the central segment segregated into clusters,
usually according to geographic and demographic segmentation
limits.
Definition: The population is divided into clusters, and entire clusters
are randomly selected for the sample.
Example: If you're studying households in a city, you might divide the
city into districts and randomly select a few districts. Then, you would
survey all households within the selected districts.
• Systematic sampling: Systematic sampling technique where the
culminating point of the sample is chosen randomly, with all other
elements chosen using a fixed interval, which is computed by
dividing the population size by the desired sample size.
Definition: Every nth individual is selected from a list after choosing a
random starting point.
Example: If you have a list of customers and you want a sample of 100
from 1000, you might choose every 10th customer after selecting a
random starting point.
Non-probability sampling: Non-probability sampling employs the
researcher's knowledge and experience to create samples. Because of
the researcher's involvement, not all the members of a target
population have an equal opportunity of being included in a sample
(NOT EQUAL, NOT ALL CAN PARTICIPATE). There are five non-
probability sampling models:
• Convenience sampling: In convenience sampling, samples are
selected due to their proximity to the researcher, and there is no
other limit of selection in the process. (YUNG CONVENIENT SA
RESEARCHER)
Definition: Involves selecting individuals who are most readily available
or convenient for the researcher.
Example: Interviewing people in a shopping mall or surveying students
in a nearby classroom.
• Consecutive sampling: AKA Purposive sampling. Consecutive
sampling is strictly the same as convenience sampling, except that
researchers can decide on a single element or a group of samples
and perform research successively over a significant period and
then repeat the same process with other samples. (MAY SPECIFIC)
Definition: The researcher deliberately selects individuals based on
specific characteristics or criteria relevant to the study.
Example: Studying expert opinions by purposefully selecting individuals
who are recognized authorities in a particular field.
• Quota sampling: Using quota sampling, researchers can choose to
select their samples based on specific qualifications or traits to
form a strata. Members of various strata samples are selected as
per the researcher's understanding. (MAY QUOTA)
 Definition: The researcher selects participants based on pre-defined
quotas, ensuring a certain number or proportion from different
subgroups.
Example: Ensuring that a survey includes a specific number of
participants from different age groups or demographic categories.
• Snowball sampling: Snowball sampling is conducted with desired
audiences, which are difficult to access for data. It happens when
the desired respondents are challenging to access. In most cases,
samples are referred by another respondent. (MAY ISA KANG
RESPONDENT TAPOS I-REREFER KA NIYA SA IBA PANG
RESPONDENT NA KA-SAME NIYA)
Definition: Existing participants refer or recruit others to participate
in the study, creating a chain or "snowball" effect.
Example: Studying a niche community where initial participants
recommend other members who fit the study criteria.
• Judgmental sampling: Judgmental sampling as a non-probability
sampling technique employs the researcher's knowledge and skill
in identifying the desired samples. (RESEARCHER ANG BAHALA)
Definition: The researcher uses their judgment to select individuals
who are deemed to be representative or relevant to the study.
Example: Selecting key informants or experts in a field based on the
researcher's judgment of their expertise and knowledge.
HYPOTHESIS
RESEARCH | QUIZ 1
1-8
9. What is a key characteristic of qualitative research data analysis?
a. Statistical tests
b. Coding and themes
c. Surveys and questionnaires
d. Correlation analysis
10. Which research approach is often associated with a deductive
reasoning process?
a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Mixed-methods research
d. Action Research
11-28
29. What is systematic sampling?
a. A sampling method where every individual in the population has an
equal chance of being selected.
b. A method where the population is divided into subgroups, and
samples are randomly selected from each subgroup.
c. A sampling technique that involves selecting every nth individual
from the population.
d. A method where the researcher selects individuals who are easily
accessible or readily available.
30. What is cluster sampling?
a. A sampling method where every individual in the population has an
equal chance of being selected.
b. A method where the population is divided into subgroups, and
samples are randomly selected from each subgroup.
c. A sampling technique that involves selecting every nth individual
from the population.
d. A method where the population is divided into clusters, and
entire clusters are randomly selected for the study.
31. What is primary data in research?
a. Data collected by someone else for a different purpose
b. Data obtained from existing sources
c. Original data collected firsthand for a specific research purpose
d. Data derived from statistical analyses
32. What characterizes secondary data in research?
a. It is collected through surveys and interviews.
b. It is gathered directly from the primary source.
c. It is obtained from existing sources without direct involvement in
the data collection process.
d. It is always more reliable than primary data.
33. When might researchers choose to use primary data?
a. When they want to analyze existing datasets
b. When they want to build on previous research findings
c. When they want to collect data firsthand for their specific
research needs
d. When they want to save time and resources
34. What is an advantage of using secondary data in research?
a. It is always more accurate than primary data.
b. It is tailored to the specific research questions of the current study.
c. It is less time-consuming and expensive compared to primary data
collection.
d. It allows for complete control over the data collection process.
35. Which of the following is an example of secondary data? b. Case studies
a. Survey responses collected by the researcher c. Observational methods
b. Observational data gathered in a laboratory d. Meta-analysis
c. Census data published by a government agency
d. Experimental results obtained through controlled experiments 50. Which instrument is characteristic of qualitative research and
involves an extended engagement with a specific group or
36. True or False: The dependent variable is manipulated by the community?
researcher in an experiment. a. Cross-sectional surveys
b. Ethnography
37. True or False: A study can have multiple independent variables c. Content analysis
but only one dependent variable. d. Factor analysis

38-41
RESEARCH | QUIZ 2
42. In a hypothesis, what is the null hypothesis often used for?
a. To predict the study's outcome 1. Question: What is a primary benefit of research in the tourism
b. To propose an alternative explanation industry?
c. To state that there is no effect or relationship A) Reducing travel costs
d. To guide the literature review B) Enhancing visitor satisfaction
C) Increasing visa requirements
43. Which type of hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship D) Expanding airport facilities
between variables?
a. Null hypothesis 2. Question: How does research contribute to sustainable tourism
b. Directional hypothesis practices?
c. Non-directional hypothesis A) By promoting excessive resource consumption
d. Alternative hypothesis B) By identifying and mitigating environmental impacts
C) By encouraging mass tourism without restrictions
44. What is a non-directional hypothesis? D) By neglecting local community needs
a. A hypothesis that predicts the direction of the relationship between
variables 3. Question: What role does research play in tourism service
b. A hypothesis that states there is no effect or relationship improvement?
c. A hypothesis that proposes an alternative explanation A) Ignoring visitor feedback
d. A hypothesis that predicts a specific outcome without B) Identifying areas for enhancement
C) Neglecting infrastructure development
45. In hypothesis testing, what is the purpose of the alternative D) Limiting communication with tourists
hypothesis?
a. To state that there is no effect or relationship 4. Question: How does research contribute to risk management in the
b. To predict the study's outcome tourism industry?
c. To propose an alternative explanation A) By ignoring potential risks
d. To serve as a placeholder for future research ideas B) By increasing vulnerability to crises
C) By implementing contingency plans
46. Which instrument is commonly associated with quantitative D) By avoiding data analysis
research?
a. In-depth interviews 5. Question: What is a key advantage of research for tourist
b. Surveys and questionnaires destinations?
c. Participant observation A) Ignoring market trends
d. Focus B) Staying uninformed about consumer preferences
C) Tailoring offerings based on insights
47. What is a common instrument used in qualitative research for D) Avoiding technological advancements
gathering rich, detailed insights?
a. Experiments 6. Selecting a research topic is a trivial step and does not significantly
b. Content analysis impact the overall research process.
c. Structured interviews Answer: False
d. Unstructured interviews
7. A good research topic should always be broad and cover a wide
48. In quantitative research, what instrument is often employed to range of subtopics.
measure attitudes, opinions, or behaviors on a large scale? Answer: False
a. Case studies
b. Observational checklists 8. relevance of a research topic is subjective and does not affect the
c. Experiments quality of the research.
d. Likert scales in surveys Answer: False

49. What instrument is frequently utilized in both quantitative and 9. It is advisable to choose a research topic solely based on personal
qualitative research to collect data in a naturalistic setting? interest without considering its academic significance.
a. Experimental design Answer: False
 D) A statistical method
10. The complexity of a research topic should be avoided, as it may
lead to difficulties in conducting the study. 24. Question: What statistical method is commonly used to analyze data
Answer: False in qualitative research?
A) Content analysis
11. Research problems are always derived from existing theories and B) Grounded theory
cannot emerge from practical observations. C) Chi-square test
Answer: False D) Phenomenological analysis

25. Question: What is the final step in the research process?

12. Personal experiences and curiosity about a phenomenon can be
A) Data collection
legitimate sources for identifying research problems.
B) Results interpretation
Answer: True C) Conclusion and recommendations
D) Literature review
13. A well-defined research problem must always have a single,
straightforward source of origin. Classify the data into PRIMARY (A) OR SECONDARY (B) DATA
Answer: False 26.Literature reviews
Answer: B ; Secondary Data
14. Research problems can be formulated solely based on the gaps 27.Visitor arrival
identified in the literature, without considering real-world Answer: B ; Secondary Data
applications. 28.Interview responses
Answer: False Answer: A ; Primary Data
29.Survey data
15. Collaborative discussions and interdisciplinary interactions cannot Answer: A ; Primary Data
be sources for generating research problems. 30.Demographic profile of respondents
Answer: False Answer: A ; Primary Data

Determine if the given practices are ethical or unethical.

16. Question: True or False - Research ethics only apply to medical
31. Plagiarism, the uncredited use of someone else's work, is considered
and scientific
ethically acceptable in research.
studies, not to social science or humanities research. Answer: False
Answer: False
32. True or False: Informed consent is only required when conducting
17. It is acceptable to fabricate or falsify data if it helps strengthen the research involving medical procedures or experiments.
findings of a research study. Answer: False
Answer: False
33. Falsifying research data to make results more favorable is ethically
18. Informed consent is not necessary if a researcher believes it might acceptable if it helps secure funding or publication.
bias the participant's responses. Answer: False
Answer: False
34. It is ethically permissible to share research data with colleagues
19. Plagiarism is ethically permissible as long as the original work is without obtaining their consent.
properly cited. Answer: False
Answer: False
35. Selective reporting of research findings, emphasizing positive results
while omitting negative results, is ethically acceptable to attract
20. Question: True or False - Researchers have no responsibility to
attention.
consider the potential negative impacts of their studies on
Answer: False
participants and communities.
Answer: False 36. Using research funds for personal expenses unrelated to the
study is considered an ethical practice.
21. Question: What is the first step in the research process? Answer: False
A) Data analysis
B) Literature review 37. Researchers have the ethical responsibility to disclose conflicts
C) Hypothesis testing Answer: True
D) Problem identification
38. Exaggerating the significance of research findings in the conclusion
22. Question: What is the purpose of a literature review in the section of a paper is ethically acceptable to attract more attention.
research process? Answer: False
A) To present research findings
B) To identify a research problem 39. Ethical considerations are only relevant in human subjects research
C) To summarize data analysis and have no bearing on studies involving animals or other non- human
D) To evaluate the reliability of research instruments subjects.
Answer: False
23. Question: What is a hypothesis in the context of research?
40. Peer review is an essential component of research ethics, ensuring the
A) A proven fact quality and validity of published research.
B) An untested assumption Answer: True
C) A research question