Research Problem

Theoretical and Conceptual

Framework
Abigail Crisanta D. De Castro
1 Research Problem

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Research Problem

◉ Area of concern or a gap in the existing

knowledge that points to the need for further
understanding and investigation.

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Why is the research problem important?
Main question: Are school exam results a true test of a student’s
intelligence?

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 Split up the Main Question

◉ Split it down into different aspects that can be investigated

separately
◉ Explore different personal or group perspectives
◉ Investigated different concepts used
◉ Consider the question at different scales

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Main question: Are school exam results a true test of a student’s
intelligence?

◉ What constitutes intelligence?

◉ What are the other methods of testing intelligence are there?
◉ What sort of school exams are there and how are they
scored?
◉ How do school exam criteria match those of the criteria of
other intelligence tests?

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 Type of Research Problem

Descriptive Causal Relational

Describe the Identifying the extent To investigate the
situation, state or the and nature of cause qualities or
existence of certain and effect characteristics that are
specific phenomena relationships connected in some way.

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Sources of Research Problem

Personal Experience Practical Experience Critical appraisal of

Day to day experience Experiences from work literature
Questions or crituqes
on books, papers,
researches etc.

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Sources of Research Problem

Previous Research Existing theories Social issues

A body of knowledge Research is a A idea for a research
is developed on a process of theory may stem from a
sound research development and familiarity with social
finding theory testing. concerns or
controversial social
issues

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Characteristics of Research
Problem
◉ Clear and Concise
◉ Significant (e.g Not trivial or repetition of previous work)
◉ Delineated
◉ Possible to obtain the information required to explore the problem
◉ Possible to draw conclusions related to the problem
◉ Relevant (to scientific knowledge and to future research)

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 Context and Background
◉ Who does the problem affect?
◉ Has it been an issue for a long time, or is it a
newly discovered problem?
◉ What research has already been done relating to
this?
◉ Have any solutions been proposed?
◉ What are the current debates about the problem,
and what do you think is missing in them?
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Specificity and relevance

◉ What aspects are you not able to discuss?

◉ What will be the consequences if the problem is
not resolved?
◉ Who will benefit in solving the problem?

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Hypotheses

Hypothesis
Reasonable guess in form of
statement

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Hypothesis qualities

◉ It must be a statement that can be put to the test.

◉ It must specifically limit the enquiry to the interaction of certain
factors and;
◉ suggest the methods appropriate for collecting, analyzing and
interpreting the data, and;
◉ The resultant confirmation or rejection of the hypothesis must give
a clear indication of the extent of knowledge gained.

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◉ School exam results are not a true test of a student’s intelligence –
Alternative hypothesis
◉ School exam results are a true test of a student’s intelligence.
– Null hypotehsis

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2
Theoretical and
Conceptual Framework

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Research Framework

◉ Illustrates the structure of the research plan. It is

an outline or paradigm that presents the topic, the
variable, and contexts.
◉ Determine the right approach and methods to
apply in the research study.

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Research framework
Theoretical Framework
Is a collection of interrelated
theories which guides your
research work
Conceptual Framework
What informs your readers on
what to expect and know from
your research. It defines the
relevant variables for you study
and maps out how variables
relate to each other
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2.
1
Theoretical Framework
Let’s start with the first set of slides

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Theoretical Framework

◉ Consists of concepts and, together with their definitions

and reference to relevant scholarly literature, existing
theory that is used for your particular study. 
◉ Explanation of a relationship between existing theory and
your research study

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Purpose of Theoretical Framework

1. To have a scholarly foundation for all your sense making of

the meaning contained in your data
2. Helps make connections between the abstract and concrete
elements you observe in your data.

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To write a good theoretical framework

◉ Examine your research problem

◉ Review past related literature to find answers to your research
question
◉ List the constructs and variables that might be relevant to your
study

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◉ Is there a theory that can help me to make sense of the meaning of
the data that I will gather to answer the research question/s?
◉  Are there theories that have been developed in the field of my
research topic?
◉ What do experts in the field of my proposed research say about the
problem I want to investigate?
◉ What do they say about the research questions I want to
investigate, from theoretical perspectives?

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2.2 Conceptual Framework
Researcher’s idea

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Conceptual Framework

◉ Consists of concepts that are placed within a logical and

sequential design. It is based on specific constructs and
propositions derived from empirical observation and
intuition.
◉ It is the researcher’s own model exhibiting variables that
specify the study problem and shows direction

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Rahim, M., Norhayate, W., Daud, W., & Abidin, Z. (2012). A Proposed Conceptual Framework for Rewards and Motivation among
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Administrators of Higher Educational Provider in Malaysia.
Duyar, Ibrahim & Ras, Nancy & Pearson, Carolyn. (2015). Analysis of teachers’ task and extra-role performance under different
autonomy regimes. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 64. 499-522. 10.1108/IJPPM-06-2013-
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0103.
Purpose of Conceptual
Framework
1. To clarify concepts and propose relationships among the
concepts in a study
2. To provide a context for interpreting the study findings
3. To explain observations
4. To encourage theory development that is useful to practice

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 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Based on theory in the form of Researcher’s own model exhibiting

model/paradigm which serves as the variables that specify the study
basis for the study problem and shows direction

It mentions the proponents of the It may be the adaptation of a model in

study and their result an early theory with changes that
suits the inquiry

It explains broader relationships that It is not well developed as theoretical

exists between concepts framework

It is based on one theory If there is no concepts that fits the

research, the researcher may
construct a framework

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References

◉ Walliman, N. (2017). Research Methods: The Basics Second Edition.

◉ Creswell,J.W. & Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative,
Quantitative, and ixed Method Approaches: Fifth Edition. Sage
Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA
◉ Rahim, M., Norhayate, W., Daud, W., & Abidin, Z. (2012). A Proposed
Conceptual Framework for Rewards and Motivation among Administrators
of Higher Educational Provider in Malaysia.
◉ Duyar, Ibrahim & Ras, Nancy & Pearson, Carolyn. (2015). Analysis of
teachers’ task and extra-role performance under different autonomy
regimes. International Journal of Productivity and Performance
Management. 64. 499-522.

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