RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 - REVIEWER a phenomenon.

No real-world
MODULE 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND applications.
RESEARCH B. Applied research. tests a theory in
real-life situations to provide solutions to
Inquiry - process that has the aim of problems
expanding knowledge, resolving doubt, or C. Action research. focuses on solving
solving a problem problems within an organization or
community. very specific context or
Research - systematic inquiry that explains a
locale.
phenomenon, predicts an outcome, and poses
questions for further studies Differences between qualitative and
quantitative research
Characteristics of Research (Barrot, 2018):
Aspects QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
1. Recursive - involves performing steps
in a cyclical and non-linear way. Where Purpose describe and test hypotheses,
understand social establish causal
one research ends,another study begins phenomena and relationship, make
interactions among predictions
2. Empirical - based on verifiable people
evidence, observation or experiences
3. Logical - based on sound principles and Sample Size Small sample size Larger sample size
Required
systematic procedure
4. Higher-order thinking skills - Sampling Method Purposive sampling Random sampling

interpreting data and drawing Relationship with Less formal Formal

the
conclusions from the gathered data Participants
5. Replicable - can be repeated by other
Data Needed Verbal information, Statistical
researchers images, and artifacts information and
6. Solution-oriented - aims to address a (text-based) numbers (number
based)
particular problem
Data Collection Interview, Test, experiment,
7. Objective - accurate recording of data Method observation, pretest, posttest
through observation, interviews, document analysis

experiments, and other means. Data Analysis Content analysis Statistical analysis
and
8. Sufficient sources of data - study coding
should meet the suggested sources and
Level of Subjectivity Moderate to high Low
number of data
Generalizability Low High

Scientific Method Exploratory, bottom- Confirmatory, top-

up, or down or
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH inductive deductive

Research Setting natural controlled

 ECONOMICALLY- research aids in human setting setting
capital development and innovation,
Reporting narrative with Statistical reporting
improving life quality. description of
context
 SOCIOPOLITICALLY-it informs policy-
making, governance, and fosters cultural
understanding. Characteristics of Qualitative Research:
 ENVIRONMENTALLY- research guides
sustainable development without degrading ● the study of meaning derived from
natural resources. people’s lives in a real-world setting.
 HEALTH- research advances medical ● represents the views and perspectives
practices and understanding. of people.
 As a student, research enhances ● covers contextual conditions within
understanding, instills values of discipline people’s lives.
and patience, promotes academic honesty, ● varied in nature.
and improves practical skills
Kinds of Qualitative Research
MODULE 2: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND
ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE 1. Historical/Narrative Research -
Describes a phenomenon by weaving
Types of Research events into a cohesive story, often
collecting data from one or two
A. Basic research. develops or tests
individuals.
theories and propositions by discovering
generalizations and principles regarding
 2. Phenomenology - study and
understanding of lived experiences.
(experiences of veteran in war)
3. Grounded Theory - To develop
theories, identify social developments,
and understand ways to address them;
(more on impacts )
4. Ethnography - Involves researcher
participation in the lives of participants
to understand their culture over an
extended period.(removing ph history in
the age of disinformation)
5. Case Study - in-depth description of a
problem or situation set in a specific
context. reports a case description and
has case-based themes. (more on
violence, like maltreatment cases sa
mga bata)
MODULE 3: IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY
AND STATING THE PROBLEM
Research Topic - area of interest you will
explore in your study
Considerations in Selecting a Research
Topic
1. Relevance – a relevant topic addresses
the needs of the target audience of the
research paper.
2. Interest – an interesting topic should be
appealing both to your readers and to
you as a researcher.
3. Manageability – a manageable topic
can be explored within your abilities and
certain time limits.
4. Availability of resources – 1.Mutual Exclusivity – this means that a
accessibility of financial resources,
references, and human resources
required for the completion of the
research.
5. You should avoid overly recent topics
because there might not be enough
references about them.
6. You also need to avoid highly
technical and specialized topics.
7. Refrain from choosing highly
sensitive or controversial topics as
they may be considered distasteful by a
certain group of readers.
Statement of the Problem - can be in the
form of a question or an objective.
Thesis Statement - one-sentence answer to
the general research question. contains one
subject and two or more details. details may be
explicitly or implicitly stated.
★ Explicit Details: Heavy traffic impacts
the senior high school students
psychologically, financially and
academically.
★ Implicit Details: Heavy traffic impacts
the senior high school students in
several ways.
MODULE 4: SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
SCOPE- is determined primarily by the selection of
variables that the research study will focus on.
- refers to the breadth and depth at which the
research area will be explored.
VARIABLES– refers to any characteristics that can
have different values or traits that may vary across
research participants. It is measured, controlled
and manipulated by the researcher.
* We use the term “variables” to generically refer to
“factors” we indicated as the focus of our qualitative
studies; VARIABLES ARE ONLY FOR QUANTI*
DEPENDENCE – this refers to how the variable is
considered in a cause and effect relationship.
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
variables that are variables that change
changed, manipulated, because of changes
or selected applied to the IV
Important characteristics of variables
participant cannot possess two attributes of a
variable. For instance, a person cannot be both
male and female.
2. Exhaustiveness – this means that a researcher
should consider all possible attributes of a certain
variable.
Kinds of Variables
1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES – variables that
may have an infinite number of values and may
vary widely among the research participants.
Examples include age and weight(measurable)
2. DISCRETE VARIABLES – variables that have a
specific limits to their value. Examples include
income, number of children, or years of
employment.
3. CATEGORICAL VARIABLES – variables that
cannot be expressed in numbers but are given in
non-quantitative, descriptive terms. Examples
include civil status and educational attainment.
ATTRIBUTES – It refers to the value assigned to a
specific variable. Example: The researcher focuses
on gender as a significant variable, he/she
identifies male and female as the attributes of
gender.
DELIMITATION- describes the various choices
made by the researcher in the conduct of the study.
It describes the boundaries and include the
characteristics of the research design and
methodology that affect or influence the findings.
(sample size, lack of available, prior study, chosen
data collection, nature of information)
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY– arise during the
design and actual conduct of the study. These are
constraints on certain aspects of the research, such
as the interpretation of data and the applicability
and usefulness of the results and findings.
(Access, time period, language, bias)
Significance of the Study - enumerates the
contribution of your study as well as its benefits
to different people and organizations
In drafting the significance of the study, use this
pattern when you write significance, going from
general to specific:
• Broadly – describe or illustrate the impact of the
study to the field of knowledge it is part of.
• Generally – clarify and elaborate how the
researcher plans to extend the current literature.
• Specifically – determine who benefits the study
and how that set of people will benefit from the
findings.
Research Title - gives the readers an idea
about the researcher’s study. summarizes the
Background of the Study - consists of a
review of the area being researched, current
information surrounding the issue, previous
studies on the issue, and relevant history on
the issue
MODULE 5: LEARNING FROM OTHERS
AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
RELATED LITERATURE- also called conceptual
literature, clarifies the different variables being
studied. It removes any vagueness surrounding the
central concepts of the research
ARTICLES- critical evaluations of previously
published materials, organizing, integrating, and
evaluating them to assess research progress and
clarify problems
DIFFERENT STAGES IN WRITING LITERATURE
REVIEW
1. Problem formulation: Researcher identifies
research problem to grasp study variables.
2. Literature search: Materials related to study
discuss at least one variable.
3. Data evaluation: Synthesized indicators from
relevant sources bolster researcher's confidence in
study variables.
4. Analysis and interpretation: Breaking down
articles aids accurate interpretation of reviewed
information.
FORMAT OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
I. Credibility. This refers to the author's
credentials and the empirical basis of
the article or literature.
II. Objectivity. This refers to the rationality
of every data or facts cited.
III. Persuasiveness. This refers to the
degree of credibility of the data.
IV. Value. This refers to the degree of the
contributions of the literature to clarify
variables.
APA FORMAT
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of the
work. Source where you can retrieve the work. URL
or DOI if available
1.Author(s).
2.(Year).
3.Title of the article. Note: For works that are part
of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use
sentence case. Only the first word of the title and
subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the Journal, Note: Italicize and capitalize
each word in the journal.
5. Volume Note: Italicize the journal volume. If
there is no issue, include a comma before the page
range.
6. (Issue), Note: If there is a issue number in
addition to a volume number, include it in
parentheses.
7. Page range. Note: If there is no page range
within the journal volume/issue, this can be
excluded.
8. DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Read more about
DOIs from the APA Style wesbite.
Three of the most popular documentation
styles are the American Psychological
Association (APA SCIENCE, MEDICINE,
ACADEMICS) Styles, Modern Language
Association (MLA LANGUAGE,
LITERATURE) Styles, and Chicago Manual
of Style (CMOS HISTORY)
APA business, economics, education,
hotel and restaurant
management, psychology, and
other fields under
sciences
MLA English and some fields in the
humanities and the arts
CMOS various disciplines, but most
popularly used in history and
music
MODULE 6: SAMPLING IN RESEARCH
SAMPLING- a process through which a researcher
selects a portion from the population at the center
of the researcher’s study.
POPULATION- a group of persons or objects that
possess some common characteristics that are of
interest to the researcher.
- The target population is composed of the
entire group of people or objects to which
the researcher wishes to generalize.
- The accessible population is a portion of
the population to which the researcher has
reasonable access.
SUBJECTS- are individuals or entities which serve
as the focus of the study.
RESPONDENTS- are individuals or groups of
people who actively serve as sources of information
during data collection.
STATISTICS- for sampling
PARAMETER- for population
STATISTICAL INFERENCE- statistics that used to
estimate parameter
TYPES OF SAMPLING
1.PROBABILITY SAMPLING-. It is a type of
sampling in which all the members of an entire
population have a chance of being selected. This is
also called scientific sampling(random)
a. Simple-method of choosing samples in which all
the members of the populations are given an equal
chance of being selected( roulette wheel, fishbowl
method, and the use of a table of random
numbers.)
b. Stratified- the population is first divided into
different strata, and then sampling follows. Age,
gender, and educational qualifications are some
possible criteria used to divide a population into
strata.
c. Cluster- used in large-scale studies, where the
population is geographically spread out. Sampling
procedures may be difficult ad time-consuming.
d. Systematic- method of selecting every nth
element of a population, every eight, ninth, or
eleventh element until desired sample size is
reached.(yung in every kth eme na ginamit sa NAT)
social
2. NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING. It is a
process of selecting respondents in which not all
members of the entire population are given a
chance of being selected as samples.
a. PURPOSIVE – CRITERIA; judgmental
sampling
b. QUOTA - TARGET NUMBER
c. SNOWBALL - REFERRALS
d.CONVENIENCE - CLOSEST
e.VOLUNTARY – VOLUNTEER
MODULE 7: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
METHOD – a TECHNIQUE researchers use to
gather and generate data about the subjects of
their study. Example: Interviews, observations,
survey.
METHODOLOGY – the SECTION of research
paper that explains why the researcher chose to
use a particular method. Includes description
research design, participants, sampling techniques,
data collection, and data analysis.
- RESEARCH DESIGN(1 parag) - a PLAN
which structures the study. It ensures that
generated data will contain the information
needed to answer the inquiry.
- CONTEXT AND PARTICIPANTS( 1 parag)-
Indicate the number of your participants,
Describe their characteristics.
- RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION(1
parag)- Indicate the data collection tool you
will use.
- DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE(2
paragraphs)- the consent of your
participants to join for the interview,
DESCRIBE how you CONDUCT the
interview, WHERE the interview was
conducted and its duration, DESCRIBE how
you record the data. For instance, you may
 state that the date was collected from behaviors within the group.
recorded audio or video and was
transcribed later on. SETTING – controlled SETTING - workplaces
room like meeting or social gatherings.
- DATA ANALYSIS- INDICATE method you rooms.
will use. Afterwards, define this analysis
method according to a particular author or
source(Thematic analysis, narrative etc)
MODULE 9: OBSERVATION

OBSERVATION- immersive research method

DATA COLLECTION refers to the process of on natural phenomena
systematically gathering, documenting, and
organizing information or data from various sources - involves the researcher participating in the
for the purpose of analysis, interpretation, and setting of the study, taking notes or
decision-making. It involves the collection of raw recording conversations.
facts, figures - should be conducted discreetly to obtain
realistic data on individual characteristics,
DATA COLLECTION TOOL- specific instrument to communication, activities, and
gather data environmental conditions
Common tools Interview

- Interview: An interview is a structured,

TYPES OF OBSERVATION
semi-structured, or unstructured
conversation between a researcher and a 1.Structured observation - involves the
participant(s) to gather detailed information researcher creating a checklist to record specific
on a specific topic or set of topics. behaviors of interest, focusing on their frequency.
- Focus Group Discussion: A focus group
discussion is a facilitated group 2. Unstructured observation - is performed by the
conversation with a small number of researcher without preconceived ideas, observing
participants who share their perceptions, events as they happen and aiming to explain them
opinions, and experiences on a particular without predefined concepts.
topic under the guidance of a moderator.
- Observation: Observation involves
systematically watching and recording ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATIONS
behaviors, interactions, or events in real-
time settings 1. Direct measure of behavior.

2. Provides immediate and direct information.

MODULE 8: GROUP INTERVIEWS
3. Easy to complete and efficient.
GROUP INTERVIEWS- conducted simultaneously
4. Applicable in both natural and experimental
with several respondents – ideally six to ten people.
settings.
• 1 facilitator for interview

• 1 to record the interview

TYPES OF GROUP INTERVIEWS DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION

FOCUS GROUP NATURAL GROUP 1. May necessitate training.

Composition: Composition: 2. Prone to bias.

Participants are Participants are pre-
selected based on existing members of a 3. Observer's presence can influence behavior
specific criteria; they group or community. artificially.
may not know each
other beforehand. A researcher conducts 4. Potential to overlook significant aspects.
interviews with a team of
customer service
A BPO company organizes 5. Susceptible to misinterpretation.
representatives who work
a focus group with
together on a daily basis,
employees from different 6. Analysis can be challenging.
addressing queries and
departments, such as
resolving issues for clients
customer service, technical
support, and sales, selected
based on their experience
levels and job roles. (EXTRAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA; DI
NATURO PERO BAKA LUMABAS GANIYAN
PURPOSE - Gather PURPOSE -
insights and opinions Understand group NAMAN YAN SILA E)
on a specific topic, dynamics, interactions,
exploring perceptions, and social processes Theoretical Framework - is a general frame
attitudes, and of reference used for observation, designing
concepts, developing research designs, and
interpreting and generalizing findings

Conceptual Framework - a system of ideas,

beliefs, assumptions, and theories that inform,
support and cater specifically to your study

Definition of Terms - Some of the terms to be

defined may be found in the thesis title,
statement of the problem, paradigm, or others.

Two ways of defining a term:

1. Conceptual definition - A term is

defined using books or dictionaries
2. Operational definition - Term is
defined based on how it was used in the
study

Qualitative Data Analysis - the process of

turning qualitative data into insights.

1. Content analysis method -

Systematically analyzes a text to identify
specific features or patterns. data is first
coded, which means assigning it labels
or categories

2. Thematic analysis - looks at patterns of

meaning in a data set – for example, a
set of interviews or focus group
transcripts. useful for finding out about
people’s experiences, views, and
opinions.

3. Discourse analysis - analyzing

language such as a conversation, a
speech, etc– within the culture and
society it takes place in.

4. Narrative analysis - listening to people

telling stories to gain insights into the
ways that people make sense of reality.

5. Grounded theory - used to create a

new theory by using the data at hand,
as opposed to existing theories and
frameworks.