Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Schools Division Office I Pangasinan
Pangasinan National High School
Lingayen, Pangasinan

MINI LECTURE AND ACTIVITY

SHEETS IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH I
QUARTER 3, WEEK 1

MELCS :
1. CS_RS11-IIIa-1: shares research experiences and knowledge
2. CS_RS11-IIIa-2: explains the importance of research in daily life
3. CS_RS11-IIIa-3:describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
4. CS_RS11-IIIa-4: differentiates quantitative from qualitative research

Objectives:
● Define research
● Recall research experiences and knowledge
● Discuss the importance of research in daily life
● Determine the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
● Differentiate quantitative from qualitative research

Prepared by:

MELODY GEMINIANO-BELISARIO
Master Teacher II
 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

Our society is dealing with different problems and challenges every day. These need to be
solved. These solutions must be based on facts, valid investigations and experiences, not just mere
opinion and beliefs. To possibly solve these problems, a systematic and well-planned focused is needed
Research. is a process of inquiring the solution of the problem, collecting data and logically
evaluating information. To develop good research, one must investigate reliable information and valid
sources. Research is synonymous with inquiry. Both are used to seek information about something.
On the other hand, inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”. Through
research, people could discover truths by investigating their chosen topics while they ask various
questions about things they are curious about through inquiry.
In this lesson, you will embark on the journey of seeking information and solution onwards a
problem. You will look into an in-depth evaluation of everything that is needed on research.

What is Research?

Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information or data

in order to increase understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned. It
also pertains to any systematic investigation of any social or natural phenomena where results and
conclusions are aimed at contributing to generalizable knowledge. As a systematic investigation or
inquiry, research requires that data are collected, analyzed and interpreted in order to understand,
describe, predict or control a phenomenon or set of phenomena or to empower individuals in particular
contexts. It is an act of studying something carefully and extensively in order to attain deep knowledge.
John W. Creswell also defines research as a process of steps used to collect and analyze
information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It consists of three steps: pose a question,
collect data to answer the question and present an answer to the question.” (Creswell, 2008)
It also includes an examination of a subject from different points of view. It is not just a trip to
the library to pick up a stack of materials or picking the first five hits from a computer search. It is
hunting for truth. It is the way to educate yourself since you need to know a subject by reading up on
it, reflecting, playing with the ideas, choosing the areas that interest you and following up on them.

THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE

Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and
reach new inferences. Research has come up with developing appropriate solutions to improve the
individual’s quality of life. Although it may take place in different settings and may use different
methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective search for reliable knowledge
(Walker, 2010).
In most cases, research helps the society to answer the WHAT and HOW questions. It must
be a proper investigation and should reach to a valid conclusion that would facilitate the finding of
answers to the questions. Some of these questions are: How can research affect society? What is the
impact of the research to daily life?
Research can be categorized into two:
a. Basic Research This is the type of research that is purely direct application, but
increasing the nature of understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific
theories to be more understandable to the readers.
b. Applied Research It is a type of research that needs answers to a specific question. It
provides solution and validation in order to apply to the real setting.
 We always encounter challenging situations and surprising discoveries and observations in our
daily lives. When we face problems, we ask questions and turn to finding out solutions and possible
answers to them. With this context, we embark on the process called research to expand our knowledge
and discoveries. Research can be found in different fields and areas of interest and concern. It is
undertaken because of its importance it has and does for individuals and the society. Lifestyle Lounge
lists down seven importance of research. Reasons for its significance are given as follows:

a. To gather necessary information

b. To make changes
c. To improve the standard of living
d. For a safer life
e. To know the truth
f. To explore our history
g. To understand arts

THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH

Research in any field of inquiry is undertaken to provide information to support decision-

making in its respective area. Research has its desirable characteristics, processes and ethical
considerations.
The following are the characteristics of research as stated by Calmorin and Calmorin (2012) :

1.Empirical

7.Replicability 2. Logocal

RESEARCH

3.Cyclical
6.Methodical

4.Analytical
5.Critical

1. Empirical - It is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher

2. Logical - It is based on valid procedures and principles
3. Cyclical - It is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem
4. Analytical - It utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study/ so there’s no error in the researcher’s
interpretation
5. Critical - It exhibits careful and precise judgment
6. Methodical - It is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures
7. Replicability - The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
 researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

RESEARCH PROCESS
You have learned that research is a process. It proceeds from one step to the next in a
progression until its completion. It is said that research can be done in different ways. It can be either
a well planned and methodical process which is based on keen observation, and concrete and valid
evaluation. Integration is the best way to evaluate the validity of a certain study.
Prieto, et.al. (2017) added that the following are involved in the Research Processes:
Analyze data
Collect Data

Define Review the Formulate Design

Research Literature Hypothesis Research
Problem

Interpret and Analyze Data Collect Data

Report

The Research Process

1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem?

2. REVIEW THE RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented?
3. FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the answer to questions
being studied?
4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population?
5. COLLECT DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data?
6. ANALYZE DATA: How do the data answer the research queries?
7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results?

ETHICS IN RESEARCH

With the definition of research as a scientific investigation of phenomena which includes

collection, presentation and analysis and interpretation of facts, strict adherence to ethical standards in
planning and conducting in both quantitative and qualitative research is most important.
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or
improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster’s 1968), to be ethical is to
conform to accepted professional practice.
According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in conducting research studies as
explained in the following:
First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that
are essential to collaborate work. Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every
act that the researcher/s undertake. Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.
Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be evaluated by the researcher
before conducting the study because this may help a certain population in an area once the study is
completed.
 The following is a general summary of some ethical principles for research by Shamoo &
Resnik , 2015) Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow theses
codes and policies for research:

Honesty this must be maintained in all communication.

Data should not be fabricated.

Objectivity biases should be avoided in experimental

design, data analysis. Interpretation, expert
testimony and other aspects of research.

Integrity to keep your promises and agreements

Carefulness careless errors and negligence should be

avoided.

Openness To share data, results, ideas and tools. Open to

criticism and new ideas.

Respect of Intellectual Property to give proper acknowledgement or credit for all

researchers

Confidentiality to protect confidential communication

Responsible Publication duplicate publication should be avoided

Responsible Mentoring to help to educate, mentor, and advise students

Respect Colleagues all peers should be treated fairly

Social Responsibility to strive to promote social good and social harm

should be avoided

Non-Discrimination to avoid discrimination against colleagues or

students on the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, etc.

Competence to maintain and improve professional

competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning.

Legality to know and obey relevant laws and institutional

governmental policies

Animal Care to show proper respect and care for animals

when using them in research.

Human Subject Protection to minimize harms and risks and maximize

benefits, respect human dignity, privacy and
autonomy

Unethical Practices in Conducting Research

❑ Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study
❑ Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her extreme embarrassment; guilt
emotional turmoil by remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience
❑ Invading the privacy of a respondent
❑ Studying the respondents’ or research subjects without their knowledge
 ❑ When analyzing the data – revealing only part of the facts, presenting facts out of context,
falsifying findings or offering misleading presentations such as lying with statistics.

QUANTITATIVE VERSUS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Research can be divided into broad categories of qualitative and quantitative.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH as defined by Aliaga and Gunderson, 2005;

SkillsYouNeed.com, 2017) is explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed
using mathematically based methods (statistics in particular). It is also a type of educational research
in which the researcher decides what to study; asks specific, narrow questions; collects quantifiable
data from participants; analyzes these numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an
unbiased, objective manner. It refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via
statistical, mathematical or numerical data or computational techniques. Mostly, it is concerned with
numbers and measurement.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH on the other hand seeks to answer questions about why and
how people behave in the way they do. It provides in-depth information about human behavior. It is
primarily exploratory. It is a type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views
of participants; asks broad, general questions; collects data consisting largely of words (text) from
participants; describes and analyzes these words for themes; and conducts the inquiry in a subjective,
biased manner. It is used to gain understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and motivations. It
also refers to a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines making use of
themes to describe certain phenomenon, process story, case, culture among others. It is concerned
with experiences, understanding and words of the individual.

Here’s more on the differences of qualitative from quantitative research:

Qualitative Quantitative

Purpose to explain and gain insight and
understanding of phenomena
through intensive collection of
narrative data Generate
hypotheses to be tested ,
inductive.
to explain, predict, and/or control
phenomena through focused
collection of numerical data. Test
hypotheses, deductive.

Approach to Inquiry subjective, holistic, process- objective, focused, outcome-

oriented oriented

Hypotheses Tentative, evolving, based on Specific, testable, stated prior to

particular study particular study

Research Setting Controlled setting not as Controlled to the degree possible

important

Sampling Purposive: Intent to select “small, Random: Intent to select “large, ”

” not necessarily representative, representative sample in order to
sample in order to get in-depth generalize results to a population
understanding

Measurement Non-standardized, narrative Standardized, numerical

(written word), ongoing (measurements, numbers), at the
 end

Design and Method Flexible, specified only in general
terms in advance of study. Non-
intervention, minimal
disturbance. All Descriptive—
History, Biography, Ethnography,
Phenomenology, Grounded
Theory, Case Study, (hybrids of
these). Consider many variable,
small group
Structured, inflexible, specified in
detail in advance of study.
Intervention, manipulation, and
control Descriptive Correlation
Causal-Comparative
Experimental Consider few
variables, large group

Data Collection Document and artifact (something Observations (non-participant).

Strategies observed) that is collection Interviews and Focus Groups
(participant, non-participant). (semi-structured, formal).
Interviews/Focus Groups (un- Administration of tests and
/structured, in-/formal). questionnaires (close ended).
Administration of questionnaires
(open ended). Taking of extensive,
detailed field notes.

References

Books
Baraceros, Esther L. 2016. Practical Research I. First ed. Quezon City, Manila: REX Bookstore.
Garcia, Miriam D., Violeta L. Jerusalem, Jonas M. Palencia, and Marjueve M. Panelcia. 2017.
Practical Research 1 Basics of Qualitative Research. Sampaloc, Metro Manila: Fastbooks
Educational Supply, Inc.
Prieto, Nelia G., Vicrtoria C. Naval, and Teresita G. Carey. 2017. Practical Research for Senior High
School 1 Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: Lorimar Publisher.
Ragma, Feljone G. 2019. Research 1 Qualitative Research. Recoletos Street, Intramuros, Manila:
Mindshapers Co., Inc.
C. Naval, and Teresita G. Carey. 2017. Practical Research for Senior High School 1 Qualitative.
Quezon City, Metro Manila: Lorimar Publisher.
Ragma, Feljone G. 2019. Research 1 Qualitative Research. Recoletos Street, Intramuros, Manila:
Mindshapers Co., Inc.

Online Source
NA. n.d. “iRubric: Answering Short Answer Questions rubric.” Rcampus.com. Accessed February

12, 2021. https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=U66W43&sp=true.