PRACTICAL RESEARCH I

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
 Research is a systematic investigation QUALITATIVE
process that involves acquiring data,  Subjective
recording significant information,  Data is observed and not measured
analyzing, and interpreting in (non-numerical)
accordance with the standards  Helps to understand the underlying
established by the applicable reasons, opinions, and motivations
academic and professional fields.  Doesn’t require hypothesis (more on
6 SIGNIFICANCES OF RESEARCH assumptions)
 Purposive sampling (Small Sample)
1. It gathers necessary information
 Mostly concerned with understanding
2. It improves the standard of living
human behavior from the researcher’s
3. It saves Life
perspective
4. Knows the truth
 Explanatory
5. It explores our history
 Open-ended questions
6. It understands arts
 Inductive
7 MAJOR CHARACTERISTIC OF  Data collection Is unstructured
RESEARCH  Narrative
 Mostly used in Social Sciences
1. EMPIRICAL- Research is based on
 Usually answer “why”
observations and experimentation of
theories. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
2. SYSTEMATIC- It follow orderly
 Objective
and sequential procedures, based on
 Measurable
valid procedures and principles.
 Numerical
3. CONTROLLED- All variables,
 Statistical
except those that are
 Table and Charts
tested/experimented on are kept
 Random sampling (Large Sample)
constant.
 Deductive
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS-
 Intervention
Hypothesis guides the investigation
 Mostly used in Natural and Scientific
process
Sciences
5. ANALYTICAL- There is a critical
 Data collection is structured
analysis of all data used so that there
is no error in the researcher’s SIMILARITIES
interpretation  They are both logical and repeatable
6. OBJECTIVE- Refers to the research process
as unbiased and logical  They are both empirical
7. ORIGINAL WORK- Requires effort  Research creates knowledge by
to get at the researcher’s own observing phenomenon
investigation and produce data needed
to complete the study. RESEARCH PROCESSES

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that

RESEARCH the following are involved in the Research
Processes:
DIFFERENCE

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 PRACTICAL RESEARCH I
1. Define the research Problem
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Formulating Hypothesis
4. Research Design
5. Collecting data
6. Analyzing data
7. Interpret and report
ETHICAL NORMS
According to Resnik (2007), ethical
norms are significant in conducting research
studies as explained in the ff:
 Ethics promotes the pursuit of
knowledge, truth, and credibility.
 Ethical norms help individuals to be
accountable for every act that the
researcher/s undertake.
 Ensure that researchers are held
accountable in public
 Ethical norm in research also needs
public awareness
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES
FOR RESEARCH
RESNIK (2007)
INTEGRITY- Keep your promises and
agreements
OPENNESS- Share data, results, ideas, and
tools. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
HONESTY- Maintain all communication.
Data should not be faked.
CAREFULNESS- Avoid careless errors
and negligence.
OBJECTIVITY- Avoid biases in
experimental designs, data analysis,
interpretation, expert testimony, and other
aspects of research
CONFIENTIALITY- Protect confidential
communication
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION- Avoid
duplicating publications.
RESPONSIBLE MENTORING- Help to
educate, mentor, and advise others.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY- Strive to
promote social good. Avoid social harm.
RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY- Give proper
acknowledgement or credits to all
researchers.
RESPECT COLLEAGUES- Treat all
peers fairly.
LEGALITY- Be informed and obey
relevant laws and institutional governmental
policies.
HUMAN SUBJECT- Minimize risks that
involve human lives, dignity, and privacy.
METHODS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
 Immersion in natural rotting allows
participants to experience reality.
OBSERVATION
 It involves carefully observing and
documenting events, behavior, and
artifacts (things) in the social
environment that has been selected for
Study.
IN-DEPTHS INTERVIEWING
 Interviewers should have strong listening
abilities, interpersonal communication,
question formulation, and moderate
elaboration- probing techniques to obtain
large volumes of data.
FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWING
 Interviews are conducted with 7-10
people to uncover trends in impressions
and opinions, which are then analyzed
through rigorous analysis.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
 Demands for a systematic analysis of
forms of communication to objectively
record trends. - as seen in letters, email
meeting minutes policy pronouncement,
and much.
NARRATOLOGY
 can be used for both spoken and written
stories. The participants and researchers
must be extremely sensitive when
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conducting a narrative inquiry. The ideal
setting for sharing, retelling and reliving
personal experiences is one of
friendliness.
FILMS, VIDEOS, AND
PHOTOGRAPHS
 They offer visual documentation of
events, particularly movies and videos
that show the filmmaker's or
videographer's point of view.
Photographs, on the other hand, makes
the photographer's intention, interests,
and values dear
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGY
 it is the study of how people give
meaning to their experiences like death
of loved ones cave for the people and
friendliness of people.
ETHNOGRAPHY
 it is understanding of how a particular
cultural group goes about their daily lives
which includes their organizational set-
up, internal operations and lifestyles.
GROUNDED THEORY
 This occurs when a researcher discovers
a new theory based on the data collected.
It is a research methodology for
discovery theory in a substantive area.
CASES STUDY
 This study investigates a person,
organization or situation over a long
period of time to understand why such
things happen. Examples include social
care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation
centers and education.
CONTENT AND DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
 This method requires the examination or
analysis of the substance or content of
the communication that takes place
through letters, books, journals, photos,
video recordings, short message services.
online messages, email, audio/visual
material, etc.
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
 this is the study at primary documents to
explain the connection of part events to
the present time, an example at this is
explaining the happenings during the
Spanish regime.
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
STRENGTHS
1. Qualitative research can offer the best
light on or best answer certain phenomena-
social, economic, political or even
psychological
2. Research results are exhaustive; even
underlying meanings surface.
3. It offers several avenues to understand
phenomena, behavior, human condition and
the like.
4. It can build on, or even develop theories
through consistent themes, categories,
relationships, interrelationships that are
crystallized during the data gathering and
data analysis processes
WEAKNESSES
The so-called weaknesses of qualitative
research will not affect the serious
researcher who is willing to invest any
amount of time or resources in this
endeavor.
1. Total immersion in the natural setting of
the research can be time consuming and
tedious, and resource-draining, as well.
2. There comes a point when the personal-
self and the researcher-self are inseparable,
so subjectivity, on the part of the researcher
can happen. To prevent this, Locke et al
(1987) stress that from the beginning of the
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study, the researcher must identify his/her
personal values, assumptions and biases.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
ACROSS DIFFERENT FIELDS
Qualitative Research in Education
Educational research involves collecting and
analyzing data related to education.
Qualitative Research in Technical
Communication
Qualitative Methodologies are used to
ensure effective use of technology in
technical communication, such as through
E-mail, fax, messaging, video and voice
conferencing, intranet and extranet.
Qualitative Research in Psychology
Braun and Clarke (2013) claimed that a
qualitative research paradigm in psychology
has been emerging. Qualitative Ideas and
approaches have been part of psychology
since its inception in the second half of the
nineteenth century.
Qualitative Research in Social Work
Research in social work is essential for
evaluating the effectiveness of the practice
and programs, as well as for developing new
knowledge, policies and programs. Research
can also reveal the reality of everyday life,
reflective of the individuals, groups,
societies and organizations.
Research Topics and their sources:
1. Pressing Issues on an individual
organizational or societal level or
success stories
2. Wide reading/ critical film viewing
Varied reading materials like books,
journals, magazines, newspapers,
monographs can help crystallize
topics of interest.
3. Social networking
The role of netizens in present day
society cannot be overemphasized;
netizens voice their observations,
opinion, even condemnation of
current happenings, no hold-barred.
4. Replication
Theses and dissertations are good
sources of topics. A theory used in
previous study can still further
investigated.
5. Lectures, talks and seminars
These are breeding grounds of ideas.
Many researchers have claimed that
their research topics were offshoots of
ideas heard in lectures or even during
open forum.
6. Gray areas
These are points of interest but every
little is known about them.
When finding the right research paper
topic, let’s consider this:
1. To write your title, you must start with a
topic.
2. Identify problem situations. 
3. Consider your passion or interest.
4. Make sure you have enough resources for
your topic.
5. Pick a topic that is timely and relevant.
6. Check references from the library.
7. Be ready with your personal resources
8. Master the skill of finding the right
research topic.
Writing a research Title 
The title of the research is the
research problem or inquiry in capsule form.
Great care must be taken in the formulation
of the research title. It must clearly reflect
the topic of investigation. And it must be
original, clear, concise or specific.
TECHNIQUES FOR NARROWING
TOPIC FOR RESEARCH QUESTION
 Examine the literature
 Talk over ideas with others.
 Apply to a specific context
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 Define the aim or desired outcome of the
study
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCH TITLE
1. It should be limited only to substantive
words with high consideration to the key
variables such as the phenomenon under
investigation, the participants, and the
setting of the study.
(Keep it simple, brief, and attractive)
2. It should use words that can create a
positive impression among the readers.
Avoid using abbreviations as well as
some word constructions. (Avoid
abbreviations and jargons)
3. It should be in the form of a phrase with
correct use of capitalization, that is, the
first letter appeared in the title as well as
the first letter of each noun word should
be capitalized
4. It should be concise by adequately
implying the participants and the
coverage of the study.
HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH
TITLE?
RESEARCH VARIABLE- It simply refers
to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon
that you are trying to measure, explain, or
describe.
TYPES OF A RESEARCH VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV)- It
refers to the TOPIC or the PROBLEM the
study aims to solve. Further, it affects the
dependent variable.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE- It receives the
effect of the IV or it is affected by the IV.
Furthermore, it refers to the SAMPLES or
respondents of the study.
5 PARTS OF RESEARCH TITLE
1. Independent Variable/TOPIC
2. Dependent Variable/SAMPLES
3. Locale/Setting
4. Research Goal/Result
5. Methodology
RESEARCH PROBLEM- refers to a
statement that promptly suggests for
conducting an investigation.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Theory- Existing social philosophies and
generalizations which the researcher is
familiar with may be of a great help to
design a research problem.
Practitioners- Consultation with the people
who have direct experiences in a field of
interest may provide the researcher an idea
of what relevant problem he/she may
investigate.
Personal Experience- Daily experiences
can provide the researcher an idea of what
problem that needs a solution.
Relevant literature- An extensive and
thorough review of literature and studies
relevant to the problem interest of the
researcher may enable him/her to come up
with a potential study.
Considerations in Formulating the
Research Problem
EXTERNAL CRITERIA
 NOVELTY- The research problem
must carry "newness." With this, its
practical value would be easily
perceived.
 Availability of subjects- The
researcher must ensure that there will
be available participants who are
capable of providing data needed for
the study.
 Support of the academic
community- The researcher should
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consider the academic community of
administrators, teachers, staff,
students, and parents when
conducting research.
 Ethical considerations- A research
problem, when is subjected to a study,
must not pose any unethical demands
most especially on the part of the
research participants.
 Availability and adequacy of
facilities and equipment- Necessary
common devices such as computers
and telephones which will be used in
undertaking a study should be
considered.
INTERNAL CRITERA
 Qualifications of the researcher- It
is important to have knowledge and
training to ensure the success of the
research problem is conducted with
the expertise of the researcher.
 Motivation and interest of the
researcher- The research problem
which is in the interest of the
researcher may give him/her
satisfaction and enjoyment. Hence,
completion of the research tasks will
be efficiently attained.
 Time factor- A research problem,
when is subjected to a study, should
suggest to be time-efficient. With this,
the undertaking will be possibly
accomplished in a given time frame.
 Hazards and handicaps- Research
must be safe for both participants and
the researcher, and the physical and
mental health of the researcher must
be taken into account when
conducting research.
STEPS HOW TO FORMULATE
RESEARCH QUESTION
1. Choose a topic
2. Narrow the topic
3. Ask some questions
4. Focus the question
Characteristics of a Good Research
Question:
a. Focused
b. Specific 
c. Researchable
d. Feasible
e. Complex
f. Relevant
Rationale & Objective
 Rationale pertains to the reasons why
the study must be conducted
 Such justification is provided by the
researcher to highlight the significant
points of the problem
Research Justification
 Considered as the initial step in
writing a research paper
 Involves the skill on how the
researcher will provide the readers w/
critical background or contextual
information that introduces the
reasons why the proposed research
actually matters.
 Needs to indicate the reasons why the
proposed research actually matters
How to Write the Rationale
1. Existing Literature  Introduction
2. Critical Background/Contextual
information  Global & Local
Context  Focus on the setting
3. Research Gap
4. Research Goal/Objective  Include
the motivation of the study (reason/s)
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS- Scope
and Delimitation of study are two elements
of a research paper that inform the reader
what information is included and why the
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author chose it. This information adds BENEFITS- all advantages to be obtained
credibility to research. by those directly involved in the study.

SCOPE o EDUCATIONAL- Advantages related

to academic excellence
 Describes how in-detailed your study is o PROFESSIONAL- advantages related
to explore the research question and the to careers.
parameters in which it must be operated, o PERSONAL- advantages related to
relating to the timeframe and population self-growth
 A variable and factor that are NOT
INCLUDED in the investigation of RESEARCH DESIGN
research
 They are the boundaries that a researcher  Discuss what qualitative research is
sets for population size, study duration,  This may also include the objective of
participants types & more your study

LIMITATIONS PARTICIPANTS

 Are matters and occurrences that arise in  Criteria

the study which are out of the
researcher’s control SAMPLING METHOD
 They limit the extensity to which a study
 Includes what kind of method will be
can go and sometimes affect the end
implemented for gathering participants
result & conclusions that can be drawn.
INSTRUMENTS
DELIMITATIONS- The delimitation of
the study allows the writer to explain why  Validation of the study
certain aspects of a subject were chosen and  Includes what kinds of instruments will
why others were excluded. It also explains be used in gathering data
the chosen research method and why certain
theories were applied to the data. PROCEDURE (DATA COLLECTION)

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY- Part  This includes the process and how the
of the research paper dealing with the data will be collected Data Analysis
valuable contribution that the study aims to  what kind of method is used, is it a
serve thematic analysis or a colaizzi

BENEFICIARIES- People or entities who ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

will directly gain form the results of the
study  includes the ethics such as the informed
consent, anonymity, & trustworthiness
o ACADEMIC- Educational staff,
teachers, students and researchers. STEPS IN REVIEWING LITERATURE
o NON-ACADEMIC- stakeholders, 1. Review prescribed Manual of Style
policy maker, agencies and guidelines. One must be familiar with
organizations the format in writing citation and
work cited/reference list before
searching for a relevant literature.

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2. Find relevant materials. Texts
written by relevant scholars must be
reviewed. Barrot (2016) suggested the
following popular online databases:
Proquest, Science Direct, JSTOR,
EBSCO, Google Scholar, Springer,
Wiley, Taylor and Francis, and Sage
Publications.
STEPS ON HOW TO READ
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS INFOGRAPHIC
a. SKIM- Get the "big picture" by
reading the title, key words, and
abstract without taking notes, and
quickly scan the article with headings
and subheadings.
b. RE-READ- Read the article again
c. INTERPRET- Before reading, it is
important to examine the tables and
graphs carefully and look for key
issues and new findings. If not, try to
re-read the text again.
d. SUMMARIZE- it improves reading
comprehension and helps you
remember key points. If you have a
printed version, highlight key points
and write on the article. If it is on
screen, use markers and comments.
KINDS OF NOTES
1. DIRECT QUOTATION- Quotation
notes should be reproducing word for
word, that is stated in the source. When
quoting using APA Style, provide the
author, year, and specific page citation or
paragraph number for non-paginated
material to ensure the source's ideas are
accurate and reinforce the conclusion.
2. SUMMARIES- To do the summary,
skim the source; then, condense source’s
ideas and restate them in your own
words.
3. PARAPHRASES- Unlike a summary,
which condenses the original, a
paraphrase recasts material by using
roughly the same number of words,
retaining the same level of detail, and
adopting the same style as the original.
4. COMBINED NOTES- This is done
when a direct quotation is combined with
a summary. Combination note cards are
effective.
WHAT IS IN-TEXT CITATION?
 is a reference citation that is made within
the body of the text or essay
 this is used every time we quote,
summarize, and paraphrase statements,
information, and ideas that came from
others
 When there are three or more authors use
et.al.
NARRATIVE CITATION
 According to Jones (1998), “students
often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it first time”. (p.199).
PARENTHETICAL CITATION
 She stated, “Students often had difficulty
using APA style” (Jones, 1998, p.199),
but she did offer an explanation as to
why.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Use secondary sources sparingly, for
instance, when the original work is out of
print, unavailable through usual sources, or
not available in English. Give the secondary
source in the reference list; in text, name the
original work and give a citation for the
secondary source.
REFERENCE LIST
Arrange entries in alphabetical order
by the surname of the first author followed
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by the initials of the author’s given name. In
general, a reference should contain the
author’s name, date of publication, title of
the work, and publication data.