REVIEWER FOR TRIPLE I’s

MODULE 1 8. It should be specific, not general.

9. It should consider the training and personal qualifications of the researcher. PURPOSE OF THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
BRAINSTORMING FOR RESEARCHTOPICS 10.It should consider the availability of data involved in the study and the • To describe the substantive focus of the research study
RESEARCH is a process of investigating and experimenting to discover, interpret and
methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them. • To frame it as
revise facts and theories or apply them practically. It involves collecting information
11.It should consider the availability of effective instruments for gathering the • A larger theoretical policy
about a particular subject and can provide solutions to world problems while
enhancing the knowledge of researchers. Research introduces new ideas, identifies
data and their treatment. • A practical problem and thereby, develop its significance
12.It should consider the financial capacity of the researcher to support the • To pose initial research questions
problems and appropriate solutions, and helps develop knowledge in a field or study.
project. • To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section and
It also informs action, proves theories, and increases public awareness. Ultimately,
13.It should consider the time factor involved in the undertaking. • To discuss the limitations of the study.
research serves as a tool for building knowledge and facilitating new learning.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Involves processes, feelings, and motives
(the why’s and the how’s) and produce
indepth and holistic data
Usually concerned with generating
hypothesis from data rather than testing a
hypothesis
Uses either unstructured or semi-
structured instruments
Uses small sample sizes chosen purposely
Has high validity
Used to gain greater understanding of
individual differences in terms of feelings,
motives and experiences
Uses more flexible processes
Methods include field research, case
study and secondary analysis
experiments and secondary analysis
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Aims to characterize trends and
patterns
A RESEARCH PROBLEM is a statement about an area of concern, a condition
Usually starts with neither a theory
nor hypothesis about the relationship
between two or more variables
Uses structured research instruments
like questionnaires or schedules
Uses large sample sizes that are
representatives of the population
Has high output replicability
Used to gain greater understanding of
group similarities
Uses structured processes
Methods include census, survey,
Creating a conceptual framework is similar to making a recipe or blueprint for
MODULE 2
IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM AND ASKING THE QUESTION
to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists
in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for
meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. It is typically posed
in the form of a question.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK is an analytical tool used to provide an overall picture
and organize ideas in different categories of work. It helps to make conceptual and
theoretical distinctions, and strong frameworks capture and apprehend something
real in an easy-to-remember way. Theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide
evidence of academic standards and procedures, validate the authenticity of the
study, and propose explanations for the study's relevance and how the researcher
expects to fill the gap in the literature.
HOW TO CREATE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY section explains how the study will contribute and
who will benefit from it. It should clearly state the specific contributions of the
research.
The SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF A STUDY establish the boundaries and limitations
of the research, making it more manageable. Delimitation can be based on factors
such as location, age, population size, and other characteristics. It also acknowledges
the constraints and weaknesses of the study that are beyond the control of the
researcher.
The GLOSSARY OF RESEARCH TERMS is a resource designed to aid in the
comprehension and evaluation of scholarly research in the social sciences by defining
commonly used terms and concepts.
Types and Functions
• CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION - refers to the dictionary meaning.
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION - the meaning of the concept or terms as used in a
particular study.

PREPARING FOR RESEARCH

• FOCUS. An ill-structured problem demands consideration of diverse perspectives.
• DECIDE ON A TOPIC. Think-aloud, asks probing questions, monitors and
encourages participants to decide a topic.
• UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM. This will include clarifications of misconceptions
and possibilities.
• DESIGN ON THE PROBLEM. This is the final stage done to address problems within
manageable scales and extend their learning pathways.
BRAINSTORMING is a technique for generating ideas by asking questions and
understanding the interests of those involved in a particular issue. It helps to develop
concepts and focus techniques, and the resulting ideas can be visualized for
interpretation.
The following are the things that may be considered before starting the
research activity:
1. A problem that is most interesting to you
2. Existing problems in the class/school/campus which one may want to solve
3. Existing needs of the community or society
4. Area of interest, specialization or event from related fields
5. Prevailing theories and philosophy
CRITERIA IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC:
1. It should be something new or different from what has already been written
about.
2. It must be original.
3. It should be significant to the field of study or discipline.
4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity.
5. It should be of researcher’s interest.
6. It should be a modest one for a beginner to be carried out within a limited
period of time.
7. It should be clear, not ambiguous.
conducting research in a thesis. It not only outlines the plan for the research but also
positions the work within the larger field of research.
• CONDUCT A LITERATURE REVIEW - A literature review is essential to refine your
argument or hypothesis and place your work in the larger field of study. It gathers
relevant research to advance the field and should be included in the conceptual
framework.
• CREATE A FLOW CHART - Conceptual frameworks are visual tools that help readers
understand the research's course. They can be presented in various ways, such as
flow charts, mind maps, or diagrams. The framework should showcase the
variables that influence each component of the research.
• WRITE A NARRATIVE - Conceptual frameworks can be presented as a narrative
without a diagram. The narrative should recap variables, explain the methodology,
and explore how variables may change the hypothesis. Bolded headers should
separate sections of the narrative for visual organization. If a diagram is used, a
narrative should provide more in-depth information.
• RETURN AND REVISE - During research, the conceptual framework may need to be
revised if new variables or research challenges arise. Hypotheses may be proven
incorrect or additional research may be discovered. The framework should be
reviewed and revised if necessary.
A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS is important for all research, whether qualitative or
quantitative. Developing a testable hypothesis requires skill and careful attention to
research methods. The hypothesis predicts the relationship between two variables in
the study.
A PROBLEM STATEMENT should be written. It should be brief and specific and can be
a few sentences or paragraphs in length. The statement should address the
importance of the research and how the problem will be addressed. The goal is not to
find a conclusive solution but to propose more effective approaches to understanding
the problem. Common phrases to start a problem statement include "The aim of this
study is to determine," "This project aims to explore," or "I aim to investigate."
MODULE 3
READING ON RELATED STUDIES
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE is a major component of a research paper that gives
an overview of writings related to a specific topic. Choosing the right sources for the
literature review is crucial for producing a quality research paper. After selecting the
research topic and crafting the introduction, the next step is to write the Review of
Related Literature by considering the sources that will be used as bases for the
contents of the chapter. RRL sources are commonly classified into two major types;
namely:
• PRIMARY SOURCE - publications or writings wherein a researcher reports the
results of his studies. Example: Monthly, quarterly or annual journals.
• SECONDARY SOURCE - publications or writings wherein a certain author describes
the work of another author. Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias, yearbooks as
much as possible, use the primary sources to avoid tampering and
miscommunications on the data.
In identifying a possible source of your RRL, you can refer to the following
characteristics below:
1. The sources that you should use must be updated and reliable.
2. It must be as fair and objective as possible.
3. It must be relevant to your topic.
4. It must provide accurately and enough information on your topic.
CITATION is important in research to inform readers that information came from a
specific source. There are two ways to cite sources: in-text citation and referencing
list. Proper citation is necessary to avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original
author.
A. The IN-TEXT citation refers to all of the citations that can be found in all of the
chapters in your research paper. The commonly used information in this
manner of citation is the following:
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source

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 REVIEWER FOR TRIPLE I’s
3. The page number where you found the information
B. REFERENCING LIST refers to the bibliography and/or references of your
research paper. This holds the summary of the information of all of your
sources. Information needed in making the referencing list involves the
following:
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source
3. The page number where you found the information
4. Publisher
5. Place of Publishing
6. Volume
7. Edition
8. Other relevant information
In the in-text- citation of related literature, three (3) guidelines should be considered,
namely:
a. BY AUTHOR OR WRITER
b. BY TOPIC
c. CHRONOLOGICAL MEANS OF CITATION.
To ensure proper citation of sources, it is important to follow the correct citation style.
There are three common citation styles: APA, MLA, and CMS. These styles specify the
format of the information needed for citation and will be discussed in more detail
later.
• AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) citation style is commonly used in
social science-related researches. It follows an author-date format, where the
author's surname and the year of publishing are needed for in-text citation. The
format varies for different authors and their number.
• MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA) citation style is commonly used in
research papers related to liberal arts and humanities. It follows an author-page
format, where the author's surname and the page number are required for in-text
citation. MLA has different formats for various types of sources, including books,
journal articles, and online sources.
• CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (CMS) is a citation style that presents two basic
documentation systems:
- notes and bibliography and
- author-date. The use of the two documentation systems differs from the
subject matter and the sources cited
SYNTHESIS is the combination of information and discussion from relevant sources. It
involves extracting important information, finding similarities and differences, and
instilling the importance of this information in your research study. There are two
ways to present your synthesis: explanatory or argument synthesis.
- EXPLANATORY SYNTHESIS deals with presenting the information through
explanations and presents it objectively.
- ARGUMENT SYNTHESIS, on the other hand, enables a researcher to present
his/her point of view from a certain topic in a logical manner. Information that is
written using an argument synthesis is usually debatable.
The REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE IS COMPOSED of three main sections:
INTRODUCTION, MAIN BODY, and CONCLUSION. The introduction provides an
overview of the topic, while the body presents all the relevant information in a logical
manner, based on the objectives of the study. The conclusion summarizes the overall
state of knowledge about the topic and shows the significance of the research study.
In-text citation must be used correctly throughout the paper.
ETHICS in research refers to the application of moral standards and principles in any
research undertaking. It plays a crucial role in keeping researchers from committing
misconduct and protecting the rights of human and animal respondents. Ethics also
promote essential values that help researchers work harmoniously towards a
common goal. It binds different experts together through values such as taken part in the study.
accountability, cooperation, coordination, respect, and fairness.
STATISTICS
- a branch of mathematics that deals with the analysis and interpretation of
8 PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS numerical data in terms of samples and populations.
1. HONESTY - researchers must be transparent in citing sources and intellectual
property. SAMPLING PROCEDURE
2. OBJECTIVITY - researchers must avoid bias in all aspects of the research. - method in identifying part of the respondents of
3. Integrity- the researcher must ensure consistency with the promised research the study.
plan.
4. CAREFULNESS - the study must be conducted with precision and free from Sampling Methods:
carelessness or negligence. a. RANDOM SAMPLING is a technique that uses randomization to make sure that
5. OPENNESS - researchers must be open to suggestions and constructive criticism. every element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected
6. RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - proper citation and giving credit to the sample.
owner should be observed. b. STRATIFIED SAMPLING is a technique that divides the elements of the population
7. TRUSTWORTHINESS - data should be used according to its proper usage and into small subgroups (strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the elements
confidentiality must be maintained. within the group are homogeneous and heterogeneous among the other subgroups
8. SOCIAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY - researchers must follow rules, policies, and formed.
regulations set by the institution or organization. c. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING where the samples are selected based on availability.
d. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING is based on the intention or the purpose of the study.
The STRUCTURE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW depends on the research type and area, e. QUOTA SAMPLING, this type of sampling depends on some pre-set standard. It
and should include topic areas, controversial issues, and questions with varying selects the representative sample from the population.
themes. Linking words should be used to combine information, while contrasting f. REFERRAL/SNOWBALL SAMPLING is used in situations where the population is
phrases can highlight differences. A good literature review is FOCUSED, CONCISE, completely unknown and rare.
LOGICAL, DEVELOPED, INTEGRATIVE, and CURRENT. Writing should be formal, clear,
and objective, while respecting other authors' works.
MODULE 5
FINDING THE ANSWERS TO THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
MODULE 4 DATA ANALYSIS is the process of simplifying complex data into a meaningful story and
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY interpreting it to arrive at an insight. It involves organizing, summarizing, categorizing,
The RESEARCH DESIGN states to the whole approach that you decide on to add the and finding patterns and themes to identify and link ideas. Although it can be tasking
different components of the study coherently and logically, thereby, ensuring you will and time-consuming, the end result is clear, well-structured, and meaningful data.
effectively addess the research problem; it consitutes the blueprint for the collection,
meausrement, and analysis of data. Note that your research problem determines the DATA ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
type of design you should use. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS usually involves texts, phrases, images, objects, and
A. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: A systematic subjective approach used to describe life sometimes symbols. While QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS involves numbers and
experiences and give them meaning. To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and statistics. Statistical analysis is the core of quantitative analysis. It deals with basic
complexity inherent in the phenomenon. calculations including average and median to more sophisticated analyzes like
• ETHNOGRAPHY - you immerse yourself in the target participants’ environment to correlations and regressions.
understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge.
• NARRATIVE - weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just one or two
individuals to form a cohesive story.
• PHENOMENOLOGICAL - is an appropriate qualitative method when you want to
describe an event, activity, or phenomenon.
• CASE STUDY - a way of explaining an organization, entity, company, or event which
involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources.
B. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: An objective, systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques. It highlights
numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can
be generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation.
• SURVEY RESEARCH - uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a
sense of behavior with intense precision.
• CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH - tests for the relationships between two variables.
• CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE - research looks to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship.
This research is not conducted between the two groups on each other.
• EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH - is guided specifically by a hypothesis.
POPULATION
- refers to a total number of people who serve as
subjects or respondents of the study.
- Persons who have been invited to participate in a particular study and have