BUSITAT

Quantitative Qualitative
MOD 1: INTRODUCTION TO The aim is to count things in The aim is a complete,
Aim an attempt to explain what is detailed description of
STATISTICS RESEARCH observed. what is observed.

○ originated from the old French word "recerchier" meaning Generalisability, prediction, Contextualisation,
to search and search again Purpose causal explanations interpretation,
○ refers to a search for knowledge understanding
○ may be defined as a scientific and systematic search for perspectives
pertinent information on a specific topic/area Researcher uses tools, such Researcher is the data-
○ is a scientific approach of answering a research question, Tools as surveys, to collect gathering instrument.
solving a problem or generating new knowledge through a numerical data.
systematic and orderly collection, organization, and Structured Unstructured
Data
analysis of information with an ultimate goal of making the Collection
research useful in decision making.
Data is in the form of Data is in the form of
Three basic operations of systematic research: Output numbers and statistics. words, pictures or
objects.
1. Data Collection
2. Data Analysis Usually a large number of Usually a small
3. Report Writing Sample cases represent the number of non-
population of interest. representative cases.
RESEARCH APPROACHES Randomly selected Respondents selected
respondents on their experience.
- These are plans and procedures for research that span the
steps from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data Objective - seeks precise Subjective -
collection, analysis and interpretation. Objective / measurement & analysis individuals'
Subjective interpretation of events
There are three research approaches are advanced:
is important
(a) Qualitative
(b) Quantitative Researcher tends to remain Researcher tends to
(c) Mixed methods. Researcher objectively separated from become subjectively
Role the subject matter. immersed in the
Qualitative Quantitative subject matter.

- is framed in using words rather than numbers Analysis Statistical Interpretive

- or using open-ended questions close-ended questions

(interview) (hypothesis)
BUSITAT

QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE, AND MIXED DEFINITION OF TERMS

Learning Objectives: At the end of this module you are expected
Qualitative to:
- is an approach for exploring and understanding the 1. be familiar with basic statistical terms
meaning individuals or groups ascribe to social or human 1.1. differentiate and give examples of the following
problems statistical terms
1.1.1. inferential and descriptive statistics
Quantitative 1.1.2. sample and population
- is an approach for testing objective theories by examining 1.1.3. parameter and statistic
the relationship among variables 1.1.4. findings, conclusion, and inference
1.1.5. classify data as quantitative or qualitative
Mixed and as discrete or continuous
- is an approach to an inquiry involving collecting both 1.1.6. determine whether a variable is dependent
quantitative and qualitative data, integrating the two forms or independent
of data, and using distinct designs that may involve 1.1.7. discuss the level of measurements
philosophical assumptions 1.1.8. explore Microsoft Excel Add-Ins: Analysis
Tool Pak and Analysis Tool Pak VBA and
LEVELS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS PHStat Add-Ins.
1.1.9. explore descriptive statistics
1.1.10. see the role of statistics in research
Descriptive 1.1.11. realize the importance and power of
- simple statistics relate description of population Statistics to generate knowledge
- how good is the description? Roles of Statistics in:
1. Research
Explanatory 1. Business & Economics
- understand why things happen as they do, how reliable is 2. Politics & Government
that understanding 3. Banking
- are there other explanations? 4. Accounting & Auditing
5. Natural & Social Sciences
Predictive 6. Education
- need a model of future outcomes 7. Sports & Entertainment
- how well does it work? 8. Day-to-Day Activities
BUSITAT
- organizes the presentation, description, and interpretation
of data gathered without trying to infer anything that goes
beyond the data
- among the measurements that fall under descriptive
statistics are : mean, standard error of the mean, median,
mode, sample standard deviation, sample variance,
kurtosis, skewness, range, standard deviation, coefficients
of variation, sum, count, minimum, maximum, ..etc.

- It may answer questions such as:

1. How many students are interested to do Market Research?
2. What are the highest and the lowest scores obtained by
applicants in a managerial position?
3. What are the characteristics of the most successful sales
representative according to customers?
STATISTICS 4. Which group of employees produced more output?
5. What proportion of XYZ College students likes
- is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the
mathematics?
collection of data
- refers to the gathering of data or information organization
or presentation of data
- involves summarizing data or information in textual,
graphical, or tabular forms analysis and interpretation of
data
- involves describing the data by using statistical methods
and procedures
- refers to the process of making conclusions based on the
analyzed data
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- is a statistical procedure concerned with describing the
characteristics and properties of a group of persons, places,
or things; it is based on facts; can be easily verified
BUSITAT
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- is a statistical procedure that is used to draw inferences for
a large group of people, places or things on the basis of the
information obtained from a small portion of the large
group.
- Draws inferences about the population based on the data
gathered from samples using the techniques of descriptive
statistics.
- is a statistical procedure concerned with describing
the characteristics and properties of a group of
persons, places or things; it is based on facts; can
be easily verified

Descriptive statistics therefore is the backbone of Inferential

Statistics. It may answer questions like:

1. Is there a significant difference between the performance

of male and female students in statistics?
2. Is there a significant difference between the proportion of
students who are interested in taking ELEMSTA online
and those who are not?
3. Is there a significant correlation between educational
attainment and job performance rating?
4. Is there a significant difference between the weights of 20
students before and after 6 months of attending aerobics?
5. Is there a significant difference between the mean GPA of
CA, HRM, CDA, and HRIM students?
BUSITAT
Findings: Of 350 randomly selected people in the province of Batangas,
280 people have the last name De La Cruz.
POPULATION
- refers to a large collection of people, objects, places or
things. It is the subject of research!

An example of descriptive statistics from this finding is the

PARAMETER is any numerical value which describes a
statement:
population
"80% of the 350 respondents in Batangas have the last
name De La Cruz."
Ex:
1. There are 8,756 nursing students enrolled in Metro Manila
An example of inferential statistics from this finding is the
this school year, N = 8,756
statement:
2. The average age of Nursing students is 20,
"80% of all people in the province of Batangas have the
last name De La Cruz."

Look at this headline...In this survey,

- Who were the target participants of SWS?
- Is there anyone among us who participated in this research?
- Whom do you think were the actual participants?
- Why do you think SWS was able to conclude that 76% of Pinoys
back US troops?

SAMPLE
- is a small portion or part of a population; a representative
of the population in a research study

STATISTIC is any numerical value which describes a sample Ex:

1. Of the 8,756 students enrolled in Nursing, 2,893 are Male
2. The average age of male students is 21

A sample is expected to mirror the population from which

it comes; however, there is no guarantee that any sample will be
BUSITAT
precisely representative of the population from which it was Þ brand of ice cream
drawn. Þ ethnicity
A Car Company wants to know the top 3 features of cars Quantitative Data
that are most important to licensed drivers in the Philippines. The - are numerical data
Company telephones 100 Alabang residents and asks a series of Examples:
questions: Þ number of households
Þ family income
Þ weight of an individual
1] Which of these is the population in this survey? Justify your
answer.
2 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
a. all licensed drivers in Alabang 1. Discrete – obtained through counting
b. all residents in Alabang 2. Continuous – obtained by measuring
c. all licensed drivers in the Philippines
d. all residents of the Philippines Your group is tasked to conduct a survey on the economic status of CSB

2] Which of these is the sample in this survey? Justify your answer. students. What do you think are the information or data you need to
1. 100 licensed drivers in Alabang gather which will help you in this research?
2. all licensed drivers in Alabang
3. 100 licensed drivers in the Philippines
4. all licensed drivers in the Philippines

DATA

- is everywhere
- is observable or measurable
- can be accessed anywhere and by anyone with the
advancement of technology every day

When data is correct, valid analysis and interpretation can be Constant is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which
generated to produce valuable information. makes the members similar to each other.
Ex. Gender in a class of all boys is constant
Qualitative Data
- deals with categories or attributes Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which
Examples: makes the members different from each other.
Þ color of the eyes Ex. Gender in a coed school is variable
BUSITAT
TWO TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. Dependent: a variable which is affected by another variable
Ex. “test scores” is dependent on number of hours spent in
studying, IQ, attitude towards studying, etc…
2. Independent: a variable which affects the dependent variable
Ex. “number of hours spent in studying” affects test scores

GATHERING AND ORGANIZING DATA:

Levels of Measurement

1. Nominal
- deals with names, categories, or labels
Examples:
Þ color of the eyes
Þ yes or no responses
Þ favorite breakfast cereal

2. Ordinal
- ranks qualitative data(nominal that can be ranked)
Examples:
Þ size of shirt
Þ beauty pageant ranks
3. Interval
- deals with data that can be ordered, and in which differences
between data makes sense
- Does not have true zero point
Examples:
Þ temperature
4. Ratio
- possess all of the features of the interval plus it has true zero
point
Examples:
Þ weight
Þ amount of time to answer a quiz
BUSITAT
Example:
Findings :
Þ Sixty-four percent of the 100 sample service crews
in randomly selected Jollibee outlets are 21 years
old and below.
Conclusion :
Þ I therefore conclude that 64% of all Jollibee
employees nationwide are 21 years old and below.
Þ I therefore conclude that Jollibee prefers
employees who are 21 years old and below.
Inference :
Þ If this trend will continue, then job applicants who
are 22 years old and above have a very slim chance
of being accepted at Jollibee.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

- describes a given state of affairs as fully and carefully as

possible. In this type of research, the usual methodology
is SURVEY!

1. Descriptive-Comparative:
- This involves comparing two or more known groups
Findings which differs in some characteristics or attributes, to
- are results of an investigation determine possible differences in views regarding a
Conclusion particular issue or topic of interest.
- an opinion based on findings; a generalization on
population based on the result of the investigation on 2. Descriptive-Correlational:
samples. - This method seeks to investigate whether a relationship
Inference exists between two or more variables.
- an educated guess or a meaningful prediction based on
findings & conclusions