SYLLABUS-

RESEARCH
METHODOL
OGY
ODUCTION TO RESEARCH
RODUCTION TO RESEARCH

DEFINITION
Research is defined as careful consideration of study
regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific
methods.
According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie,
“research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain,
predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves
inductive and deductive methods.”
the definition of research includes any gathering of data,
information and facts for the advancement of
knowledge .by ,Martyn Shuttleworth 
Another definition of research is given by Creswell who
states that – “Research is a process of steps used to collect
and analyze information to increase our understanding of a
topic or issue”.
It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to
answer the question, and present an answer to the
question.
RODUCTION TO RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
RODUCTION TO RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES

• Before beginning any research, especially paid projects, adequate time and energy
should be directed toward the creation of clear and measurable research
goals/objectives.
• “If you don’t know where you’re going, any road will get you there.”
• Good objectives help ensure the accuracy of the research plan.
• Clearly stated objectives help the researcher understand what they need to discover
or uncover and help the client know what to expect
• Objectives provide the means by which the success of the project can be determined.
•  Use of the SMART model will help ensure your objectives are well written:
• Specific: both the client and the researcher should be able to clearly identify the
purpose of the research.
• Measurable: how will the client and researcher know whether the objectives have
been achieved?
• Achievable: if the objective is too large or difficult, the researcher may lose hope of
achieving it.  Researchers should be challenged, but be able to achieve the objective.
• Realistic: Is it realistic to expect the researcher to meet this objective given the
available documents and time constraints?
• Time-Constrained: when must the researcher achieve the objective, i.e, the project
due date
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Characteristics of Research
The research should focus on priority problems.

The research should be systematic. It emphasizes that a researcher

should employ a structured procedure.

The research should be logical. Without manipulating ideas logically,

the scientific researcher cannot make much progress in any
investigation.

The research should be reductive. This means that the findings of one
researcher should be made available to other researchers to prevent
them from repeating the same research.

The research should be replicable. This asserts that there should be

scope to confirm the findings of previous research in a new
environment and different settings with a new group of subjects or at
a different point in time.

The research should be generative. This is one of the valuable

characteristics of research because answering one question leads to
generating many other new questions.
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

Characteristics contd..
• The research should be action-oriented. In other words, it
should be aimed at reaching a solution leading to the
implementation of its findings.
• The research should follow an integrated multidisciplinary
approach, i.e., research approaches from more than one
discipline are needed.
• The research should be participatory, involving all parties
concerned (from policymakers down to community
members) at all stages of the study.
• The research must be relatively simple, timely, and time-
bound, employing a comparatively simple design.
• The research must be as much cost-effective as possible.
• The results of the research should be presented in formats
most useful for administrators, decision-makers, business
managers, or the community members.
 •Research expands your knowledge base
•The most obvious reason to do research
is that you’ll learn more. There’s always
more to learn about a topic, even if you
IMPORTANC are already well-versed in it. If you aren’t,
research allows you to build on any
E OF personal experience you have with the
subject. The process of research opens

RESEARCH up new opportunities for learning and

growth.

•Research gives you the latest information

•Research encourages you to find the 
most recent information available. In
certain fields, especially scientific ones,
there’s always new information and
discoveries being made. Staying updated
prevents you from falling behind and
giving info that’s inaccurate or doesn’t
paint the whole picture. With the latest
info, you’ll be better equipped to talk
about a subject and build on ideas.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
3. Research helps you know what you’re up against
In business, you’ll have competition. Researching your competitors and what they’re up to helps you
formulate your plans and strategies. You can figure out what sets you apart. In other types of research, like
medicine, your research might identify diseases, classify symptoms, and come up with ways to tackle them.
Even if your “enemy” isn’t an actual person or competitor, there’s always some kind of antagonist force or
problem that research can help you deal with.
Research builds your credibility
People will take what you have to say more seriously when they can tell you’re informed. Doing research
gives you a solid foundation on which you can build your ideas and opinions. You can speak with confidence
 about what you know is accurate. When you’ve done the research, it’s much harder for someone to poke
holes in what you’re saying. Your research should be focused on the best sources. If your “research”
consists of opinions from non-experts, you won’t be very credible. When your research is good, though,
people are more likely to pay attention
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research introduces you to new ideas

You may already have opinions and ideas about a topic when you start
researching. The more you research, the more viewpoints you’ll come across.
This encourages you to entertain new ideas and perhaps take a closer look at
yours. You might change your mind about something or, at least, figure out
how to position your ideas as the best ones.

Research helps with problem-solving

Whether it’s a personal or professional problem, it helps to look outside
yourself for help. Depending on what the issue is, your research can focus on
what others have done before. You might just need more information, so you
can make an informed plan of attack and an informed decision. When you
know you’ve collected good information, you’ll feel much more confident in
your solution.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research encourages curiosity

Having curiosity and a love of learning take you far in life. Research
opens you up to different opinions and new ideas. It also builds discerning
and analytical skills. The research process rewards curiosity. When you’re
committed to learning, you’re always in a place of growth. Curiosity is also
good for your health. Studies show curiosity is associated with higher
levels of positivity, better satisfaction with life, and lower anxiety.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Primary vs Secondary research
In  Primary Research, researchers engage in first-hand collection of data
to answer a new research question or to produce new knowledge. In
secondary research,  also called archival research, researchers use
existing resources/data to gain new insights.
Quantitative vs Qualitative research
• Quantitative research is used to study problems that explain variables of interest (the
concept that we are studying or measuring). The researcher decides what to study; asks
specific, narrow questions; and collects quantifiable data (data that can be measured and
counted) generally using large, random samples collected using reliable and valid tools
and methods. Data analyzed using statistical techniques, focusing on deductive and
logical reasoning in an unbiased and objective manner. Examples of some quantitative
research methods are experimental research (true-experimental research and quasi-
experimental research), correlational research, causal-comparative research, and survey
research.
• Qualitative research is used to explore phenomena. It relies on the views of participants;
asks broad, general questions; and collects data characterized by their descriptive
qualities (consisting largely of words or text) from a smaller set of participants through
personal accounts and interviews. Qualitative researchers analyze the text for patterns or
themes, and conduct the inquiry subjectively and reflexively. They usually present the
data in a narrative form, using inductive reasoning. Examples of some qualitative
research methods are ethnography, grounded theory, case study, phenomenological
study, and narrative research.
Applied vs Basic research
• Applied research is used to examine a specific set of circumstances. Its seeks to relate the results
or findings of the research to a particular situation. The purpose of applied research is to increase
what is known about a problem through empirical observations in order to create a better
solution than is currently available.  Applied research is  used widely in city planning and public
policy research. Applied research can use only quantitative, only qualitative, or mixed-method
research designs. Examples of questions that can be studied through applied research are: How
can we abolish hate crimes? How can bullying in schools be prevented? What is causing
increased poverty? How can it be addressed? Is genetically modified food hurting our health?
• In contrast, basic research is “research for the sake of knowledge”. Basic research is also called
“pure” science, which is grounded in the scientific method and is not expected to have any
immediate practical application. The primary purpose of basic research is to expand on what is
known —build knowledge — with little significant connection to contemporary problems.
Examples of questions that can be studied through basic research are: How does the human body
respond to chronic stress? How do children acquire language skills? How does memory work?
How do people make important decisions? In general, applied and basic research differ in terms
of the purpose, context, validity, and design of the research.
 Descriptive vs Causal research
• Descriptive research focuses on describing some phenomenon, event, situation, or a group of people. How is
overcrowding in cities related to crime? This question is an example of descriptive research. The goal of
descriptive research is to paint an accurate picture of the way the world is. Descriptive research includes
describing: (1)  just one variable — such as the rate of autism in the population; (2) the prevalence of a
phenomenon (for example, prevalence of homelessness in Washington, DC);  (3) relationships between two
or more variables —that is, how two different variables are related. It is the first step to understand a problem
when there is no knowledge of it. Descriptive research is generally exploratory in nature, which means that it
is undertaken when very little is known about a phenomenon.
• Causal research is sometimes also known as explanatory research or experimental research. It examines the
effect of one variable on another. That is, does a change in one variable produce change in another? And, if it
does, by how much does it change? Causal research is generally used to test the cause-and-effect relationships
between the variables of interest. When we have theories that posit the direction (negative or positive)
between the variables and the temporal order (cause comes before the effect in time), we use causal research.
For example, what would happen to the severity of the disease if children with autism stopped eating gluten?
Would it change at all? If so, by how much? Or what would happen to autism rates if children stopped getting
vaccinated? Experimental research (true experiments and quasi-experiments) and longitudinal research (panel
design) provide an opportunity to test the temporal ordering between variables, the direction of the influence
(positive or negative correlation), and the strengths of influence (magnitude or severity of effect – the value of
the correlation). Causal research generally is done when you have already done descriptive or exploratory
research or when the relationship between variables is known.
• Deductive vs Inductive Research
Deductive and inductive reasoning fall under the umbrella of Philosophy of Logic.
• Deductive research or the deductive method of scientific reasoning has been the most common method of
reasoning in the natural sciences for more than 150 years. Sometimes it is also called the hypothetico-
deductive method. Aristotle defined it as going from the general to the specific. The researcher first
formulates a theory or set of theories which lead to the formation of (hypotheses that are then tested against
the data for their predictive success. It is the process of moving from a general theory to a specific set of
conclusions. Experimental research and longitudinal panel design are examples of deductive research.
• A great example of deductive reasoning is the big bang theory in cosmology. Scientists predicted, in theory,
that if the universe is expanding, it have been must be smaller at some point in time. Since the universe has an
enormous amount of energy there had to be an explosion that started the process of expansion. It was not until
1964 when scientists discovered the cosmic background radiation resulting from the big bang. The discipline
of physics, for that matter, primarily relies on hypothetico-deductive reasoning as theory development moves
much faster than the ability to observe the vast and rare events.
Inductive research or the inductive method of scientific reasoning is when systematic observations lead to the
development of theories. It is the process of moving from specific observations to a more general theory that
can explain a phenomenon of interest. In this type of research, researchers first make observations or collect
facts, look for patterns, commonalities, or themes in the observations (upward hypothesis) and then develop a
theory that can explain the phenomenon observed. Induction was a dominant scientific method used from the
late seventeenth century to about the middle of the nineteenth century (Proctor & Capaldi, 2001). It is still used
in science, particularly in the social sciences.
• Inductive research approach
When there is little to no existing literature on a topic, it is common to
perform inductive research because there is no theory to test. The
inductive approach consists of three stages:

Observation
Observe a pattern
Develop a theory
• Limitations of an inductive approach
A conclusion drawn on the basis of an inductive method can never be
proven, but it can be invalidated.
• Deductive research approach
• When conducting deductive research, you always start with a theory (the
result of inductive research). Reasoning deductively means testing these
theories. If there is no theory yet, you cannot conduct deductive research.
The deductive research approach consists of four stages:
• Start with an existing theory
• Formulate a hypothesis based on existing theory
• Collect data to test the hypothesis
• Analyse the results: does the data reject or support the hypothesis?
• Limitations of a deductive approach
The conclusions of deductive reasoning can only be true if all the premises set in
the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.
Difference Between Research Methods & Research Methodology

Research Methods
The research method consists of all the techniques and method which
are employed by a researcher in a research process to find the solution
to the research problem. The sole purpose of research methods is to
find the solution.
Research methods can be of two types qualitative research methods
and quantitative research methods.
The qualitative research method consists of open-ended and conversational research methods. The qualitative
research method is used to collect in-depth and detailed data about the research topic.
Qualitative research methods are designed in such a way that reveals about the behaviour and perception of
people under research.

Quantitative methods
Quantitative research methods are those methods where a systematic approach is used to collect quantifiable of
data by performing computational, mathematical, or statistical techniques. The data collected through
quantitative research methods are usually in numerical form.
The proper outcome can be deduced by analysing the data in a systematic form. The results obtained through
quantitative research methods are statistical, logical, and unbiased .
 Research Methodology
The research methodology is referred to the study of methods and to establish an
understanding of why these methods were used for the research. Research methodology
provides a logical explanation behind the steps taken in the research.
Research methodology explains the means using which results were obtained in the research.
Research methodology provides guidance for the research process. The main objectives of
research methodologies are concerned with the following aspects
• Suitable research methods for the research problem.
• Determine the accuracy of the outcome of opted research methods.
• And, finally, to make sure that research methods are efficient enough.
A well-defined methodology gives an explanation why a particular research methodological approach is used for the
research, in what order and how research methods were applied to get the results of the research, what were the data
collection methods, and explain the data analysis and procedures thoroughly.
Key Differences between Research Method and Research
Methodology
Conclusion
A research methodology is concerned with the systematic approach to solving
a research problem by applying appropriate research methods. A clear research
methodology is important for the consistency and accuracy of the outcome
produced by the research methods.
Research methods are a small part of the whole research methodology process.
Research methods are used to find a solution to the research problem. Research
methods are the primary course to conduct research, and research methodology
is all about the utilization of research methods.
In the end, we can say that both research methods and methodologies are an
important part of research and important for each other’s existence .
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques
chosen by a researcher. The design allows researchers to enrich on
research methods that are suitable for the subject matter and set up their
studies up for success.
• The design of a research topic explains the type of research
(experimental, survey, correlational, semi-experimental, review) and
also its sub-type (experimental design, research problem, descriptive
case-study). 
• There are three main types of research design: Data collection,
measurement, and analysis.
• The type of research problem an organization is facing will determine
the research design and not vice-versa. The design phase of a study
determines which tools to use and how they are used.
• An impactful research design usually creates a minimum bias in data and
increases trust in the accuracy of collected data. A design that produces
the least margin of error in experimental research is generally considered
the desired outcome. The essential elements of the research design are:
• Accurate purpose statement
• Techniques to be implemented for collecting and analyzing research
• The method applied for analyzing collected details
• Type of research methodology
• Probable objections for research
• Settings for the research study
• Timeline
• Measurement of analysis
Neutrality: When you set up your study, you may have to make assumptions about the data you
expect to collect. The results projected in the research design should be free from bias and
neutral. Understand opinions about the final evaluated scores and conclusions from multiple
individuals and consider those who agree with the derived results.
Reliability: With regularly conducted research, the researcher involved expects similar results
every time. Your design should indicate how to form research questions to ensure the standard
of results. You’ll only be able to reach the expected results if your design is reliable.
Validity: There are multiple measuring tools available. However, the only correct measuring
tools are those which help a researcher in gauging results according to the objective of the
research. The questionnaire developed from this design will then be valid.
Generalization: The outcome of your design should apply to a population and not just a
restricted sample. A generalized design implies that your survey can be conducted on any part
of a population with similar accuracy.
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
• 1. Descriptive research design: In a descriptive design, a researcher is
solely interested in describing the situation or case under their
research study. It is a theory-based design method which is created by
gathering, analyzing, and presenting collected data. This allows a
researcher to provide insights into the why and how of research.
Descriptive design helps others better understand the need for the
research. If the problem statement is not clear, you can conduct
exploratory research. 
• 2. Experimental research design(causal design): Experimental
research design establishes a relationship between the cause and effect of a
situation. It is a causal design where one observes the impact caused by the
independent variable on the dependent variable. For example, one monitors
the influence of an independent variable such as a price on a dependent
variable such as customer satisfaction or brand loyalty. It is a highly practical
research design method as it contributes to solving a problem at hand. The
independent variables are manipulated to monitor the change it has on the
dependent variable. It is often used in social sciences to observe human
behaviour by analyzing two groups. Researchers can have participants
change their actions and study how the people around them react to gain a
better understanding of social psychology.
• 3. Exploratory (explanatory)research design: Explanatory design uses
a researcher’s ideas and thoughts on a subject to further explore their
theories. The research explains unexplored aspects of a subject and
details about what, how, and why of research questions.
RESEARCH PROCESS
STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS
 Identifying and Defining the Problem/Opportunity

The initial step in the research process is the identification of the problem or opportunity. As
businesses today operate in a highly volatile environment governed by various macro environmental
factors, they need to constantly assess their relative position and identify the various problem areas
or opportunities they need to work upon in order to sustain themselves competitively in the market.
The managers need to analyse the changing dynamics of business and to evolve a strategy to adapt to
the changes taking place in the external environment. Whether these are potential problem areas or
opportunities, it is very important for the manager to identify them accurately and at the earliest.
Problem identification precedes the problem definition stage. For instance, a company producing cell
phone wave protectors (devices that protect the cell phone from harmful radiations) may realize that
its new product is not selling, but it may not know the reason for this at the outset. Although it has
identified the problem in a broader perspective, it needs to define the problem specifically in terms
of what is to be researched
It is important to define the problem in a precise manner. A well-defined problem gives the
researcher a proper direction for carrying out investigation. It also helps in utilizing the resources
provided for the research effectively. A researcher can focus his efforts on collecting relevant
information, if the problem is defined properly. Some research problems such as conducting a survey
on the newspaper reading habits of a given set of the population can be clearly defined. But if a
company wants to define a research problem such as declining sales, it needs to explore the research
problem further through exploratory research.
Preparing the Statement of Research Objectives

Once the problem is clearly defined, it becomes absolutely essential to determine the objectives of
the research. The objectives of the research should be stated in a formal research statement. The
statement of objectives should be as precise as possible. Objectives act as guidelines for various
steps in the research process, and therefore, they have to be developed by analysing the purpose of
the research thoroughly. The objectives of the research must be brief and specific; also, it is
preferable to limit the number of objectives. The research objectives comprise the research
question/s and the hypothesis. If the objective of the research is to study the perceptions of the
customer, a typical research question could be: ‘Do the customers perceive the radiations from their
cell phones to be hazardous to health?’. Once the objectives and the research questions are identified,
a researcher has to develop a hypothesis statement that reflects these research objectives.
Developing the Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a statement based on some presumptions about the
existence of a relationship between two or more variables that can be
tested . For instance, consumers perceive that the radiations emanating
from the cell phone are harmful. When a researcher is developing a
hypothesis, he/ she will try to assume an answer for a particular
research question and then test it for its validity. A hypothesis normally
makes the research question clearer to the researcher
Planning the Research Design

Once the problem or opportunity identification and definition stage is complete, the
process of research design begins. Planning the research design is a crucial step in
the research design process. A research design is the actual framework of a Business
Research Process research that provides specific details regarding the process to be
followed in conducting the research.
The research is designed based on the objectives formulated during the initial phases
of the research. The research design includes all the details regarding the research
such as where the information should be obtained from, the time and budget
allotted for conducting the research, the appropriate measurement techniques and
the sampling process. Factors like the research objective, the importance of the
decision, costs involved in conducting the research and the availability of data
sources determine the selection of an appropriate research design.
Selecting the Research Method

After developing an appropriate research plan, it is important for the researcher to select a proper
research method. There are four basic methods of conducting a research study—secondary data
studies, surveys, experiments and observation. The research design method is chosen based on the
objectives of the study, the costs involved in conducting the study, the availability of the data and
finally the importance and urgency of the decision
Selecting the Sampling Procedure

Sampling is generally a part of the research design but is considered separately in the research
process. Sampling is a process that uses a small number of items or a small portion of a population to
draw conclusions regarding the whole population. Alternately, a sample can be considered as a
subset of a larger set called the population. A well-defined sample has the same characteristics as the
population as a whole, and therefore, when a research is conducted on such sample, the results
obtained will represent the characteristics of the whole population. But if errors are made in selecting
the sample, then the research results will be wrong, since a wrongly selected sample does not
represent the characteristics of the population as a whole.
A sample can be selected in two ways from a population—through probability sampling, or through
non-probability sampling. When the subsets of a population are chosen in such a way that it ensures
a representative cross-section by giving every element in the population a known chance of being
selected, it is called probability sampling. When subsets of a population in which little or no attempt
is made to ensure a representative cross-section are chosen, it is 2.1 Steps in the Research Process 19
called non-probability sampling.
Data Collection

After preparing a suitable sample, the researcher collects the data from the units in this sample. As
there are several research techniques, there are a number of data collection methods as well. For
instance, in the survey method, the data are collected by asking the respondents to fill out a
questionnaire administered to them, while in the observation technique, the respondents are just
observed without their direct participation in the research. Whatever the method used to collect the
data, it is very important that the data are collected without any errors. Errors may creep in during
the data collection process in several forms. Potential data collection errors may arise if the
interviewee does not understand the question or if the interviewer records the answers inaccurately
Evaluating the Data

Once the data have been collected, the next important phase in the
research process is evaluating the data. The most important aspect of
data evaluation is to convert the data collected into a format which will
facilitate the manager in effective decision-making. The reason for
analysing the data is to obtain research results and to prepare the
research report. Several mathematical and statistical models are used
to evaluate the data. Evaluation of data normally starts with editing and
coding of the data. Editing is undertaken to verify the data and check
for any potential errors or for any inconsistencies and so on.
Analysis

The interpretation of the data that have been collected by using different analytical techniques
according to the requirements of the management is called analysis. Several statistical tools are used
for data analysis, in order to make the analysis suitable for effective decision-making
Preparing and Presenting the Research Report

After the evaluation of the data, the last and the major phase that comes into picture
is the preparation of a research report. The research reports can be presented either
in oral or in written format.
The research report should contain a brief description of the objectives of the
research, a summary of the research design adopted, a summary of the major
findings and conclude with the limitations and recommendations. The purpose of
conducting any research is to obtain information that can aid in efficient decision-
making.
Therefore, it is very important to carefully analyse the information obtained and
present it according to the requirements of the management of the company. At this
stage, the research report should be developed most efficiently and it should portray
the research findings most effectively.
Most often researchers fill the research reports with all the technical details. This should be avoided
to the maximum possible extent, as the management is more interested in the actual research results
and they have to be presented lucidly in a concise format. The amount of information provided in the
research report should be based on the requirements of the manager. A research report also acts as a
historical document, in the sense that the manager may refer to this document in the future if a
research on the same lines is being conducted sometime in the future.
Motivational research
Motivation research is a term used to refer to a selection of qualitative
research methods designed to probe consumers' minds to discover the
deep, often subconscious or latent reasons and goals underlying
everyday consumption and purchasing behaviours. Motivation research
was the premier consumer research method used in the 1950s, leading
to its lasting influence on the areas of advertising and consumer
research, as well as on advertising practice.
Social Science Research
Social Science Research is the activity of gathering, analysing and
interpreting information for a variety of social, economic, educational
and political purposes.
Importance of social research
• Source of Knowledge. Social research is an important source of
knowledge. It opens new ways of knowledge and wisdom. When
something unknown brings to a researcher, there is a sort of inner
pleasure and happiness. It gives knowledge to the researcher about the
unknown facts. It paves out the way of ignorance and gives new
direction in a social life.
• Research in Informative. It provides updated, proved, authentic and
very useful information to the end users. Researchers and common
people can take advantages from research. It is not only informative. Its
findings are scientific based therefore the results and information are
reliable.
• Solution of Social Problems. Social research also helps in the solution
of social problems it is the research through which we can find the
causative factors of an existing social problem and guide us about his
solution.
• Structural Changes. Social research is responsible for bringing
structural changes in a social life. We bring social and cultural change
in a social situation which is the outcome of social research.
• Social Welfare. Social evils can be removed from society due to
research. The process of social welfare is possible due to the
procedure of social research through which social evils can be
removed.
• Social Prediction. Social research helps in making laws and the
relation between social laws and their factors. It helps to know the
existence of causative factors and their magnitude and this facilitates
prediction of results.
• Social Cohesion and Unity. Social unity in a problematic area b/w two
groups or castes is only possible due to social research. Social
research manifests the causes of these events and gives a remedial
solution to it. So, social researcher is the main factor for bringing
social coherence and unity in society.
• Social Planning. If someone wants to develop and bring social growth
and development in a society, social planning will be developed which
is the outcome of social research. In this situation achieve the growth
of society on right line is highly necessary. Social growth can possible
only when problems are solved.
Question Bank
Section –A
1. Define research.
2. What do you mean by applied research?
3. Name any two characteristics of research.
4. Define research.
5. Mention any two objectives of research.
6. What is field research ?
7. What is exploratory research
8. Give the meaning of research problem.
9. Mention any four contents of research design.
10. define research
11. What is hypothesis?
12. Define any two characteristics of research.
13. What is research plan ?
Section-B
1. Explain the importance of social science research.
2. State any six objectives of research.
3. What are the essential features of good research design.
4. Explain the importance of social science research in a country like
India.
5. State any five objectives of research.
6. Explain the concept of research design.
Section-C
1. What is research? Explain different types of research.
2. Explain the contents of research design.
3. Explain the various steps involved in the formulation of research
problem.
4. Explain research process in detail.
5. Write a detailed note on motivational research.
6. Describe the contents of research design
7. Discuss the merits & limitations of research
8. Explain the types of research design.
9. Explain the components of research design.