PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Qualitative
Chapter 1
Nature of Inquiry and
Research
Learning Competencies:
The learner:
1. shares research experiences and knowledge;
2. explains the importance of research in daily life;
3. describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of research;
4. differentiates quantitative from qualitative research; and
5. provide examples of research in areas of interest.
Lesson 1

Nature and
Importance of
Research
Question 1:
How do you choose which
brand of mobile phone to
buy?
Question 2:
If you are having crush with
someone, what do you
usually do to know him/her
better?
Question 3:
What do you worry
about the most?
Question 4:
Are there any people
with the same
problems?
Question 5:
If you had an important idea that you
wanted to let everyone know about,
how might you go about letting them
know?
Question 5:
Are there any people
with the same
problems?
What is
RESEARCH?
RESEARCH
Was coined from two words: the prefix re
which means “again”, and the word search,
meaning “to look for something again”. In
other words, research suggests an action
that denotes “to look for something again.”
RESEARCH
An investigation done in a
systematic manner to reveal a
particular truth about a topic,
phenomenon, or reality.
RESEARCH…
is an investigation - involves inquiry and looking
into a topic.
is systematic – there is logic, discipline, and a
procedure in going about it.
reveals truth – aims to unearth a fact, insight or
realization about reality.
is about a topic, phenomenon, or reality – revolves
around a particular area of interest.
Aims of
RESEARCH?
What do you think are
the aims of research?
Aims of RESEARCH?
• Verification of existing knowledge
• Acquisition of new knowledge
• Application of new knowledge
• Advancement of researcher’s
expertise
Verification of Existing
Knowledge
Research is aimed at verifying or proving
the veracity of existing theories or
knowledge. This verification may lead to the
development of new ideas, strengthening a
current knowledge, or debunking a theory.
Acquisition of New Knowledge
Aside from strengthening the veracity
of a theory, research also brings forth
new ideas regarding a theory or even
create a totally new theory.
Application of New Knowledge
Once new ideas or innovations are proven
true, they are then utilized and translated to
something useful to humankind. It is only
through utilizing the results of research that
once can truly fulfill the ultimate purpose of
research, that is, to alleviate people’s quality
Advancement of the Researcher’s
Expertise
As researchers conduct more investigations,
they do not only verify theories or discover
new ideas and technologies, but also gain
relevant experiences that enhance and
deepen their knowledge and skills in the
area of their investigations.
Functions of
RESEARCH?
Functions of
RESEARCH?
• Exploration
• Description
• Explanation
To explore
Exploratory research is best utilized in pioneering
studies that focus on topics that have not been
investigated before or that use new techniques in
collecting and analyzing data. It allows the
researcher to become familiar with the topic, come
up with new ideas, direct the research questions, and
find out how to best approach the topic under study.
To describe
The researcher dives into the field of study and
simply describes what he or she has found out
about it. This is done by painting a vivid picture
of the scenario or phenomenon using detailed
descriptions of what the researchers sees, feels,
hears, tastes, and smells.
To explain
Another reason why people conduct research is
to explain things, events, and phenomena,
discovering the answers to “why” is has become
so. Such research can be utilized to support or
refute an explanation and link issues to existing
theories and frameworks.
Characteristics of
RESEARCH?
Characteristics of
RESEARCH?
• Realistic
• Logical
• Cyclical
• Analytical
• Objective
• Critical
• Replicable
REALISTIC
Research is a realistic undertaking that must result
to empirical data. Empirical data are those derived
from actual observations of a phenomenon,
interviews, of people who have witnessed an incident,
analysis of first-hand document sources, excavation
of artifacts, and other actions that yield valid
evidence of one’s investigations.
Logical
It follows valid, definite principles, frameworks,
and procedures. There are proper, logical, and
ethical approaches to search for answers to a
specific research question. Failure to follow
these procedures correctly may yield invalid
and unreliable outcomes.
Cyclical
It starts with a problem and ends with another.
As soon as a research question is answered,
other questions may arise. These new questions
may refine the answers generated, fine-tune the
research methods, or modify the answered
research question. This process continues until
such time that a purified body of knowledge is
Analytical
After employing strictly and correctly the
predetermined procedure and gathering
empirical data, the latter must be analyzed to
elicit the desired meaning from the obtained
information. It is only through this process that
research results become relevant not only to the
people who participated in the investigations.
Objective
Objectivity is defined as the lack of bias or
prejudice. Analysis and interpretation of data,
and drawing out implications from research
data must be free from bias and alteration to
favor a certain hypothesis, a personality, or an
organization. Inclination toward bias, results to
the total failure of the research activity.
Critical
It is said to be critical when the researcher is
careful and precise in processing ideas and
judgment. In this way, a high level of confidence
can be established on the execution f research
procedures to gather empirical data, analysis
and interpretation of results and formulation of
valid conclusions and appropriate
Replicable
Research procedures must be written clearly
and chronologically for it to be replicable, such
that other researchers can redo or repeat the
investigation with the intent of verifying the
generated information. It is only through this
process of replication that a particular research
can claim verifiability of valid and reliable or
QUIZ NO. 1
1. Explain the phrase: “Research starts with a
problem and ends with another.”
2. Why is research important in daily life?
3. Construct your own definition of research
based on your understanding on the lesson.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
1. On a long bond paper, Search for at least
(fifty) 50 research titles indicating the date
(year) of publication, institution, type of
document, and author of the manuscript or
journal.
2. Among those 50 researches, copy abstract or
executive summary of 25 researches on a
long bond paper including proper citation.
EXAMPLE:
Title: Prevalence of Teenage Pregnancy in Batangas
City from 2005 – 2015 : A Case Study
Author: Bryan S. Cabreros
Year: 2016
Type: Thesis
Institution Address: Batangas State University,
Batangas City
EXAMPLE:
Summary:
The researcher explored the prevalence of teenage
pregnancy among students in Batangas City. One of the
primordial reasons sought by the researcher was the
increasing alarming drop out rates of students from 2005 –
2015 due to unwanted pregnancy. It was found out that
themes and clusters emerged from the study included factors
such as poverty, improper parenting education, and lifestyle.
With the following themes, it can be implied that…..
Types of
RESEARCH?
Types of RESEARCH?
• Basic versus Applied Research
• Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
• Mixed Methods
• Other Research Types
BASIC VERSUS APPLIED
Basic or pure research if the aim is to come up with
a new knowledge or contribute to the existing body
of knowledge.
An explanation is introduced about an existing (or
new) idea
Example: a study looking at how caffeine
consumption impacts brain.
BASIC VERSUS APPLIED
Applied Research if the aim is to find applications
for the theories or create a product employing the
existing idea or theory.

Example: It is used to find solutions to everyday

problems, develop innovative technologies.
QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE
Research can be classified according to the
method or approach it uses. Basically, there are
two general methods of inquiry employed in
conducting research – qualitative and
quantitative.
QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH employs qualitative
method and deals with the characteristics observed from
the respondents with minimal to no use of statistical
analysis.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH uses quantitative
procedures where the respondents’ trait are translated
numerically. It focuses on the analysis and interpretation
QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Understands underlying reasons
OBJECTIVE
Gains insight in the prevailing trends
/ PURPOSE
Is interpretative and contextualized
HYPOTHES May emerge as the study progresses
ES
SAMPLE Comes in small numbers. The
respondents (usually referred to as
subjects) are identified using
nonprobability sampling
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Expresses data in terms of numerical
values as gathered from the
respondents
Draws out exact ideas from samples
Are specifically states at the outset
and tested
Comes in large numbers. The
respondents are selected to represent
the population of interest using
probability sampling
QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DATA Unstructured (free in form) Structured procedures
COLLECTION procedures
Inductive analysis of data Deductive analysis of data
DATA ANALYSIS
Minimal to no use of statistical test Requires the use of statistical tests
OUTCOME Inconclusive and needs further Conclusive, usually descriptive in
study before recommending a nature, and are used to recommend
course of action a final course of action.
GENERALIZATI Findings are particularly in-depth Findings are generalizable to all
ON about a certain phenomenon. situation
QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH employs qualitative
method and deals with the characteristics observed from
the respondents with minimal to no use of statistical
analysis.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH uses quantitative
procedures where the respondents’ trait are translated
numerically. It focuses on the analysis and interpretation
Characteristics of a
SUCCESSFUL
RESEARCHER
SCENARIO A
Student A heard on the news that a potential cure for
Type - 2diabetes from Aratiles fruit was discovered
by a SHS student, he then read the article and due to
abundance of exotic fruit on their surroundings, he
was inspired to do research for the potentialities of
other plants located in their vicinity. He read more
articles, books and journals to help him widen his
SCENARIO A

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
CURIOUSITY
A successful researcher is curious and
determined to investigate the intricacy of
things. Taking pleasure in reading research
journals, in finding out different trends in
research, and in discovering and learning
new things is also a trait of a curious
SCENARIO B
Student B is currently working on her research
concerning the awareness of the parents on the
family code. She set deadline for her study by the end
of the month. Apparently, her friends invited her for
a free lunch which she declined since she has a
deadline to meet. She was eager to meet her targeted
deadlines and finish everything on the earliest time
SCENARIO B

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
EFFICIENCY
It is manifested in the proper use of time,
effort, and resources for an intended
purpose. In other words, it means doing
things right. Qualitative researcher must be
efficient in managing research schedules
because most often they deal with people,
SCENARIO C
Student C see to it that he is keen in
following and observing the protocols and
procedures in conducting researchers. He
often asks questions and inquiries if he is
properly conducting the study.
SCENARIO C

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
LOGIC
Researchers do not venture on any method
to attain their goals. They usually follow
procedures identified to the scientific
method in finding out answers to their
queries. Because of this use of the scientific
method, researchers are described to be
SCENARIO D
Once Student D noticed an error in her
research, she immediately corrects it, if she
is skeptic about, she asks for assistance to
other researchers.
SCENARIO D

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
EFFECTIVENESS
Being effective means doing the right things.
Researchers must know how to foresee
errors, so that they can be addressed
immediately, if not totally avoided. Proper
procedures should be developed to minimize
the effects of errors.
SCENARIO E
Whenever Student E saw a post on
Facebook about a certain research forum or
colloquiums, he is not hesitant to engage in
and is willing to attend whatever the
nature/method of the research is. He always
wanted to join groups and organizations
SCENARIO E

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
ACTIVE
Researchers always respond to the
challenges of the modern world. They get
involved in all research opportunities
SCENARIO F
As Student F was on the conduct of her
experiment, she needed tape measure.
However, when she found out that the
material she will be using is not available in
the laboratory, she just used the available
metersticks to measure the height of the
SCENARIO F

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
PRACTICALITY
Another good quality that a researcher must emulate
is practicality. In the event where resources are
limited, researchers must be able to find ways to
make use of the given resources and locally available
materials to compensate for the things needed
without compromising the quality of the research
output. They must also be aware of other sources of
opportunities to deliver what are expected from their
SCENARIO G
The study of Student G requires focused
grouped discussion (FGD) to 10 students
who have been victims of bullying, however,
the participants don’t want to disclose their
identities thereby he decided to take in-
depth interviews in data collection since it
SCENARIO G

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
INVENTIVENESS
Researchers always have novel ideas. If a
method is not feasible, they have alternative
procedures to attain the objectives of the
research. They always try to find unique or
new ways to handle difficulties in solving a
problem
SCENARIO H
Student H was conducting an investigation about the
effects of a certain antimicrobial substance on a
certain type of bacteria. He was expecting that the
substance will prevent the growth of the population
of the bacteria. After his experiment, he found out
that the bacteria still grew its population. Although
he was not expecting this result, he still reported his
SCENARIO H

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
HONESTY
Researchers display a high level of intellectual
honesty. They are not swayed to what is
expected, but rather to what is true. Regardless
of the results of their investigations, good
researchers report accurately their findings in
their reports. In the event of contrasting results,
they find reasons for the cause of the conflict.
SCENARIO I
Student I wants to make sure that every
material needed in his experiment will be used
wisely. He makes sure that he will buy sufficient
materials enough for the needs of the
experiment. He does not want that his budget be
waster in buying unnecessary or excess
materials.
SCENARIO I

Based on the scenario, what characteristic is

manifested by the researcher? Why do you
think so?
COST-EFFECTIVENESS
Because of limited resources, successful
researchers make it a point that these
resources will not be wasted. To them,
every single peso is important and
must be utilized properly.
CHARACTERISTICS
• Curious
• Efficient
• Logical
• Effective
• Active
• Practical
• Inventive
• Honest
• Cost-Effective
Kinds of RESEARCH
across fields/discipline.
RESEARCH ACROSS
DISCIPLINE
AREAS OF
DISCIPLINE
QUALITATIVE
EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE

Dengue prevention practices of different

MEDICINE Studies to develop vaccines for HIV
places in the Philippines
ARTS Stories behind the different artworks and Search for a good paint substance and painting
different painters material
SPORTS Common characteristics of children into Development of a lightweight material to be
and not into sports used as volleyball
MUSIC OR Characterization of different behaviors of Effects of types of music on the behavior of
PSYCHOLOGY children listening to a particular music children
genre
HISTORY Apolinario Mabini: the sublime paralytic Statistical profiles of a population for the past
20 years
RESEARCH ACROSS
DISCIPLINE
AREAS OF
DISCIPLINE
EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

Behavioral traits of product patrons Relationship between expenditures in

BUSINESS
in the last 10 years advertisements and sales
ICT Effects of technology use on Effectiveness of Gooru learning System
students’ classroom discourses in the attitude toward technology use of
secondary physics students
SOCIAL Ethnographic study of the economic Effects of socioeconomic status on
SCIENCE and political practices of the students’ achievement in Philippine
Ibanags History classes.
RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROCESS
Step 1
Identifying a research
problem

Step 2
Step 7 Exploring existing
Reporting findings knowledge about the
research problem

Step 6
Step 3
Forming conclusions,
Developing the
implications, and
research design
recommendations

Step 4
Step 5 Collecting data
Analyzing data (fieldwork)