EDUCATION

AL
RESEARCH
METHODOL
OGY
GROUP 1
Members:
1. Farahdiba Rahma Lutvita (24)
2. Salsabilla Fitrotun Nada (26)
3. Taufiq Nur Rahman (27)
4. Dita Aprilia Dwi Pratiwi (29)
5. Ahmad Dhany (31)
 CONTENT

Qualitative
Inductive &
&
Deductive
Quantitative

Basic &
Applied
 QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative
Qualitative research is best suited to
address a research problem in which you
do not know the variables and need to
explore.
Quantitative
Quantitative research is a research
where the investigator identifies a
research problem based on trends in the
field or on the need to explain why
something occurs.
 CHARACTERISTICS
Qualitative
Exploring a problem and developing a detailed understanding of a central phenomenon.
 Having the literature review play a minor role but justify the problem.
Stating the purpose and research questions in a general and broad way so as to the
participants’ experiences.
Collecting data based on words from a small number of individuals so that the
participants’ views are obtained.
Analyzing the data for description and themes using text analysis and interpreting the
larger meaning of the findings.
Writing the report using flexible, emerging structures and evaluative criteria, and
including the researchers’ subjective reflexivity and bias.
 CHARACTERISTICS
Quantitative
Describing a research problem through a description of trends or a need for an explanation
of the relationship among variables
Providing a major role for the literature through suggesting the research questions to be
asked and justifying the research problem and creating a need for the direction (purpose
statement and research questions or hypotheses) of the study
Creating purpose statements, research questions, and hypotheses that are specific, narrow,
measurable, and observable
Collecting numeric data from a large number of people using instruments with preset
questions and responses
Analyzing trends, comparing groups, or relating variables using statistical analysis, and
interpreting results by comparing them with prior predictions and past research
Writing the research report using standard, fixed structures and evaluation criteria, and
taking an objective, unbiased approach
 EXAMPLES
Quantitative
You survey 300 students at your university and ask them questions such as: “on a
scale from 1-5, how satisfied are your with your professors?” You can perform
statistical analysis on the data and draw conclusions such as: “on average students
rated their professors 4.4”.
Qualitative
You conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions
such as: “How satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect
of your study program?” and “What can be done to improve the study program?”
Based on the answers you get you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. You
transcribe all interviews using transcription software and try to find commonalities
and patterns.
 QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Quantitative data collection methods Qualitative data collection methods
Surveys Interviews
Experiments Focus groups
Observations Ethnography
Literature review
 INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning works from specific
to general observations, in other words
from the specific to the more general. In
inductive reasoning, we start with
specific observations and measures,
begin to detect patterns and regularities,
formulate some tentative hypotheses
that we can explore, and finally develop
some general conclusions or theories.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning works from general
to specific observations. In deductive
reasoning, starting from thinking about a
theory or topic, then narrowing the topic
so that it becomes a specific hypothesis,
narrowing it down again for observations
so that it can get answers from the
hypothesis, and finally testing the
hypothesis with specific data to confirm
the hypothesis that has been made
previously
 STAGES
Inductive Deductive

Theory Theory

Tentative Hypothesis Hypothesis

Pattern Observation

Observation Confirmation
 EXAMPLES
Inductive
Every rabbit that has ever been observed has lungs.
Therefore, every rabbit has lungs
Deductive
Every mammal has lungs.
All rabbits are mammals.
Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
 BASIC & APPLIED
Basic
Basic research is a research approach
that is entirely theoretical and aimed at
improving or expanding the knowledge-
base of a particular field of study.
Applied
Applied research is designed to focus
on providing practical solutions to a
specific problem.
 CHARACTERISTICS
Basic
Basic research is theory-oriented.
Basic research is knowledge-specific and primarily concerned with the expansion
of knowledge
Basic research is primarily defined by its focus on expanding knowledge.
Basic research is explanatory and analytical in nature.
 CHARACTERISTICS
Applied
Applied research is action-oriented and synthetic in nature
Applied research concerned with the application of research findings
Applied research is primarily defined by its focus on providing a practical solution
to a defined problem
 EXAMPLES
Examples of basic research in education include:
How does the human memory work?
How do children acquire new languages?

Examples of applied research in education include:

A study to build students' interests in religious studies.
A study to improve classroom interaction between teachers and students.