LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION

INVESTIGATION
RESEARCH
 Has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”
 Defined as the scientific investigation of
 It is a systematic examination of a certain event
phenomena which includes collection,
or phenomenon
presentation, analysis, interpretation of facts
that lines an individual’s speculation with reality
IMMERSION
 Solutions to problems must be based on
 Process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply
knowledge no on mere beliefs, guesses or
involves) himself in the data gathering activities
theories
and the data he has gathered is carefully read
 Systematic and well-planned procedure is
or examined
required to meet the need in order that
 Combing the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation”
information is acquired and evaluate its
and “immersion”, the concept of “research”
accuracy and effectiveness
comes in
 Process of inquiring
 Requires you to investigate about your chosen
INQUIRY
research topic by asking questions that will
 Term that is synonymous with the word
make you engage yourself in top-level thinking
“investigation”
strategies of interpreting, analyzing,
 You tend to ask question to probe or examine
synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, creating
something to request for truth, information,
to enable you to discover truths
knowledge
 Systematic and objective creation of knowledge
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
NATURE OF INQUIRY
1. To inform action.
 Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth,
2. To prove or generate a theory.
information or knowledge”
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.
 Problem-solving technique
4. To learn how to work independently.
 Look for information by asking various 5. To learn how to work scientifically or
questions about the thing you are curious about systematically.
 Information and data pursued through 6. To have an in-depth knowledge of something.
questioning begins with gathering by applying 7. To elevate your mental abilities.
the different human sense 8. To improve your reading a writing skills.
 Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from 9. To be familiar with the basic tools of research
birth till death and the various techniques of gathering data
 Inquiry is synonymous with the word and of presenting research findings.
investigation 10. To free yourself from the domination or strong
influence of a single textbook or the professor’s
HOW YOU DO INQUIRY lone viewpoint or spoon feeding.
 Investigating or asking questions about
something you are inquisitive about IMPORTANT OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
 Collect data, meaning, facts, information about 1. Research directs us to inquire about the right
the object of your inquiry and examine such information by conducting further investigation
data carefully of the actual condition. It leads us to be
 Execute varied thinking strategies that range cautious in giving results and findings by
from lower-order to higher-order thinking skills proving lied and supporting the truth.
(inferential, critical, integrative and creative 2. Research empowers us with knowledge and
thinking) discovers new things and issues in life. It helps
 us solve problems in health, crimes, business,
technology, and environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity
to share valuable information to others as a way
of recognizing various concerns for public
awareness.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
EMPIRICAL
 Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher
LOGICAL
 Research is based on valid procedures and
principles
CYCLICAL
 Research is a cyclical process because it starts
with a problem and ends with a problem
ANALYTICAL
 Research utilizes proven analytical procedures
in gathering the data whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental case study
CRITICAL
 Research exhibits careful and precise judgment
METHODICAL
 Research is conducted in a methodical manner
without bias using systemic method and
procedures
REPLICABILITY
 The research design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable the research to
arrive at valid and conclusive results
SEVEN STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Define and develop your topic (research
problem)
 Factors to consider in selecting a research
problem – researcher’s area of interest,
availability of funds, investigator’s ability
and training
2. Find background information about your chosen
topic (review of related literature)
3. Plan your research design including your sample
(methodology)
4. Gather necessary data using open ended
questions (for qualitative research) and close-
ended questionnaire or paper pencil test (for
quantitative research)
5. Process and analyze data using thematic
analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical
tools (quantitative research)
6. Formulate new insights gained (qualitative
research) conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations
7. Define a new problem
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
 Research ethics are guidelines for the
responsible conduct of research which educates
and monitors researchers to ensure high
standard
 It promotes the aim of research, such as
expanding knowledge and supports the values
required for collaborative work, such as mutual
respect and fairness
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING RESARCH
1. Objectivity and integrity/ reliability
2. Respect of the research subjects right to privacy
and dignity and protection of subjects from
personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse or research findings
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration
and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
WHAT ARE THE RESEARCH ETHICS
INFORMED CONSENT
 Secure in order protect the rights of the
participants in your study
 Inform your participants about the criteria set
for choosing them as informants and the
schedule of one-on-one interview
HONESTY
 It report data, results, methods, and
procedures, publication status
 Do not fabricate, falsify, misinterpret data
OBJECTIVITY
 Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis,
data interpretation, peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing, expert testimony
INTEGRITY
 Keep your promises and agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action
CAREFULNESS
 Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully
and critically examine your work and the work
of peers
 Keep good records or research activities
OPENNESS
 Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources
 Be open to criticism and new ideas
RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
 Honor parents, copyrights, trademarks, trade
secrets and other forms of intellectual property
 Do not use published or unpublished date,
methods, or results without permission
 Give credit where credit is due
 Never plagiarize, fabricate, falsify
CONFIDENTIALITY
 Protect confidential communications, such as
papers of grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade, military secrets
RESPONSIBLE MENTORING
 Help educate, mentor, advise others
 Promote their welfare and allow them to make
their own decisions
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION
 Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship
 Not to advance your own career
 Avoid wasteful and duplication publication
RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES
 Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them
fairly, do not outsmart them
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
 Strive to promote social acceptance and
prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and advocacy
NON-DISCRIMINATION
 Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity
COMPETENCE
 Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise
LEAGLITY
 Know and obey relevant laws and institutional
and government policies
ANIMAL CARE
 Show proper respect and care for animals when
using them in research
HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION
 Minimize harms and risks and maximize
benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
anonymity
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
HUMAN RIGHTS
 Moral principles or norms that describe certain
standards or human behavior and are regularly
protected as natural legal rights
 Constitute a set of rights and duties necessary
for the protection of human dignity, inherent to
all human beings
INTELLECTUAL PORPERTY
 Protects creations of the mind which have both
moral and commercial value
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
 Use or production of copyright-protected
material without permission of the copyright
holder
  Rights are accorded to the copyright holder
VOLUNTARY PATICIPATION
 People must not be coerced into participating in
research process
 This means that prospective research
participants must be informed
ANONIMITY
 Protection of people’s identity through not
disclosing their name or not exposing their
identity
 It is a situation in data fathering activities in
which informant’s name is not given
PRIVACY
 Someone’s right to keep his personal matters
and relationships secret
 Ability of an individual to seclude him from
disturbance
LESSON 2: CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS,
WEAKNESSSES, AND KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Measure used to describe, test relationship,
examine case and effect relationships
 Uses measurable data to formulate facts and
uncover patterns in research
 Starts from a hypothesis or already created
theory emphasizing the previously researched
phenomenon from different views
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Research approach used to describe life
experiences and give them meaning
 Seeks to answer questions about why and how
people behave in the way they do
 Sample size is typically small and respondents
are selected to fulfill a given quota
 Characteristics observes from the respondents
 Kind of inquiry is associated with the
assessment of the social dimension
 Provides outcomes that are meaningful and
particular
 Data collection is usually unstructured or semi-
structured
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Direct source of data is the natural setting and
the researcher is the key instrument in
qualitative research
 Data collected are in the form or words or
illustrations rather than numbers
 Qualitative research is concerned with process
as well as product
 Analysis of data is taken inductively
 Qualitative research deals with how people
make sense out of their lives
USES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Draw meaningful information about beliefs,
feelings, values, and motivations that support
behavior
 Learn directly from people and what is
important to them
 Provide the context required to elicit
quantitative results
 Identify variables important for further studies
 Determine one’s genre as a primary step to
develop a quantitative survey
 Assess the usability of websites, database, or
other interactive media/service
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD
 Describing how any one participant experiences
a specific event is the goal of the
phenomenological method of research
ETHNOGRAPHIC MODEL
 One of the most popular and widely recognized
methods of qualitative research
 Immerses subjects in a culture that is unfamiliar
to the m
GROUNDED HTOERY METHOD
 Method tries to explain why a course of action
evolved the way it did
CASE STUDY MODEL
 Case study model provides an in-depth look at
one test subject
HISTORICAL MODEL
 Describes past events in order to understand
present patters and anticipate future choices

NARRATIVE MODEL
 Occurs over extended periods of time and
compiles information as it happens

STRENGTH OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 Provides in-depth information on individual
cases
 Qualitative research tolerates shifts in focus
based on research results
 Enables data to be collected in natural setting
 Rich phenomena situated in some exceptional
environment
 Determines possible causes of a particular
event in another perspective
 Unravels complex phenomena embedded in
local context
 Allows flexibility in research-related process
 Conveys setting factors related to the situation
of interest
 Permits approaches that responsive to local
conditions and stakeholders’ needs
 Presents several options in the conduct of
research
 Accepts unstructured interpretation of the
participants, respecting anything that is in the
participants’ context

WEAKNESS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 Data gathering is often time-consuming
 Analysis of data takes longer time than that in
quantitative analysis
 Interpretation usually biased because it is
influences by the researcher’s perspective
 Conclusions are not generalizable because the
subjects are few and sometimes possess unique
characteristics compared to typical respondents