Anatomy and Physiology - Respiratory tract (sweep dust

and other debris from the

TISSUES
lungs)
- Group of cells that are similar - Kidney (absorbs and filter)
in structure and function
HALLMARKS
- French word “to weave”
1.) Epithelial cells fit closely
Filtration – used to separate solids
together to form continuous
from liquids using a filter medium
sheets
Diffusion – process by which 2.) Apical surface – exposed to
molecules move away from areas the body’s exterior or to the
where they are more concentrated to cavity of an internal organ
areas where they are less concentrated 3.) Basement membrane – “glue”
holding the epithelium together
Osmosis – diffusion of water through 4.) Epithelial tissues have no blood
a selectively permeable membrane supply because it has no blood
4 PRIMARY TISSUE TYPES vessels and depend on diffusion
5.) Regenerate by itself
1.) Epithelia (covering)
2.) Connective (support) CLASSIFICATION
3.) Muscular (movement) 1.) Arrangement (simple and
4.) Nervous (control) stratified)
EPITHELIAL TISSUE 2.) Shape (Squamous, cuboidal,
and columnar)
- Lining, covering, and glandular
tissue of the body Simple epithelia
- Forms the boundaries - Absorption, secretion, and
- Protection, absorption, filtration
secretion, filtration - Very thin
- Digestive system organs
(absorb substances) Stratified epithelia
- Skin (protect from bacteria, and
- Consists of two or more cell
chemical damage and filters
layers
bacteria)
- Protection
 Stratified Lines the Protect
Squamou esophagus, against
Cells Location Function s mouth, and abrasion
Simple Air sacs of the Allows vagina
squamous lungs and the material to
lining of the pass Stratified Sweat glands, Secretes
heart, blood through by cuboidal salivary and protect
vessels, and diffusion glands, and
lymphatic and the mammary
vessels filtration, glands
and
secretes Stratified Male urethra Secretes
lubricating columnar and the ducts and
substance of the glands protects

Simple In ducts and Secretes Transition Lines the Allow the

cuboidal secretory and al bladder, urinary
glands absorbs urethra, and organs to
portions of the ureters expand and
small glands stretch
and in kidney
tubules
Simple Ciliated Absorbs; GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
columnar tissues are also - Gland = make and secrete a
bronchi, secretes
particular product
uterine tubes mucus and
and uterus: enzymes - Secretion = contains protein
smooth are in molecules in an aqueous form;
the digestive active process in which the
tract and glandular cells obtained needed
bladder materials from the blood and
Pseudostr Ciliated tissue Secretes make their product, which they
atified lines the mucus; then discharge
columnar trachea and ciliated - Endocrine glands = lose their
epitheliu much of the tissue ducts; their secretions diffuse
m upper moves directly to the blood vessels
respiratory mucus - Exocrine glands = retain their
tract
ducts; their secretions exit
 through the ducts to the
epithelial surface
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Connects body parts
- Most abundant and widely
distributed
- Protection, support, and
binding together
HALLMARKS
1.) Variation in blood supply
– most connective tissues
are vascularised; avascular
tissues heal slowly when
injured
2.) Extracellular matrix –
non-living substance outside
the cell
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
 Ground substance
- Composed largely of water
- Cell adhesion protein serves as
a glue that allows connective
tissue to attach themselves to
the matrix
 Collagen (white) fibers – high
tensile strength
 Elastic (yellow) fibers – ability
to stretch an recoil
 Reticular fibers – internal
“skeleton” of soft organs
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
1.) Bone
- Osseous tissue
- Composed of osteocytes sitting
in cavities called lacunae
- The matrix contains calcium
salts and large number of
collagen fibers
- Protect and support
- Osteon: osteocytes, matrix, and
blood are found in long bones
2.) Cartilage
- Less hard and more flexible
- Composed of chondrocytes
 Hyaline cartilage
- Abundant in collagen fibers
- Hidden in a rubbery matrix
with a glassy, blue-white
appearance
- Forms the trachea, attaches the
ribs to the breastbone, and
cover bone end of joints, fetal
skeleton prior to birth,
epiphyseal plates in long bones
- Perichondrium = makes the
hyaline cartilage weak
 Elastic cartilage
- Structures with elasticity
- The external ear
 Fibrocartilage
- The strongest cartilage
- Highly compressible
- Cushion-like disks between the
vertebrae of the spinal column
- Have the layers of hyaline and
dense collagen fibers
- No perichondrium
3.) Dense Connective Tissue
- Irregular, Regular, and Elastic
- Dense fibrous tissue
- Collagen fibers are the main
matrix
- Rich in fibroblasts
- Makes the lower layer of the
skin
 Tendons – skeletal muscles to
the bones
 Ligaments – bones to joints;
more stretchy and contain more
elastic fibers
4.) Loose Connective Tissue
- Softer and have more cells than
collagen fibers
- Skin, blood vessels, nerves,
organs
 Areolar connective tissue
- Fibroblasts
- Soft, pliable, “cobwebby”
tissue that cushions and
protects the body organs it
wraps
- Universal packing tissue and
glue that hold the internal
organs together
- Provides strength, elasticity,
support, and immune system
 Adipose connective tissue
- Adipocytes
- Commonly called as fats
- Forms the subcutaneous tissue
beneath the skin
- Insulates the body and protect
from bumps and heat and cold
- Serves as a site of fuel storage
- Kidneys, eyeballs in their
sockets, hips, breast, and belly
- Endocrine system – secretes
leptin hormones.
 Reticular connective tissue
- Consists of delicate network of
interwoven reticular fibers
- Forms the stroma or internal
framework of an organ
- Spleen, bone marrow, lymph
nodes, and kidneys
5.) Blood
- Vascular tissue
- Surrounded by a non-living, - Intercalated discs = specialized
fluid matrix called blood intercellular attachment of the
plasma cardiac muscles; has
- Total blood volume is 52 – desmosomes and fascia;
62% contains gap junctions
- “fibers” of blood are soluble - Pumps blood to propel blood
proteins that is visible during through the blood vessels
blood clotting
- The transport vehicle (nutrients,  Smooth muscle
wastes, respiratory gases, and - Involuntary
white blood cells) - Single nucleus
- Not striated
MUSCULAR TISSUES - Spindle-shaped cells
- Highly specialized to contract - Found in the walls of hollow
or shorten organs
- Force required to produce - Contracts more slowly and tend
movement to last longer
- Peristalsis = wavelike motion
 Skeletal muscle that keeps food moving through
- Voluntary the small intestines
- Single nucleus - Neurotransmitter:
- Striated norepinephrine and
- Attached to the skeleton acetylcholine
- Long, cylindrical - Hormones: estrogen and
- Muscular system oxytoxin
- Tissue hormones:
 Cardiac muscle prostaglandine and histamine
- Involuntary
NERVOUS TISSUE
- Single nucleus
- Striated - Irritability (respond to
- Found in the heart wall stimulus) and conductivity
- Myocardium – muscular tissue  Neurons – receive and conduct
of the heart electrochemical impulses from
- Cardiomyocytes and cardiac one part of the body to another
pace maker cells
  Neuroglia – special group of (1) Skeletal muscle
supporting cells that insulate,
TISSUES REPLACED BY SCAR
support, and protect delicate
TISSUES
neurons
(1) Cardiac muscle
TISSUE REPAIR
(2) Nervous tissue within the brain
 Inflammation – general body and spinal cord
response that attempts to
prevent further injury
 Immune response – specific
and mounts of vigorous attack
against recognized invaders
 Regeneration – replacement of
destroyed tissue
 Fibrosis – formation of scar
tissue; occurs depend on (1)
type of tissue damage (2)
severity of injury

SERIES OF EVENTS

(1) Inflammation sets the stage

(2) Granulation forms tissue
(3) Regeneration and fibrosis effect
permanent repair

TISSUES THAT REGENRATE

EASILY

(1) Epithelial tissues

(2) Fibrous connective tissues and
bones

TISSUES THAT REGENRATE

SLOWLY