NEW LIFE EVANGELICAL TRAINING SCHOOL INC.

New Life Village, Brgy. Cupang, Antipolo City

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Class: Grade 10
MODULE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Module 1 Nature of Inquiry and Research 1

Lesson 1 The Importance of Research in Daily Life 2
Lesson 2 The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics in Research 3
Lesson 3 Quantitative and Qualitative Research 5
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Content: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH
Introduction

Society nowadays has many forms of problems that require solutions. These
solutions must be based on facts, valid investigations, experiences and not just on mere
beliefs and suggestions. Indeed, to attain such knowledge and accuracy, a systematic
procedure and well-planned research is required.
Research is a process of inquiring the solution of the problem, collecting data, and
logically evaluating information. To develop a good research, one must investigate reliable
information.
In this lesson, you will conduct a research with a vision to seek information and
solution towards a problem. You will look for an in-depth evaluation of everything that is
needed in the research.

Learning Objectives:
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

a. define what is research;

b. give the importance of research in daily life;
c. enumerate the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research;
d. differentiate Quantitative from Qualitative Research ; and
e. provide examples of research in area of interest.

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 Lesson 1:
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE

What is RESEARCH?

Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to

create facts and reach new inferences. Research has come up with developing
appropriate solutions to improve the individual’s quality of life. Although, it may take place
in different setting and may use different methods, scientific research is universally a
systematic and objectives search for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).

Research is verified approach of thinking and employing legalized instruments and

steps in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible
to address under ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
In most cases, research helps the society to answer the WHAT and HOW questions.

It must be a proper investigation and should reach to a valid conclusion that

would facilitate the finding of answers to the questions. Some of these questions are: How
can the research affect the society? What is the impact of the research to daily life?

Research can be categorized into two:

Basic Research
This is the type of research that is purely direct application, but increasing the nature of
understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific theories to be more
understandable to the readers.

Applied Research
It is a type of research that needs answer to a specific question. It provides solution and
validation in order to apply to the real setting.

ACTIVITY 1:
Directions: Imagine that you are a detective, and you will look for evidences on the
crime scene. Supply possible evidences to resolve the problem.

Situations: Possible Evidences:

1. A Rape Case

2. Carnapping Case

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 Lesson 2:
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN RESEARCH

CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN RESEARCH

Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated the following are the major characteristics of research:

1. EMPIRICAL - research is based on observations and experiments of theories.

2. SYSTEMATIC - research follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on
valid procedures and principles.
3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except those that are tested/
experimented on, are kept constant.
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - research refers to a search for facts, answers to
questions and solutions to problems.
5. ANALYTICAL - research shows analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and case study.
6. OBJECTIVE - research as unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on
real life situations.
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires own examination and produce the data needed to
complete the study.

It is said that a research can be done in different ways. It can be either a wellplanned
and methodical process which is based on keen observation, and concrete
and valid evaluation. Integration is the best way to evaluate the validity of a certain
study.

Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following are involved in the Research
Processes:

1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem?

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented?
3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the answer to
questions being studied?
4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population?
5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the
data?
6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries?
7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results?

According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in conducting research studies
as explained in the following:
- First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters
values that are essential to collaborate work.
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 - Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the
researcher/s undertake.
- Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.
- Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be evaluated
by the researcher before conducting the study because this may help a certain
population in an area once the study is completed.

Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 2007

Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow codes and
policies for research:

 Honesty this must be maintained in all communication. Data should not be fabricated.
 Objectivity biases should be avoided in experimental design, data analysis.
Interpretation, expert testimony and other aspects of research.
 Integrity to keep your promises and agreements
 Carefulness careless errors and negligence should be avoided.
 Openness To share data, results, ideas and tools. Open to criticism and new ideas.
 Respect of Intellectual Property to give proper acknowledgement or credit for all
researchers
 Confidentiality to protect confidential communication
 Responsible Publication duplicate publication should be avoided.
 Responsible Mentoring to help to educate, mentor, and advise students
 Respect Colleagues all peers should be treated fairly
 Social Responsibility to strive to promote social good and social harm should be
avoided
 Non- Discrimination to avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis
of sex, races, ethnicity, etc.
 Legality to know and obey relevant laws and institutional governmental policies
 Human Subject Protection Human dignity, privacy and risks to human lives should be
minimized

ACTIVITY 2:
Directions: If you are given a chance to research about your favorite food during
Christmas Eve, what characteristic of a research would you choose? Explain your choice.

Your answer:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Lesson 3:
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Research topics may be approached using either quantitative or qualitative methods.

Choosing one method or the other depends on what you believe would provide the
best evidence for your research objectives. Researchers sometimes choose to incorporate
both qualitative and quantitative data in their research since these methods provide
different perspectives on the topic.

KINDS OF RESEARCH:
1. Quantitative Research
2. Qualitative Research

There are two categories of research methodology:

1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH- it is a positivist scientific method which refers to a general set of

orderly disciplined procedures to acquire information (Beck, 2004). Mostly, it is concerned
with numbers and measurement.

Quantitative research used when a researcher is trying to quantify a problem or address the
"what" or "how many" aspects of a research question. It is data that can either be
counted or compared on a numeric scale. This data is usually gathered using
instruments, such as a questionnaire which includes a ratings scale or a thermometer to
collect weather data. Statistical analysis software, such as SPSS, is often used to analyze
quantitative data. - The result of counting or measuring attributes of a population.

Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be
used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and
generalize results to wider populations.

Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio).

Quantitative research is widely used in the natural and social sciences: biology, chemistry,
psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, etc.

Example of Quantitative data:

 Amount of money you have
 Height
 Weight
 Number of people living in your barangay
 Number of students who passed the exam

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Quantitative data may be either discrete or continuous.

Quantitative Discrete Data

- Data that are the result of counting
- These data take on only certain numerical values. These values do not have to be whole
numbers.

Example of Quantitative Discrete Data

• The number of customers who bought different items
• The number of computers in each department
• The number of items you buy at the grocery store each week

Quantitative Continuous Data

- All data that are the result of measuring assuming that we can measure accurately.
- These numbers are not always clean and tidy like those found in discrete data, as they are
usually collected from precise measurements.

Example of Quantitative Continuous Data

• The weight of newborn babies
• The daily wind speed
• The temperature of a freezer

Quantitative research question examples

 What is the demographic makeup of Singapore in 2020?
 How has the average temperature changed globally over the last century?
 Does environmental pollution affect the prevalence of honey bees?
 Does working from home increase productivity for people with long commutes?

Quantitative research methods

You can use quantitative research methods for descriptive, correlational or experimental
research.

 In descriptive research, you simply seek an overall summary of your study variables.
 In correlational research, you investigate relationships between your study variables.
 In experimental research, you systematically examine whether there is a cause-and-
effect relationship between variables.

Correlational and experimental research can both be used to formally test hypotheses, or
predictions, using statistics. The results may be generalized to broader populations based on
the sampling method used.

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To collect quantitative data, you will often need to use operational definitions that translate
abstract concepts (e.g., mood) into observable and quantifiable measures (e.g., self-ratings
of feelings and energy levels).

Quantitative data analysis

Once data is collected, you may need to process it before it can be analyzed. For example,
survey and test data may need to be transformed from words to numbers. Then, you can use
statistical analysis to answer your research questions.

Descriptive statistics will give you a summary of your data and include measures of averages
and variability. You can also use graphs, scatter plots and frequency tables to visualize your
data and check for any trends or outliers.

Using inferential statistics, you can make predictions or generalizations based on your data.
You can test your hypothesis or use your sample data to estimate the population parameter.

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Examples of descriptive and inferential statistics
You hypothesize that first-year college students procrastinate more than fourth-year college
students. You collect data on procrastination levels of the two groups using 7-point self-rating
scales.
First, you use descriptive statistics to get a summary of the data. You find the mean
(average) and the mode (most frequent rating) of procrastination of the two groups, and
plot the data to see if there are any outliers.

Next, you perform inferential statistics to test your hypothesis. Using a t-test to compare the
mean ratings of the two groups, you find a significant difference and support for your
hypothesis.

You can also assess the reliability and validity of your data collection methods to indicate
how consistently and accurately your methods actually measured what you wanted them
to.

2. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH- is defined as the “naturalistic method a research which deals with
the concern of human difficulty by discovering it straightly.” (Beck, 2004). It is concerned with
experiences, understanding and words of the individual.

Qualitative research describes qualities or characteristics. It is collected using

questionnaires, interviews, or observation, and frequently appears in narrative form.
Qualitative data may be difficult to precisely measure and analyze. It is defined as non-
numerical data, the data may be in the form of descriptive words that can be examined for
patterns or meaning, sometimes using coding. Coding allows the researcher to categorize
qualitative data to identify themes that correspond with the research questions and to
perform quantitative analysis. - The result of categorizing or describing attributes of a
population.

Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video,
or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-
depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.

Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which involves collecting and
analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis.

Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects
such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.

Examples of Qualitative data:

 Hair color  sex (male/female)
 Shape of candies  Ethnic group
 Blood type  nationality

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Qualitative research question examples
 How does social media shape body image in teenagers?
 How do children and adults interpret healthy eating in the UK?
 What factors influence employee retention in a large organization?
 How is anxiety experienced around the world?
 How can teachers integrate social issues into science curriculums?

Approaches to qualitative research

Qualitative research is used to understand how people experience the world. While there
are many approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be flexible and focus on
retaining rich meaning when interpreting data.

Common approaches include grounded theory, ethnography, action research,

phenomenological research, and narrative research. They share some similarities, but
emphasize different aims and perspectives.

Qualitative research methods

Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods. These
are some of the most common qualitative methods:

 Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field
notes.
 Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
 Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.
 Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.

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  Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or
video recordings, etc.

Research example
To research the culture of a large tech company, you decide to take an ethnographic
approach. You work at the company for several months and use various methods to gather
data:
 You take field notes with observations and reflect on your own experiences of the
company culture.
 You distribute open-ended surveys to employees across all the company’s offices by
email to find out if the culture varies across locations.
 You conduct in-depth interviews with employees in your office to learn about their
experiences and perspectives in greater detail.

Qualitative researchers often consider themselves “instruments” in research because all

observations, interpretations and analyses are filtered through their own personal lens.

For this reason, when writing up your methodology for qualitative research, it’s important to
reflect on your approach and to thoroughly explain the choices you made in collecting and
analyzing the data.

Qualitative data analysis

Qualitative data can take the form of texts, photos, videos and audio. For example, you
might be working with interview transcripts, survey responses, fieldnotes, or recordings from
natural settings.

Most types of qualitative data analysis share the same five steps:

1. Prepare and organize your data. This may mean transcribing interviews or typing up
field notes.
2. Review and explore your data. Examine the data for patterns or repeated ideas that
emerge.
3. Develop a data coding system. Based on your initial ideas, establish a set of codes
that you can apply to categorize your data.
4. Assign codes to the data. For example, in qualitative survey analysis, this may mean
going through each participant’s responses and tagging them with codes in a
spreadsheet. As you go through your data, you can create new codes to add to your
system if necessary.
5. Identify recurring themes. Link codes together into cohesive, overarching themes.

There are several specific approaches to analyzing qualitative data. Although these
methods share similar processes, they emphasize different concepts.

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 ACTIVITY 3:

Directions: You will present your understanding through topical outline.

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research


 
 
 
 


ACTIVITY 4:

Qualitative VS Quantitative

Directions: Suppose that you are a medical researcher studying the corona virus.
Give two examples each of qualitative data and quantitative data that you could be
obtained from studying the virus.

a. Qualitative Data b. Quantitative Data

1. __________________________________ 1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________ 2. _________________________________
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