EVIDENCE-BASED PARCTICE AND address problems and

RESEARCH IN NURSING answer questions.

 Nursing Research
 Evidence-based Practice - Using research findings to
- a.k.a EVIDENCE-BASED guide decisions about client
NURSING care
- Integrate best current
evidence with clinical APPROACHES TO NURSING RESEARCH
expertise and patient/family
preferences and values for  Major approaches
delivery of optimal health  Quantitative research
care  Qualitative research

6 STEPS IN EBP QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Cultivate a spirit of inquiry - Entails the systematic

2. Ask clinical questions collection, statistical analysis
3. Search for the best evidence & interpretation of numerical
4. Critically appraise the evidence data
5. Integrate the evidence with clinical - Characterized by planned &
expertise and client/family fixed study processes,
preferences & values careful attention to
6. Implement & evaluate the outcomes extraneous variables or
of the intervention contaminating factors in the
study environment, & an
COMPONENTS OF EVIDENCE BASED objective & distanced
PRACTICE relationship between the
researcher & what is being
studied.

 Extraneous Variables
- Any variables that could
influence the results of the
study other than the specific
variables being studied for
their influence
 Logical Positivism
- A philosophical perspective
in quantitative research
which maintains that “truth” is
absolute & can be
discovered by careful
 Research measurement.
- Entails using formal and
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
systematic processes to
 - The systematic collection &
thematic analysis of narrative
data
- Research collects & analyses
words, rather than numbers.
 Naturalism
- A philosophical perspective
in qualitative research which
maintains that reality is
relative or contextual and
constructed by individuals
who are experiencing a
phenomenon.
- Referred to as
CONSTRUCTIVISM
3 DISTINCT QUALITATIVE TRADITION
NURSES USE
 Phenomenology
- Focuses on lived
experiences
 Ethnography
- Focuses on cultural patterns
of thoughts and behavior
 Grounded theory
- Focuses in social processes
RESEARCH PROCESS
- A process in which decisions
are made that result in a
detailed plan or proposal for
a study, as well as the actual
implementation of the plan
STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Formulating the research problem &
purpose
2. Determining study methods
3. Collecting research data
4. Analyzing research data
5. Communicating research findings
6. Using research findings in practice
FORMULATING THE RESEARCH
PROBLEM AND PURPOSE
 PICO format of stating problem
 P – patient, population, or
problem of interest
 I – intervention or therapy to
consider for the subject of
interest
 C – comparison of
interventions, such as no
treatment
 O – Outcome of the
intervention
 D – study design (PICOD)
 S – Setting (PICOS)
 C – context (PICOC)
 T – timeframe (PICOT)
 Dependent variable
- A behaviour, characteristic or
outcome that the researcher
wishes to explain or predict
 Independent variable
- The presumed cause of or
influence on the dependent
variable
 Hypothesis
- A predictive statement about
the relationship between two
or more variables
DETERMING STUDY METHODS
 Methodology
- How the study is organized,
who or what will be the
sources of information for the
study, & data collection
details such as what data will
be collected, how data will be
collected & the timing of data
collection
 Research Design
 - Refers to the overall
structure or blueprint or
general layout of the study
 Sample
- Sources of information for a
study
- It may be humans, events,
behaviours, documents, or
biologic specimens
 Target Population
- The universe of elements to
which the researcher wishes
to be able to apply the
study’s findings.
 Pilot Study
- ONE quality control strategy
in research
- Is a “dress rehearsal” before
the actual study begins
- Helpful for detecting
problems such as
instructions or questionnaire
items
 Collecting Research Data
- ALL of the methodological
decisions that have been
made are implemented
 Protocols/instructions
- Strategies that can be used
to ensure the consistency &
integrity of data collection
procedures
 Reliability
- Refers to the consistency of
measures
 Validity
- Refers to the completeness
& conceptual accuracy of
measures
 Analyzing Research Data
- The collected data are
organized & analysed to
answer the research
question or test the study’s
hypothesis
 Descriptive Statistics
- Procedures that organize &
summarize large volumes of
data including measures of
central tendency and
measures of variability
 Measure of Central Tendency
- Provide a single numerical
value that denotes the
average value of a variable
 Measure of Variability
- Describe how values for a
variable are dispersed or
spread out
 Inferential Statistics
- Allows researchers to test
hypotheses about
relationships between
variables or differences
between groups
- Useful when a researcher
wants to establish the
effectiveness of an
intervention
 Statistically Significant
- Means that they are not likely
to have occurred by chance
 Content Analysis
- The content of narrative
materials is being analysed.
- Used in qualitative study
 Communicating Research
Findings
- Must be made public if they
are to become accessible
and used to guide practice
decisions
- Can be communicated thru
publication in journals, or at
conferences.
USING RESEARH FINDINGS IN study’s findings and
PRACTICE not implementing a
change
 3 Types of Evaluation of Research
Findings RESEARCH-RELATED ROLES AND
1. Scientific Evaluation RESPONSIBILITIES FOR NURSES
 Is a thorough critique
of a study for its RESEARCH CONSUMER
conceptual and  2 skills are fundamental to this role:
methodological
 Locating relevant literature
integrity
 Critiquing research reports
2. Comparative Analysis
 Involves assessing RESEARCH TEAM MEMBERS
study findings for their
implementation  Protecting the rights of study
potential participants
 3 factors considered:  Right not to be harmed
o How the  Right to full disclosure
study’s  Right to self-determination
findings  Right to privacy
compare to  Confidentiality
findings from - Means that any information a
other studies participant relates will not be
about the made public or available to
problem others without the
o How the participants’ consent.
study’s
findings will
transfer from
the research
conditions to
the clinical
practice
conditions
o Practical or
feasibility
considerations
3. Cost-benefit Analysis
 Involves
consideration of the
potential risks &
benefits of both
implementing a
change based on a