Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2D

NURSING RESEARCH-BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIMS 2022

MODULE 1  This involves the acquisition of knowledge and the

development and testing of theory.
Introduction to Research  The use of the scientific method is more efficient and reliable
Sources of Knowledge than any other source of knowledge.
 EPISTEMOLOGY : “ Theory of Knowledge”  Five Steps in the Scientific Method
 Five ways we can know something : o Recognition and definition of the problem
 Personal experience o Formulation of hypotheses
 Tradition o Collection of data
 Experts and authorities o Analysis of data
 Logic / Reasoning o Stating conclusions
 The scientific method
1. Personal Experience Inquiry vs Research
 Relying on one’s knowledge of prior experiences Nature of Inquiry
 Empiricism is the idea that all knowledge comes from  Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain
observation or sensory experience knowledge or information about people, things, places, or
o Also referred to as Positivism events.
 John Locke – tabula rasa (blank slate) being filled with  Synonymous with investigation
knowledge by experience/observation  A problem solving technique, makes you ask open-ended
 Limitations questions
o How one is affected by an event depends on who one  E.g. You want to know in which section does your crush
is belong.
o One frequently needs to know something that cannot  More complex act of investigation than inquiry
be learned through experience  Follows a scientific procedure in discovering truths or
POSITIVISM CONTRUCTIVISM meanings about things in this world.(Goodwin, 2014)
Gained through
Definition of Reality is socially
observable and What is RESEARCH ?
knowledge constructed
measurable facts  It is a systematic and intensive process of carrying on a
Subjective as scientific method of analysis, carried out for the discovery and
Objectivity and
Objective individuals create development of an organized body of knowledge .
Subjectivity
their perception.  The word was derived from the old French word cerchier,
Natural & Social Suitable for natural Suitable for social meaning to “seek or search”.
Science sciences sciences.  The prefix re means “again” and signifies replication of the
search.
2. Tradition  One seeks new knowledge or to directly utilize knowledge
 Doing things as they have always been done specific to life situations.
 Limitations
o Traditions are often based on an idealized past Nursing Research
o Traditions can be distant from current realities and the  Polit and Beck (2004) - systematic inquiry designed to
complexities associated with them develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing
profession, including nursing practice, education,
3. Experts and Authorities administration and informatics.
 Relying on the expertise or authority of others
 Limitations  Burns and Grove (2005) - defined nursing research as a
o Experts can be wrong “scientific process that validates and refines existing
o Experts can disagree among themselves, as in a knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and
“second opinion” indirectly influences clinical nursing practice.

4. Reasoning  Vreeland (1973), stated that “Nursing research is concerned

 Rationalism is the philosophical idea that reason is the with the systematic study and assessment of nursing problems
primary source of knowledge. or phenomena; finding ways to improve nursing practice and
patient care through creative studies; initiating and evaluating
5. Scientific Method
change; and taking action to make new knowledge useful in
 The goal of the scientific method is to explain, predict, and/or nursing.”
control phenomena.

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 Treece and Treece (1973), stated: “Nursing research includes o Extend scientific basis
the breadth and depth of the discipline of nursing and the o Develop methods to measure nursing phenomena
rehabilitative, therapeutic, and preventive aspects of nursing  Post Doctoral Degree
as well as the preparation of practitioners and personnel  Assumed a full researcher role and has a funded program of
involved in the total nursing sphere.” research
 Develop and coordinate funded research programs
Why get excited about research ?
 “The essence of all research originates in curiosity - a desire to Research and the Nursing Process
find out how and why things happen”.  The NURSING PROCESS is an orderly and systematic
 I wonder… manner of determining the client’s problems, making plans to
o How can…? solve them, initiating plans or assigning others to implement
o Why do…? them, and evaluating the effectiveness of those plans.
o What is the best way to…?
o What causes…? NURSING RESEARCH NURSING PROCESS
o What are the effects of…? 1.Problem Identification 1.Assessment Phase
 Conceptualized topic  Collect data from various
Nursing Research  Curiosity about the topic sources using appropriate
Clinical Research  Brainstorm with peers techniques.
 Research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing  Review related literature
practice and improve the health and quality of life of clients.  Develop conceptual
 A knowledge base is necessary for the recognition of nursing framework.
as a science by health professionals, consumers, and society.  State specific problem
(Burns & Grove, 2001; Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005. 2.Methodological Development 2.Diagnostic Phase
 Identify variables  Validate / organized data
Features of Research
 Formulate hypothesis  Analyze and interpret actual
 Reliability/Generalizations - findings can be applied to  Develop sampling size and potential health
situation or population larger than the one studied  Develops instrument problems.
 Order needed and validate.  Formulate nursing
 Control- minimize bias and maximize the precision and  Balance validity with diagnosis.
validity of data gathered. reliability.
 Empiricism-objective methods of seeking information 3.Data Management 3.Planning Phase
 Systematic- systematic fashion from identifying a problem to  Collect and organize data  Prioritize health problems
conclusions and recommendations  Analyze data  Identify components of care
 Interpret results of study / resources needed.
Purpose of Research  Set goals, formulate plan of
 RA 9173 Section 28 (e )states that: It shall be the duty of the care
nurse to: (e) Undertake nursing and health human resource  Select nursing actions
development training and research which shall include, but not  Select evaluation parameters
limited to the development of advance nursing practice.  Update/modify as needed.
 Limitations 4.Disseminate Findings 4.Implementation Phase
 Publish findings  Implement plan of care
Nurse’s Role in Research (ANA-1989)  Review findings  Collaborate w/ other
 BSN Degree  Critique findings members
 1. Critiquing & synthesizing research findings from nursing  Modify plan as needed.
profession and other discipline for use in practice.
 2. Provide valuable assistance in identifying research problems Research in the Philippines
and collecting data for studies.  In the Philippines, nursing research prior to and during the 60s
 Master’s Degree was mostly on nursing administration (51%), and nursing
 To lead health care teams education (31%), while patient care and related studies
o Making essential changes in nursing practice received minimal attention w/ only 13%, while patient care
o Health care system based on research and related studies received minimal attention, with only 13%
 Conduct investigations and 3% respectively.
 Initial studies in collaboration with other investigators  Teaching of research was integrated in the nursing curriculum
 Facilitate research and provide consultation in the mid-sixties.
 Doctoral Degree  An analysis of nursing done from 1935 to 1980 shows that of
 Assume a major role in the conduct of research. the 305 studies, 123 or 40% were nursing service
 Generation of nursing knowledge in a selected area of interest. administration, 112 or 37% were on nursing education, 47 or
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15.5 were on patient care, and 23 or 7.5% were related studies Components of EBP
(Williams, 1988)
 In the Philippines today, nursing educators agreed that skill in
research should be one of the core competencies of Bachelor
in Science in Nursing.

Future Directions for Research (Polit & Beck, 2014)

 Heightened focus on evidence-based practice.
 Development of stronger evidence-base through rigorous
methods and multiple confirmatory strategies.
 Greater emphasis on systematic integration of reviews.
 Expanded local research in healthcare settings.
 Strengthening of multidisciplinary collaboration among nurse
researchers.
 Expanded dissemination of research findings. Models for EBP
 Increasing the visibility of nursing researchers.  The Stetler Model of Research utilization to promote
 Increased focus on cultural issues and health disparities. evidence-based practice.
 Five Sequential Phases of Settler Model
Research Priorities (Sigma Theta Tau, 2005) o Phase I : Preparation
 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention o Phase II : Validation
o Phase III : comparative Evaluation and Decision
 Promotion of Health Vulnerable and Marginalized
Making
Communities.
o Phase IV : Translation/Application
 Patient Safety and Quality of Healthcare
o Phase V : Evaluation
 Promotion of Health and Well-being of Older people
 The Iowa Model of Evidence Based Practice to promote
 Patient - Centered Care and Care Coordination
quality of care.
 Palliative and End of Life Care
 Steps inn Individual EBP :
 Care Implications of genetic testing and therapeutics o Framing an answerable clinical questions
 Capacity development of nurse researchers o Searching for relevant research based evidence
 Working environment for nurses o Appraising and synthesizing the evidence
 Development of EBP and translational research o Integrating evidence w/ other factors
o Translational research : means translate into practice o Assessing effectiveness

Evidence - Based Practice Appraisal of Evidence

 The ultimate goal of nursing is to provide evidence-based  Validity of study findings
practice care that provides quality outcomes for patients and  Clinical importance of findings
their families, healthcare providers and the health care system  Precision of estimates effects
(Craig & Dmith, 2007; Pearson et. Al., 2007)  Associated cost and risk
 Utility in a particular clinical situation.
 the conscientious use of current best evidence practice of
making clinical decisions about patient care (Sacheet et. Al., Research Foundation
2000)
 Level 1
o Systemic review of RCTs (Randomized Clinical Trials)
 evolves from the integration of the best research evidence with o Systemic review of nonrandomized trials
clinical expertise and patient needs and values (Institute of
 Level 2
Medicine, 2001; Sachett, et. Al., 2000)
o A single RCT
o Single nonrandomized trials
Why EBP?
 Level 3
 Better outcomes
o Systematic review of correlational/observational
 Explosion of research / literature studies
o One study stated it could take as long as 17 years to
 Level 4
put research findings into practice
o Single correlational / observational study
 Practice becomes outdated to patients detriment
 Level 5
o Placing babies on their back instead of belly
o Systemic review of descriptive/qualitative/physiologic
o Beta blockers following MI
studies
 Level 6
o Single descriptive / qualitative/physiologic study
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 Level 7 o E.g. Age, height, weight, etc.

o Opinions of authorities, except committees.  QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
o A.k.a. = Categorical Variables
5 STEPS COMPRISING EBP o “Unmeasurable” variables
 Identify a problem from practice and turn it into a specific o E.g. Gender, eye color, political affiliation, etc.
question.
 Find the best available evidence that relates to the specific OTHER KINDS OF VARIABLES
question. EXPLANATORY VARIABLES
 Critically appraise the evidence for its validity, usefulness and  it indicates direction of influences to what the researcher
methodological rigor. would like to discover.
 Identify and use the current best evidence and together with  Types of Explanatory Variables
the patient or clients preferences and the practitioners o Independent Variables – considered to be the cause.
expertise and experience apply it to the situation. o Dependent Variables – considered to be the effect.
 Evaluate the effect on the patient or client, and reflect on the  These are two variables which are interrelated & mainly
nurse’s own preferences. observed in correlational, interventional, pre-experimental,
quasi-experimental, experimental research studies.
QUALITIES OF GOOD NURSE RESEARCHERS GUIDELINES FOR INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
 Honest and credible VARIABLES
 Accurate in his/ her data  The dependent variable is always the property you are trying
 Organized and systemic to explain; it is always the object of the research.
 Logical  The independent variable usually occurs earlier in time than
 Self – awareness the dependent variables.
 Imagination and curious  The independent variable is often seen as influencing, directly
 Persistent with barriers or indirectly, the dependent variable.
 Good relationship with other researcher and with his/ her  E.g. The Relationship of Time Spent In Social Media and
respondents. Students’ Academic Performance
 Update present ideas and events  Remember : IV affects DV
 Examples :
CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH o The impact of verbal abuse on teenager’s social
 Accuracy development.
 Objectiveness
o People who attend church regularly are more likely to
 Timeliness
oppose abortion than people who do not attend church
 Relevance
regularly.
 Clarity
 Systematic o Effects of quality of sleep to the quality of care
provided by ICU nurses.
MODULE 2
o The impact of sex education to the incidence of
Types of Variables and Researches teenage pregnancy.
What are Variables ?
 VARIABLES are qualities, properties, or characteristics of o A study of teacher-student classroom interaction at
people, things, events or situations under study that vary from different levels of schooling.
one person to another.
 -are factors that affect research outcome. “Variable” = “more o A comparative study of the professional attitudes of
than one value” secondary school teachers by gender.
o Age, gender, height, weight, ethnicity, etc.
o Anything that can vary can be considered a variable. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
o For instance, age can be considered a variable because  Error-producing variables (other than the IVs) that may
age can take different values for different people or impact the DV response.
for the same person at different times.  A.k.a.:
o Intervening variables
Two Basic Types of Variables o Modifying variables
 QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES o Confounding variables
o Characteristics, attributes, or traits that can be  an uncontrolled variable that greatly influences the result of
measured. the study.
o “Measurable” variables
 Example:
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o A study is conducted to assess the effect of two  Sometimes researchers even try to establish relations of the
different pin site care protocols on prevention of pin demographic variables with the research variables.
site infection among patients with external skeletal  These characteristics & attributes of the study subjects are
fixation’. considered as demographic variables.
o In this study, pin site care protocols are independent  Common demographic variables are age, gender, educational
variable, pin site infection is the dependent variable . status, religion, social class, marital status, habitat, occupation,
o However, the dependent variable, pin site infection income, & medical diagnosis etc.
may also be influenced by some of the other factors
such as low hemoglobin level or higher blood sugar Types of Example of Research Problem
level among these patients; Variables
the Study Statement
o these factors are considered as extraneous variables, A descriptive study on prevalence
which may have unwanted effect on dependent of anemia among adolescent girls Research variable:
Descriptive
variables or research variables in selected villages of district Prevalence of anemia
Gulbarga, Karnataka.
INDEPENDENT EXTRANEOUS DEPENDENT An exploratory study on
Research variable:
Playing Music in Sales Increase contributing factors of anemia
Exploratory Contributing factors
Genre preference among adolescent girls in selected
Grocery Store of anemia
villages of district Gulbarga,
Use of Isopropyl Decrease body Karnataka.
Person’s Age
Alcohol temperature Independent variable:
Use of Surgeon’s skills and Increase in Cancer A correlational study on smoking
Correlational Smoking
& lung cancer among slum
nanotechnology training Survival rate Dependent variable:
dwellers of city Mumbai.
Lung cancer
CONTINUOUS vs DISCRETE VARIABLES A comparative study on health
 Abstract or Continuous Variables – these are quantitative Comparative problems among rural & urban Research variable:
older people of district Mehsana, Health problems
measures and statistically tested, Precision-based
Gujrat.
measurements An experimental study on efficacy
o Ex. Girth, height, weight, BP 120/80. Independent variable:
of oral morphine in management of
 Discrete/Scale variables: variables that have a minimum- Oral morphine
Experimental chronic cancer pain among
Dependent variable:
sized unit of measurement, which cannot be sub-divided or advanced stage cancer patients
Chronic cancer pain
fractionated admitted in hospice at Mehsana.
o Ex: the number children per family and Number of Independent variable:
A quasi-experimental study of
students per class Quasi- Needle gauge
effect of needle gauge on pain
Experimental Dependent variable:
perception among patients
pain perception
Research Variables
 In descriptive, exploratory, comparative, & qualitative
Types of Researches
research studies, variable are observed or measured in natural
 Whether research is applied to THEORETICAL or
setting as they exist, without manipulating or imposing the
PRACTICAL issues
effect of intervention or treatment.
 TYPES:
 Here no independent variable is manipulated & no cause-
o Pure/ Basic Research
effect relationship is examined; these variable are considered
o Applied Research
as research variable.
 Therefore, research variables can be defined as qualities,
Pure or Basic Research
attributes, properties or characteristics which are observed or
 Deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things
measured in a natural setting without manipulating &
 Attempts to expand the limits of knowledge
establishing cause-&-effect relationship.
 Not directly involved in the solution to a pragmatic problem
 For example: An exploratory study on factors contributing to
sleep disturbance among patients admitted in selected
 To contribute to the general body of knowledge in a
intensive care unit of AIMS, New Delhi‟. In this research particular area of interest
study,  E.g.
 “factors contributing to sleep disturbance” is a research o Theory of Stages of Grieving
o Germ Theory of Disease
variable, which is observed in natural setting without
o Assimilation Theory of Customer Satisfaction
manipulating it.

Demographic Variables Applied Research

 Applied to societal problems/issues, and finding ways to make
 In most of the research studies, researchers make the attempt
positive changes in society
to study the sample characteristics & present them in
research findings.
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 focused on answering real-world, practical questions to Based on Type of Data Needed

provide relatively immediate solutions A. Quantitative Research
 E.g.  concerned with the objective meaning thus involves
o Schools promoting the use of social media as a measurement of data
medium for learning  Presents research results referring to number or frequency of
o Providing calorie counts in Restaurant Menu something in numerical forms
 Can be subjected to statistical analysis
Based on Purpose of Research  Examples:
1. Descriptive Research o Efficiency of a wind generator in converting energy to
 Aims at describing or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a electricity
person, thing, event, group, situation, etc. o Best marketing strategies that improve sales
 Liable to repeated research because topics relates only to a
certain period/limited years B. Qualitative Research
 Examples:  concerned with subjective meaning thus not measurable
o Consumers’ perception of the best phone to purchase  Uses words rather than numbers to express the results
o The Filipino street foods  Commonly about peoples’ thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views,
o Common test taking errors of high school students and lifestyle
 Example:
2. Correlational Research o Experience of owners of small scale businesses that
 Shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, eventually becomes a big time business.
circumstances, or agents
 Concerned on existence of relationship not the causes & ways
of development
 Examples:
o Relationship between nutritional labels & consumer
buying behavior
o Age &Pregnancy outcomes
o English Skills and Mathematical skills

3. Explanatory Research
 Elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind relationships
but also ways by which such relationship exists
 Examples :
o Reasons behind increasing incidence of teenage
pregnancy
QUANTITATIVE vs QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
o Factors influencing consumer SIM card preference
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
4. Exploratory Research Type of Question Probing Simple
 Determines the nature of the problem thus helps to have a Sample Size Small Large
better understanding of the problem Questioner’s skill High Low(ish)
 Does not intend to offer final and conclusive solutions to Data expression Verbal language Numeric
existing problems. Subjective , Objective ,
 Two forms: either a NEW TOPIC or a NEW ANGLE Type of analysis
Thematic codal Statistical
 Examples: Ability to replicate Low High
o Millennial marketing strategies  Attitudes  Choices
o Challenges of a nurse caring for a pediatric cancer Areas probed  Feelings  Frequency
patient  Motivations  Demographics

5. Action Research
 Studies on ongoing practice of a school, organization,
community, or institution to obtain results that will bring
improvements in the system
 Examples:
o A principal studying teacher burnout and
dissatisfaction in a local school context,
o A group of teachers studying classroom discipline
problems in their unique classrooms.
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