Preface & Acknowledgement

This module has been prepared for the student's need to help
them for home schooling at this time of worldwide pandemic
situation. It provides an aid in the presentation and application of
the online teaching and learning process. Essentially, this module
structure, provides students with a “road map” and can help keep
them on track even they are enrolled in a modular distance learning
approach.

The material has been so organized as to expose students to

wide variety of experiences in simulated or real-situations. As they go
through the lessons, they will have varied opportunities to participate
in an interplay of learning experiences through the help of this
complete ready made module. Much effort has gone into the
preparation of the activities and lessons flow smoothly as based in the
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC's) by the Department of
Education. The contents have been carefully selected for the attainment
of specific objectives. This module would have been impossible
without the physical availability of books such as The Pandayon Series:
Applied Research An Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods and
Report Writing (Phoenix Publishing House) and Practical Research 2 (Rex
Bookstore) as these become its source of essential topics and use for
necessary written activities.
The suggested book citations have a great help in the completion of
this module.

It is hoped that through the use of this module, learners will

find Practical Research 2 a pleasurable experience, despite the absence
of physical, face-to-face approach. May the students learn well and
move ah
ead into this new normal.

Prepared by:
Ms. Michelle Allynne Joy C.
Nonato ISSTSD
Admin/Instructress
PREFACE Page 1

© IS SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY & SKILLS DEVLOPMENT INC. All Right Reserved.

PR2 Module Grade 12 - ISSTSD
Thursday, June 18, 2020
2:32 AM

Module Contents
Templates for the Research Proposal

First Quarter
Unit 1: Introduction to Quantitative Research

Lesson 1 Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, and kinds of Quantitative Research

Lesson 2 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

Lesson 3 Kinds of Variables and Their Uses

Unit 2: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem

Lesson 4 Designs a Research used in Daily

Life Lesson 5 Writing a research Title

Lesson 6 Describing the Background of Research

Lesson 7 Stating Research Questions

Lesson 8 Indicating Scope and Delimitation of

Study Lesson 9 The Written Statement of the

Problem Unit 3: Reviewing Related Literature

Lesson 10 The Conceptual Framework

Lesson 11 Terms Used in Study

Lesson 12 The Research Hypothesis

Lesson 13 The Written Review of Related Literature and Conceptual Framework

Table of Contents Page 2

Cont...

Module Contents
Second Quarter

Unit 4 Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Lesson 14 Choosing Appropriate Quantitative Research Design

Lesson 15 Sampling Procedures

Lesson 16 Constructing Instrument and Establishing its Validity and

Reliability Lesson 17 Intervention Studies

Lesson 18 Planning Data Collection Procedure

Lesson 19 Planning Data Analysis using Statistics and Hypothesis Testing

Lesson 20 The Written Research Methodology

Unit 5 Answers Through Data Collection and its Research Findings

Lesson 21 Collecting Data Using Appropriate

Instruments Lesson 22 Data in Tabular or Graphical

Forms

Lesson 23 Statistical Techniques to analyze data and its relationships limited for Bivariate

Analysis Lesson 24 Drawing Conclusion from Research Findings

Lesson 25 Formulating Recommendations

Lesson 26 Typing the Research Paper in Final Form

Table of Contents Page 3

Template for the Research
Proposal
Thursday, June 18, 2020

Parts Components Description

Preliminary Part Title Page Includes the title of research, author, institutional
affiliation research, and date
Abstract Summarizes the contents of the research
paper, comprised of the objective of the
research study, research problem, research
questions, and research methodology which
should contain the design, sample, and
instruments to be applied; identification of the
independent and dependent variables and
target population
Table of Contents Lists the different sections and subsections of
the research paper with the page numbers;
includes the list of tables, list of figures, titles,
references, and appendices
List of Tables Mentions the tables and the pages of each table
List of Figures Mentions the figures and the pages of each
figure
Introductory Part Background Covers a synopsis of significant literature (within
five years) and tackles how the problem has
progressed; contains social context, significant
variables, concepts, and principles that reinforce
the research
Problem Statement Defined as the issue that exists in the
literature, theory, or practice that leads to a
need for the study.
Summarizes "the context for the study" and
the main problem the study seeks to
address.
Purpose Statement Should follow the problem statement and state
the focus and objective of the proposed
research.
Significance of the Study Covers the contributions of the study to the
discipline and the importance of the study
to a specific area or population.
Research Questions Should be taken from the problem and
objective statements; should mention
relationships between two or more variables;
should be testable which means we can gather
data to answer the question; no ethical or moral
problem for implementation.
Should be specific. Example: Mike is corrupt that
Template for the Research Proposal Page 4
Template for the Research
Proposal
Thursday, June 18, 2020
is why he lost in the election.

Template for the Research Proposal Page 5

Template for the Research
Proposal
Thursday, June 18, 2020

Parts Components Description

Research Hypotheses in A well-framed hypothesis must have the
Null Form following characteristics: a) the hypothesis state
the relationship between variables; (b) the
hypothesis is testable; © the hypothesis is stated
simply and concisely as possible; and (d) the
hypothesis is founded on the problem
statement and supported by research.
The hypothesis in null form (there is no
relationship) directly influences the statistical
procedures used since each hypothesis should
be tested.
Identification of Variables Identification of key variables used in the
research
Assumptions and Present each of your statement relative to the
Limitations sampling frame, design, and other important
aspects of the study
Review of Related Comprises of three parts: the introduction, the
Literature and review of literature, and summary. This is
Theoretical followed by the theoretical framework which
Framework includes: (a) an introductory paragraph outlining
the organization of the chapter; (b) a description
of the conceptual or theoretical; (c ) a critical,
coherent argument that leads to a description of
the present study (Chapter
3) AND (D) a conclusion or summary that
briefly reviews the key points of the existing
literature and identifies the gap in the literature
that the present study seeks to fill.
Methodology Introduction Brief statement on the nature and purpose of
the study
Participants Describes the nature of the population (size,
characteristics), the sampling frame (lists where
to get the sample), and the sampling
procedures
Setting The setting of the study should be described
(barangay system, university system, policy
system, a program, etc.)
Instrumentation Identifies and describes the tests, surveys,
questionnaires, observational protocols, and
other measurements, as well as
appropriateness, reliability, validity, and origin

Template for the Research Proposal Page 6

Template for the Research
Proposal
Thursday, June 18, 2020

Parts Components Description

Methodology Procedures Outlines the process of undertaking the study,
including drawing participants to the study,
including drawing participants to the study,
conducting pilot study, seeking approval for use
of materials, administration of the study and
others. These must be appended in the
report.
Design Identifies and describes the research design and
how you will implement the design (example: a
causal comparative research design will be used to
determine if students' social presence, cognitive
presence, teaching presence, and perceived learning
differed based upon the type of CMC system used
in the online courses.
Data Analysis Identifies the type of data analysis used
and describes the rationale for the type of
analysis.
The chosen statistical procedure should be
consistent with the research questions,
hypotheses, and type of data collected.
It would help to organize the discussion with
the research hypotheses, explaining how each
will be analyzed.
References References within the text should be listed using
the most recent referencing style (example: the
American Psychological Association(APA) style or the
Turabian style)
Appendices Appendices may include those that are included
in the procedures and other sections.

Template for the Research Proposal Page 7

 Unit I. Lesson 1

Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, and Kinds of

Quantitative Research

“In much of society, research means to investigate something you do not know or understand.”
- Neil Alden Armstrong

Short Recap

What is a Research?

• A careful, detailed and systematic study of specific problem, concern, or issue to establish facts.
• this is BEST ACCOMPLISHED by turning the issue into a question, with the INTENT of the
research to answer the question
GOAL: To conduct research means to investigate what society does not know or
understand. It involves inquiry methods and immersion activities in order to achieve the
correct information.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH?
Means actual doing or using of something rather than theories and ideas.

 Module 1What’s New

Activity 1: Finding clues

Directions: Group the following word clues if they are characteristics of Quantitative Research (Box A) or
Qualitative Research (Box B).

1. Measurable 6. Text-based 11. Subjective

2. Behavior 7. Intervention 12. Small sample
3. Statistical 8. Experimental group 13. Tables and charts
4. Narrative 9. Unstructured observation 14. Deductive
5. Objective 10. Inductive 15. Generalizable

A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research

I. LESSON 1 Page 7
 Module 1 Test Yourself
Instructions: Each statements below describes either quantitative or qualitative. Write a check mark if
you thing the item statement is describing Quantitative Research and a cross mark if it’s
not.

 Or X Statements Explanations
1. Places more emphasis on the study of
phenomena from the perspective of those
who experience it
2. Interested not only in examining
the phenomenon but also its
causes
3. Immerses oneself and views meaning
as more context and time-specific, and in
most cases, not generalizable
4. Attempts to remain independent or
detached from the phenomena that one
studies
5. Uses interpretative frameworks
6. Concerned about findings that can
be generalized
7. Applies the deductive method
8. Applies the inductive method
9. Concerned about in-depth understanding
of the situation
10. Concerned about numerical data

I. LESSON 1 Page 8
Lesson 1 Qualitative VS. Quantitative
Friday, January 04, 1980
7:31 AM
Types of Research

Qualitative – used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.

USED IN : SOFT SCIENCES>humanities, social sciences, education, psychology

Quantitative – deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance. USED IN : HARD

SCIENCES> physics, chemistry,biology,medicine

I. LESSON 1 Page 8
Lesson 1 Defining
Quantitative
Thursday, June 18, 2020

 It is "either descriptive, where in subjects are measured once, or experimental,

wherein subjects are measured before and after" - Babbie 2010

 Data is "gathered using structured instruments. The results are based on large
sample sizes that are representative of the population and can be replicated" -
Babbie 2010

 It has " clearly defined research questions to which objective answers are
sought". - Babbie 2010

 It aims to classify features, counts them and construct statistical models in an

attemptto explain what is observed" - Babbie 2010

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

► the existence of expressions like numerical forms, objective thinking, statistical methods,
and measurement

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

◊ Objective – impartial, unbiased and neutral

◊ Clearly defined Questions – What, Which, Where, How much, etc

◊ Structured research instruments – surveys, questionnaires, software

◊ Numerical data and statistical treatment- unbiased results

◊ Large sample size- represents population

◊ Replication – high reliability, stable, consistent

◊ Future Outcomes – new concepts, further studies

I. LESSON 1 Page 9
Lesson 1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative
Research
Thursday, June 18, 2020

Strengths of Quantitative Research

 Study findings can be generalized to the population about which information is required.

 Samples of individuals, communities, or organizations can be selected to ensure that the

results will be representative of the populations being studied.

 Structural factors that determine how inequalities (such as gender inequalities) are produced
can be analyzed.

 Estimates of the costs and benefits of interventions can be obtained.

 Clear documentation can be provided regarding the content and application of the
survey instruments so that the other researchers can assess the validity of the
findings.

 Standardized approaches permit the study to be replicated in different areas or

overtime wit the production of comparable findings.

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

 Many kinds of information are difficult to obtain through structured data collection
instruments, particularly information on sensitive topics such as domestic violence
or income.

 Many groups such as sex workers, drug users, illegal immigrants, squatters, and
ethnic minorities are always difficult to reach, but the problems are often greater for
quantitative data collection methods.

 Self-reported information obtained from questionnaires may be inaccurate or incomplete.

 There is often no information on contextual factors to help interpret results or to

explain variations in behavior between households with similar economic and
demographic characteristics.
 The administration of a structure questionnaire creates an unnatural situation that
may alienate respondents.

 Studies are expensive and time-consuming, and even preliminary results are usually
not available for a long period of time.

 Research methods are inflexible because the instruments cannot be modified once the study
begins.

 Errors in the hypotheses tested may be yield misimpressions of program quality or

influential factors.

I. LESSON 1 Page 10
Lesson 1 Kinds of Quantitative
Research
Friday, January 04, 1980

1. DESPCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
► aims to define the existing condition of a classified variable.
► Intended to offer methodical data or systematic information about a phenomenon
► It does not usually start with a hypothesis but rather after a systematic data gathering since the test
of hypothesis but rather after systematic data gathering since the test of hypothesis comes from data
analysis.
Examples:
1. A description of how senior high school students celebrate their birthdays
2. A description of how parents feel about the K to 12 Curriculum
3. A description of the youth's perception of the 2016 elections
4. A description of the attitudes of women's groups towards Rodrigo Duterte's joke about an Australian
rape victim.

2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
► Tries to define the degree of relationship between two or more variables using statistical data
► Seeks to interpret the relationships between and among a number of facts
► The data, relationships, and distribution variables are identified only in a natural setting and
not in a manipulated one
Examples:
1. The relationship between successful career and educational attainment
2. The relationship between high grades and having tutors
3. The relationship between entrance exam results and attendance in review centers
4. The relationship between smoking and tuberculosis

3. SURVEY RESEARCH
► Intended to acquire information from people concerning the predominance, distribution, and
interrelations of variables within the identified group of people
► Surveys are done to gather evidence on people's knowledge, opinions, attitudes and values on
various issues and concerns
► Surveys are inclined for collecting data that are mainly quantitative
Examples:
1. Voter preferences
2. Consumer coping behavior
3. Survey on sexual violence against women and girls in Quezon City
4. Metro Manila survey of adolescence on health
5. ASEAN business outlook survey 2016
6. Survey of ASEAN employers
7. On skills and competitiveness

I. LESSON 1 Page 11
 Lesson 1
(*Cont.)
Friday, January 04, 1980
4. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
► Ascertain cause-effect relationships among variables
► An independent variable is identified but not manipulated, the effects of the independent variable
on the dependent variable are measured
Examples:
1. The effect of studying in Catholic schools on the moral value system of those who graduate from
these schools
2. The effect of exercising regularly to body fitness
3. The effect of gender on college course choices
4. The effect of good family upbringing to good performance in class
5. The effect of belonging to a Christian Living organization on a student's religiosity

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
► Usually termed as true experimentation
► It applies the scientific method to prove "the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that
make a study"
► Considered as a "laboratory
study" Examples:
1. The effect of counseling and medical treatment on alcoholism
2. The effect of suppor tgroups on smoking
3. The effect of positive reinforcement on one's attitude to excel in school
4. The effect of peer counseling and support group on a student's emotional condition
5. The effect of a kind and supportive home room adviser on the student's helpfulness

 POST TEST
Instructions: The last part of our lesson is about examples of the different types of quantitative research.
Now it is your turn to give examples. Provide five for each type of quantitative research. Write your
answers on the space provided.

DESCRIPTIVE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SURVEY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

I. LESSON 1 Page 12
Unit I. Lesson 2
Tuesday, June 16, 2020
3:52 PM

Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

 Lies greatly in the production of results that should reflect precise measurement
and anin depth analysis of data

• It is useful in obtaining an objective understanding of people, things, places, and events

 It enables people to study their surroundings as objective as they can

 It is an effective method to obtain information about specified personality traits of a

group member as a whole as regards to the extent of the relationship of their
characteristics

 It requires the use of reliable measurement instruments or statistical methods

 POSTTEST
Instructions: Write four good areas of quantitative research which make it
important to researchers and users of data. Place your answers on the graphics
on the next page.

Importance of
Quantitative
Research

I. LESSON 2 Page 13
 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

 Critical Thinking

Instructions: Write a short essay answering these questions;

1. What is the importance of Quantitative research in people's daily lives? In what way does
quantitative research contribute in the different areas of peoples' live? Explain.

I. LESSON 2 Page 14
3:53 PM

V. LESSON 26 Page 15