NATURE OF INQUIRY

AND RESEARCH
 RESEARCH
process of inquiring about the solution to the
problem, collecting data, and logically
evaluating information.
To develop good research, one must
investigate reliable information.

is an organized investigation and study of

materials and sources to create facts and
reach new inferences
 RESEARCH
Research has come up with developing
appropriate solutions to improve the
individual’s quality of life.
is a verified approach of thinking and employing legalized
instruments and steps to obtain a more adequate solution
to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address
under ordinary means

research helps society to answer the WHAT

and HOW questions
 iet y ?
aff ec t soc
s ear c h
n r e
H ow c a

RESEARCH
ly life?
to dai
ear c h
he r es
c t of t
e impa
th
W hat is
 RESEARCH can be categorized into two:

1. Basic Research 2. Applied Research

 This is the type of research
that is a purely direct application
but increasing the nature of
understanding about the
problem. It develops the
scientific theories to be more
understandable to the readers.
 It is a type of research
that needs an answer to
a specific question. It
provides solutions and
validation in order to
apply to the real setting.
RESEARCH can be categorized into two:
 CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN
RESEARCH

1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and experiments

of theories.
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential
procedures,
based on valid procedures
and principles.
3. CONTROLLED -In research, all variables, except those
that are tested/ experimented on, are kept constant.
 CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN
RESEARCH

4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts,

answers to questions and solutions to problems.
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering
the data, whether historical, descriptive, and or case study.

6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are

logically based on real-life situations.

7. ORIGINAL WORK- it requires its own examination and

produces the data needed to complete the study..
 CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN
RESEARCH

4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts,

answers to questions and solutions to problems.
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering
the data, whether historical, descriptive, and or case study.

6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are

logically based on real-life situations.

7. ORIGINAL WORK- it requires its own examination and

produces the data needed to complete the study..
 According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in
conducting research studies as explained in the following:

First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and

credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative
work.
Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every
act that the researcher/s undertake.
Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.

Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness.

This can be evaluated by the researcher before conducting the
study because this may help a certain population in an area once
the study is completed.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 2007

Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research,

you will follow codes and policies for research:
Honesty Objectivity Respect Colleagues

Integrity Carefulness Social Responsibility

Confidentiality Non- Discrimination Legality

Responsible Publication Human Subject
Responsible Mentoring
Respect of Intellectual
Respect of Intellectual Property
 KINDS OF RESEARCH:
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- is a positivist scientific
method which refers to a
general set of orderly
discipline procedures to
acquire information (Beck,
2004).
Mostly, it is concerned with
numbers and measurement.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- is defined as the “naturalistic
method of research which
deals with the concern of
human difficulty by discovering
it straightly.” (Beck, 2004)
It is concerned with the
experiences, understanding
and words of the individual.
 KINDS OF RESEARCH:
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- Test hypotheses
- Expressed in numbers
- Larger sample size
- Math/statistical analysis
-Confirm or test theory or
hypothesis
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- Formulate hypotheses
- Expressed in words
- smaller sample size
-summarize, categorize,
interpret
- understand or explore idea
 IN COLLECTING DATA

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- Interviews
- Surveys
-Focus groups
-Experiments
-Case studies
-Observations
-Literature reviews
 KINDS OF RESEARCH:

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

How satisfied are you with your studies?

What can be done to improve the study program?

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

On a scale from 1 to 5, how satisfied are you with your professors?

 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. PHENOMENOLOGY 4. CASE STUDY

2. ETHNOGRAPHY 5. CONTENT AND DISCOURSE

ANALYSIS

3. GROUNDED THEORY 6. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. PHENOMENOLOGY 2. ETHNOGRAPHY

 It is the study of how people  It is understanding of how a

give meaning to their
experiences, like the death of
loved ones, care for the
people, and friendliness of the
people.
particular cultural group goes
about their daily lives which
includes their organizational
set-up, internal operations,
and lifestyle.
 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
3. GROUNDED THEORY
 This occurs when a
researcher discovers a new
theory based on the data
collected. It is a research
methodology for discovering
theory in a substantive
area.
4. CASE STUDY
 This study involves an
investigation of a person, group,
organization, or situation for a long
period of time to explain why such
things occur to the subject under
study.
 Some examples of this type of
study are the fields of social care,
nursing, psychology, rehabilitation
centers, education, etc.
 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

5. CONTENT AND DISCOURSE 5. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS
 This is the study of primary
 This method requires the documents to explain the
examination or analysis of the connection of past events to
substance or content of the the present time. An
communication that takes place example of this is explaining
through letters, books, journals, the happenings during the
photos, video recordings, short Marcos regime.
message services, online
messages, emails, audio-visual
materials, etc.
 CHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

∙ Qualitative research takes place in a natural setting like home, school, institution, or
community. Researchers gain actual experiences of the research participants.
∙ It focuses on participants’ perceptions and experiences (Franenkel and Wallen, 1988 in
Creswell, 2013)
∙ Researchers are sensitive to participants’ needs and participants are actively engaged in
the process.
∙ Data are collected through observation, interviews, documents, e-mails, blogs, videos, etc.
∙ It may result in changes in research questions after new discoveries occur.
∙ It develops from a specific to a general understanding of concepts.
∙ It is a process of describing a situation, analyzing data for themes or categories, and
making interpretations or drawing conclusions.
∙ It may be subjected to the researcher’s personal interpretation.
∙ The researchers, as a primary instrument in data collection, view social phenomena and
situations holistically.
 Strengths of Qualitative Research

1. Issues can be analyzed through detailed and deep examination.

2. Interviews are not being delimited to specific questions and can be
guided/redirected by the researcher along the process.
3. The research framework and direction can be easily revised as new
information emerges.
4. The obtained data from human experience is powerful and sometimes
more interesting than quantitative data.
5. Data usually are collected from a few cases or individuals so findings
cannot be generalized to a larger population. Findings can however be
transferable to another setting.
 Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

1. Research quality is heavily dependent on the researcher’s skills and may

be influenced by the researcher's outlooks.
2. The volume of data makes analysis and interpretation time-consuming.
3. It is sometimes hard to prove.
4. The researcher's presence during data gathering, which is often
unavoidable in qualitative research, can affect the subjects' attitudes towards
the process.
5. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can bring/result in problems when
presenting findings.
6. Findings can be more difficult and take time to visualize.