Research
-is a systematic investigation to establish facts
or principles, collect information on a subject,
and involves thorough, accurate study of a
given subject, field, or problem.
Research is the systematic examination of
phenomena, encompassing the collection,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of
facts to align an individual's beliefs with reality.
Characteristics of Research:
1. Empirical- based on observation and
experience
2. Logical- based on valid procedures
and principles
3. Cyclical- it starts with a problem and
ends with a problem
4. Analytical- utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive and
experimental and case study.
5. Critical- exhibits careful and precise
judgement
6. Methodical- conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures
7. Replicability- research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated
to enable the researcher to arrive at
valid and conclusive results.
Factors to Consider:
 Researcher’s Area of interests
 Availability of funds
 Investigator’s ability and training
Ethical Considerations:
 Objectivity and Integrity
 Respect and protection of the research
subject’s right to privacy
 Presentation of research findings
 Acknowledgement of research
collaboration and assistance
Unethical Considerations:
 Deceiving a respondent about the true
purpose of the study
 Asking a respondent, questions that
cause extreme embarrassment, guilt
emotional turmoil by remaining the
subject of an unpleasant experience
Select a general problem  Review the literature of
the problem  Select specific problem, question or
hypothesis Collect data Analyze and present
display data Interpret the Findings and State
Conclusions or Generalizations Regarding the Problem
 Studying the respondents or research
subjects without their knowledge
 Misuse of research role
 Distortions of findings by sponsor
 When analyzing the data- revealing
only part of the facts, presenting facts
out of context, falsifying findings or
offering misleading presentation such
as lying with statistics.
Importance of research;
 Creative Thinking
 Critical Thinking
 Communication
 Problem Solving
 Leadership
 Initiative
 Economic factor
QUALITATIVE
- Qualitative research studies relationships,
activities, situations, or materials, collecting
data in words or pictures, and allowing
hypotheses to emerge as the study develops.
Content analysis is the primary method of data
analysis.
Types of Qualitative Research:
 Observational
-Certain kinds of research questions can
best be answered by observing how people
act or how things look.
Types of Observations:
=Participant observation
-involves researchers actively
participating in the situation or
setting they are observing, without
any known identity, assuming the
role of a complete participant.
= Non-Participant Observation
-researchers do not participate in
the activity being observed but
rather “sit on the sidelines” and watch
they are not directly involved in the
situation they are observing.
= Naturalistic observation
-involves observing individuals in their
natural settings without manipulating
variables or controlling their activities,
focusing on their natural behavior and
recording it.
=Simulations
- are research methods where subjects are
instructed to perform specific roles,
allowing researchers to observe and
understand various situations in
educational institutions.
* Interviewing is a crucial data collection
technique for qualitative researchers, allowing
them to verify or refute their observations
through careful questioning.
Types of Interviews:
Structured and semi structured interviews
- are verbal questions.
they consist of a series of questions designed
to elicit specific answers from respondents.
- they contain information that can later be
 compared and contrasted.
Informal
– much less formal than structured and semi-
structured interviews; they resemble casual
conversations pursuing the interest of both
researcher and the respondent.(do not have
specific type or sequence).
Retrospective:
- A retrospective interview is a
structured, semi-structured, or
informal method used by researchers
to gather accurate, reliable data from
respondents about past events.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:
Background or demographic
-Are routine sorts of questions about the
background characteristics of the respondents.
-They include questions about education,
previous occupations, age, income and the
like.
2. Knowledge questions
–pertains to the factual information (as
contrasted with opinions, beliefs, and
attitudes) respondents possess.
3. Experience (or behavior ) questions
- Focused on what the respondent is currently
doing or has done in the past.
4. Opinion (or values) questions
-are aimed at finding out what people think
about some topic or issues.
-answers to such questions call attention to the
respondent’s goals, beliefs, attitudes, or
values.
5. Feelings questions
– concerns on how respondents feel about
things.
-they are directed toward peoples’ emotional
responses to their experiences.
6. Sensory questions – focus on what a
respondent has seen, heard, tasted, smelled or
touched.
Interviewing Behaviors:
 Respect the culture of the group being
studied.
 Respect the individual being
interviewed.
 Be natural.
 Develop an appropriate rapport with
the participant.
 Ask the interviewee to repeat an
answer or statement when there is
some doubt about the completeness
of a remark.
 Vary who controls the flow of
communication
 Avoid leading questions.
 Content Analysis/Documentary
Analysis
Content Analysis:
-Content analysis is a valuable method for
studying human behavior through indirect
analysis of written communications, such as
textbooks, articles, songs, and advertisements,
often combined with ethnographic and
historical methods.
APPLICATIONS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS
-Content analysis helps researchers understand
schooling trends, organizational patterns,
curricular patterns, and teacher sentiments. It
aids in conducting in-depth interviews with
student body members.
Advantages of Content Analysis
1. Unobtrusive
2. Comparatively easy to do.
DISADVANTAGES OF CONTENT ANALYSIS
-Limited to the analysis
communications/documents.
-It is difficult to establish validity.
 Ethnographic
- Ethnographic research is a complex
method that involves observing and
interviewing individuals to gain a holistic
understanding of a specific society, group,
institution, or situation.
SAMPLE TOPICS FOR ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
 Topics that defy simple quantification.
 Those that can best understood in a
natural setting
 Those that involve studying the roles
that individuals play and the behaviors
associated with those roles.
 Those that involve studying the
activities and behaviors of group as a
unit
 Those that involve studying formal
organizations in their totality.
 Historical
-The unique characteristic of this type of
research is that, it focuses exclusively on
the past.
Purposes of Historical Research
 To help people learn from the past
failures and successes.
 May lead to the confirmation or
rejection of relational hypotheses.
STEPS IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH
1. Defining the problem or hypothesis to
be investigate.
2. Searching for relevant source
material.
 3.Summarizing and evaluating the
sources the researcher is able to
locate.
4. Interpreting the evidence obtained.
5. Drawing conclusions about the
problem or hypothesis.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
 DOCUMENTS – written or printed
materials that have been produce or
written in the past.
 NUMERICAL RECORD – include any
type of numerical data In printed or
handwritten form.
 ORAL STATEMENTS- include any form
of statement spoken by someone.
 RELICS-any objects whose physical
and visual characteristics can provide
information about the past.
ADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
 It permits the investigation of topics
that could be studied in no other way
 The only research method that can
study evidence from the past.
DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
 Controlling for many of the threats to
internal validity is not possible in
historical research.
(internal validity- an alternative
explanation for research results, that
is, that an observed
relationship is an artifact of another
variable).
 Grounded Theory
-Uses primarily interviews and existing
documents to build a theory based on
data. Sample size are large in order to
establish a theory.
Ex. Study of the Multicultural Experiences of
School Psychologists
 Phenomenology
=Phenomenological Method
- “phenomenon” – the observer observes
the phenomena as these unfold to humans
as they emerge in his consciousness.
- this is analogous to the process of
understanding strange places which slowly
become familiar to them
- thematic presentation
Examples:
Experiences during the Earthquake
Experiences during War in Marawi City
 Case study
-Involves a deep understanding of a
certain through multiple types of data
sources. A case/ problem is usually studied
over time.
STEPS INVOLVED IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 All qualitative studies begin with a
foreshadowed problem a particular
phenomenon the researcher is interested
in investigating.
 Researchers who engage in a qualitative
study of some type usually select a
purposive sample.
 There is no treatment in qualitative study
nor is there any manipulation of variables.
 The collection of data in a qualitative study
is ongoing.
 Conclusions are drawn continuously
throughout the course of qualitative study.
GENERALIZATION OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 Generalizing is possible in qualitative
research, but it is of different type than
that found in quantitative studies.
 Most likely, it will be done by interested
practitioners.
ETHICS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 The identities of all participants in a
qualitative in a qualitative study should be
protected and they should be treated with
respect.