The development of the society from its simple to 8. 8.

Reflection on, and assessment of the learning

complex state will reveal the many and varied problems process.
faced by human kind.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Thus, solutions to problems must be based on
knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or theories. To
acquire knowledge and to continuously evaluate its
accuracy and usefulness requires a well planned and
systematic procedure on which research has been
devised to meet this need.

Research is a systematic investigation for information. It

is a process of inquiring. This lesson presents a
discussion of what the process of inquiry entails and
how it has become a method of learning which leads
individuals to get into research to find out solutions to Research is the systematic investigation and study of
existing or potential problems. Topics distinguishing the materials and sources to establish facts and reach new
types of researches alongside with the discussion of the conclusions.
research process are included. The ethics of research is
clearly spelled out as a guide towards applying the
ethical standards expected of researchers.

NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH: “ IMPORTANCE OF

RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE”

INQUIRY – to look for information by asking various

questions about the thing you are curious about.

-Is defined as “a seeking

for truth, information or knowledge”.

- It begins with gathering information and data through

applying various human senses.

How you do inquiry

1. Investigating or asking questions about something

you are inquisitive about

2. Collect data, meaning, facts, and information about

the object of your inquiry and examine such data
Research holds the following significant data:
carefully.
1. To gather information
Elements of Inquiry-based process
2. To make changes
1. Selection of appropriate questions
3. To improve the standard of living
2. Formulation of appropriate questions
4. For a safer life
3. Identification of key issues
5. To know the truth
4. Search for valid and relevant evidence
6. To explore our history
5. 5. Interpretation and assessment of evidence
7. To understand arts
6. 6. Application of evidence to identified issues

7. 7.Presentation of coherent, conclusion, final or

tentative

Differentiate Inquiry from Research
Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word
‘investigation’. When you inquire or investigate, you
tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to
request for truth, information, or knowledge.
Research is systematic and objective creation of
knowledge systematic (with a system or method, the
scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles
presented), knowledge creation (a creative process)
Why do research?
❖ The writing process will make you confident in
your ability to find information and present it
effectively in varied ways. It may be on:
- A theme in freshman English on the value of good
speaking
- A Paper in a history on the Presidents of the
Philippines
- A report in a physics’ class on the moon’s
effects on ocean tides
- An archeological field on the burial practices of
the early Filipinos
- A brief biographical sketch of a famous person
like the current Nobel Prize in Literature
holder 2016, Bob Dylan.
Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical
Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
It is based on practical experience without due regard
to scientific knowledge or theory.
2. Logical
Research is based on valid procedures and
principles.
Scientific study is done in an orderly manner.
It is also a systematic examination of procedures to
draw valid conclusions.
3. Cyclical
Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
Our researcher completes his study, stated his
findings. Draws conclusion and recommendation. In
his recommendations, several studies may be
conducted. Hence research is cyclically.
4. Analytical
Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data. Whether historical, descriptive and
experimental and case study the data gathered.
Focus on the following: Historical, past, descriptive,
present, experimental feature case study, past,
present, and future.
5. Critical
Research exhibits careful and precise judgment which
shows precise interpretation based on the results.
 6. Methodical
Research is conducted in methodical manner without
bias using systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability
The research design and procedures are replicated or
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.
More replications mean more valid results.
Replicability of the study means using the same
instrument, methods, procedure but the different
subjects and venue or locale.
Researcher must have specific intrinsic and acquired
qualities to be able to carry out research activities.
Lack of restraint it's hinders the pursuit of research or
makes conduction of research slow and difficult.
A good researcher possesses the following
characteristics:
● Intellectual curiosity
● Prudence
● healthy criticism
● Intellectual honesty
● Intellectual creativity.
1. Intellectual curiosity.
● A good researcher undertakes and inquires of the things
and situations around him.
● Deep thinking is skin to get information, raises questions
and continues to read related literature and studies.
2. Prudence.
● Researchers careful to conduct his study at the right time
and at the right place wisely, efficiently and
economically.
● Again, it does the right thing at the right time, at the right
place. I'll take with the system.
● A good researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results.
3. Intellectual honesty.
● A good researcher is honest collector.
● Gather the data and facts in order to arrive at honest
results he adheres to, “Honesty is the best policy”.
● Use that success or failures lies and the researcher.
4. Intellectual creativity.
● A good researcher is productive and resourceful.
● He always creates new researches.
● He enjoys inventing unique novel and original
researches and considers research as having.
Step 1: Define and develop your topic or research
problem. Research problem
● Factual ignorance may be the research problem.
● It would simply intend to enrich our knowledge of
social processes or institutions, however the research
problems. Come up with the ongoing phenomenon or
issues.
● One research project may significantly lead to another
research work because it explores issues that the
researcher did not think previously.
Here are the factors to consider in selecting a
research problem:
1. The researchers` area of interest.
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigators, ability and training.
Step 2: Find background information about their
chosen topic. Review of related literature.
Once the research problem is defined, the next step is to
review the existing research evidence to clarify that, to
study the available research resources sedated to the
problem.
For example, it may be the previous research that has
already made clear statement of the problem.
The researcher takes into account how useful the previous
research that exists. The previous researchers investigate
the same problem. How do they resolve it? What aspects
of the problem has remained unsolved?
Keep in mind that how rich are your literature is, the better
your research will be.
Step 3: Plan your research design, including your
sample or the research methodology.
The researcher then must find out a research design.
● Research design decides how the research materials
will be collected. One or more research methods, for
example experiment, survey, interview, etcetera, are
chosen depending on the research objectives in some
research context.
● A survey may be suitable in other facts. Interviews or
case studies or observation might be more
appropriate.
● Research design actually provides insights into how
to conduct research using a particular research
methodology.
● Basically, every researcher has a list of research
questions that need to be assessed that can be done
with research design.
Step 4: Data gathering activities.
● We got our necessary data using open-ended
questions for qualitative research and close ended
questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire for
quantitative research or the data gathering activities
while the research design is decided.
● Then the researcher collects data records
information. That is, researcher presents with the
research.
● Practical difficulties may arise in this stage.
● For example, the research proposal may not suit
properly. The interviewer might be unwilling to let
carry out the research as plan.
● Moreover, a false interpretation could potentially bias
the result of the study.
● So, when you collect data, you need to know the
effective techniques of data collection in order to
gather necessary and relevant information with
regard to research.
Step 5: Process and analyze data using thematic
analysis for qualitative research and statistical
tools for quantitative research.
● The workout the implications of the data you
gathered. Your challenges are not over yet. Rather,
problems might just begin.
● It is hardly easy to clear out the implications of the
gathered materials.
● While it is possible to clarify the research questions,
some investigations are less conclusive.
● So, interpret your research results in order to report
the findings.
● No matter what kind of research you are doing, there
comes a moment when your head is full of ideas
that originated from your analysis.
● Ideally, you'll write them down as they come to you.
● Now you need to convert the mass of those elements
and ideas into written text that makes sense to the
reader and can do justice to your quest.
Step 6: Conclusions and recommendation
● Formulate new insight skate for qualitative research,
conclusions for quantitative research and
recommendations.
● The next step of the research process outline is to report
the research findings describe the significance of the
research study workout.
● How do they relate to the previous research findings?
● Usually the research report publishes a journal article or
book. This is the last stage in terms of the. Individual
research project.
● Mostly, a research report discusses questions that
remained unanswered and suggest further research in
the future in general.
● This also signifies how do you write your research paper.
You must write your research findings in a proper way.
Step 7: Define your problem based on your
recommendations.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
● Research ethics are guidelines for their responsible
conduct of research, which educates and monitors
researchers to ensure high standard.
● It promotes the aim of research such as expanding
knowledge, and supports the values required for
collaborative work such as mutual respect and fairness.
● Research ethics are the set of ethical guidelines that
guides us on how scientific research should be
conducted and disseminated. Research ethics govern
the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. It is
the guideline for responsively conducting the research.
Here are the ethical considerations and conducting
research:
1 Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects, right to
privacy and dignity, and protection of subjects
from personal harm.
3 Presentation of research findings for misuse of
research role.
Acknowledgement of research, collaboration and
assistance
Distortions of findings by sponsor.
THE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH
Informed consent
 ● it is required to secure in order to protect the
rights of the participants in your study.
● Inform your participants about the criteria set
for choosing them as informants in the
schedule of one-on-one interview at a
convenient time.
● There are available participation to the study
will be completely voluntary.
Honesty
● It reports data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status Do not
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data
Objectivity
● Avoid bias in experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personal decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.
Integrity
● Keep your promises and agreements. Act with
the sincerity.
● Strive for consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness.
● Avoid grammar errors and negligence.
● Carefully and critically examine your work and
the work of beers.
● Keep good records of research activities
Openness
● Shared data resorts ideas, tools and
resources and be open to criticism and new
ideas.
Respect for intellectual property
● On our Patterns, copyrights, trademarks,
trade secrets, and other forms of intellectual
property, Do not use population and publish
data, methods, or results without permission
and give credit where credit is due.
● Never plagiarize, fabricate, and falsify.
Confidentiality
● To protect confidential communication, such
as papers or grants submitted for publication.
● Personal records, trade or military secrets and
patient records.
Responsible mentoring
● Help to educate, mentor and advise others.
● To promote their welfare and allow them to
make their own decisions.
Responsible publication
● Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship.
● Not to advance her own career and avoid
wasteful and duplicative. Publication.
Respect for colleagues.
● Respect to your colleagues opinion.
● Treat them fairly and do not outsmart others.
● Social responsibility Strive to promote social
acceptance and prevent or mitigate social
harms.
● Through research, public education, and
advocacy.
No discrimination.
● Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity or
other factors that are not related to their
scientific competence and integrity.
Competence.
● Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning.
● Take steps to promote competence in science
as a whole.
Legality.
● Know and obey relevant laws and institutional
and government policies.
Animal Care
● Show proper respect and care for animals
when using them in research.
● Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments. Human
subjects protection.
● When conducting a research on human
subjects, minimize harms and risk and
maximize benefits.
● Respect human dignity, privacy, and
anonymity.