REVIEWER IN PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 1
Research Careful study that is done to
find and report new knowledge about
something (Merriam Webster) that is
systematic inquiry that is designed to
collect, analyze, and interpret data to
understand, describe, or predict
phenomena. (Mertens, 2015) It is a
formal and disciplined application of
scientific inquiry to the study of
problems. (Navarro and Santos, 2011)
Research shapes a person‟s skills in
decision-making, problem-solving, and
in knowledge creation. (Avilla, 2016)
Creation of new knowledge to be
imparted to your community.
Importance of Research
1. Gather relevant information - In the
event that the information you gathered
was not aligned to your main topic, you
can include it in the discussion, as long
as you still give emphasis to the main
topic.
2. Improve quality of life - Technologies
that were invented underwent thorough
research. (e.g. solar power, 3D printing,
artificial intelligence)
3. Understand History - Proper
understanding of the past
4. Personal and Professional
Development - Personal development:
researchers read a lot that contributes
to their development - Professional
development: updating knowledge can
increase the chances for promotion
Characteristics of a Good Research
1. Empirical - Uses facts and data that
are obtained through a thorough
investigation
2. Analytical - The researcher carefully
analyzes and interprets the gathered
data before arriving at a conclusion.
3. Systematic - Follows a certain method
or procedure to obtain results.
4. Cyclical - Begins with a problem and
ends with a resolution/tentative answers
to the problem to complete the cycle -
Every step in the research process is
vital to the success of the research 5.
Original - It is expected that any
research output is a product of a novel
idea and shows originality. - Replication
of a research is allowed, as long as the
results are different. You can also
change some variables Example:
Original research was about the Moral
Intelligence of Filipino Businessmen. You
can change the Filipino Businessmen to
Filipino Politicians.
Research Ethics
1. Honesty - No room for manipulation
of data - Strive for honesty in all
scientific communication. Honestly
report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do
not fabricate, falsify, or misinterpret
data.
2. Objectivity - Strive to avoid biases in
experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research
where objectivity is expected or
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required. Avoid/minimize bias or policies. 11. Animal Care - Show respect
self-deception. and care for animals when using them
3. Integrity - Keep your promises and in research. Do not conduct unnecessary
agreements: act with sincerity, strive for or poorly designed methods in
consistency of thought experiments.
4. Carefulness - Avoid careless errors 12. Human Subjects Protection - When
and negligence - Carefully and critically conducting research on human subjects
examine your work. - Keep your good minimize harms and risks and maximize
records of research activities such as benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
data collection, research design, and and autonomy; take special precautions
correspondence with agencies. with vulnerable populations; and strive
5. Openness - Share data, results, ideas, to distribute the benefits and burdens of
resources - Be open to suggestions and research fairly.
new ideas
6. Respect for Intellectual Property -
Cite your sources properly - Honor
patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give credit where
Triangulation: Doing lots of
credit is due. Give proper
justification in your study Can be used
acknowledgment or credit for all
when your research is both quantitative
contributions to research. Never
and qualitative Example:
plagiarize. 7. Confidentiality - Protect
a. Quantitative – percentage/statistics
confidential communications and
b. Qualitative – conduct an interview to
personal information of your
support or validate the statistics
respondents
Characteristics of Qualitative
8. Social Responsibility - If research is
Research
useful, impart it to the area/field
1. The researcher has an important role
concerned - Strive to promote good and
in qualitative research.
prevent or mitigate social harms
2. Qualitative data gathered and
through research, public education, and
presented in a form of words,
advocacy.
descriptions, pictures, or meanings, and
9. Competence - Maintain and improve
not in numbers.
your own professional competence and
3. Qualitative researcher is concerned
expertise through lifelong education and
with the process involved.
learning
4. Inductive reasoning is used in
10. Legality - Know and obey relevant
analyzing qualitative data.
laws and institutional and governmental

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5. Qualitative researcher is concerned
with meanings and interpretations.
Strengths of Qualitative Research
1. In qualitative research, issues can be
examined in detail and in depth.
2. Interviews are not restricted to
specific questions and can be guided /
redirected by the researcher in real
time.
3. The research framework and direction
can be quickly revised as new
information emerges.
4. The data based on human experience
that is obtained is powerful and
sometimes more compelling than
quantitative data.
5. Subtleties and complexities about the
research subjects and / or topic are
discovered that are often missed by
more positivistic enquiries.
6. Data usually are collected from a few
cases or individuals so findings cannot
be generalized to a larger population.
Findings can however be transferable to
another setting
Limitations of Qualitative Research
1. Research quality is heavily dependent
on the individual skills of the researcher
and more easily influenced by the
researcher’s personal biases and
idiosyncrasies.
2. Rigor is more difficult to maintain,
assess, and demonstrate.
3. The volume of data makes analysis
and interpretation time consuming.
4. It is sometimes not as well
understood and accepted as quantitative
research within the scientific community.
5. The researcher‟s presence during the
data gathering, which is often
unavoidable in qualitative research, can
affect the subjects’ responses.
6. Issues of anonymity and
confidentiality can present problems
when presenting findings.
7. Findings can be more difficult and
time consuming to characterize in a
visual way.
Research Variables
1. Dependent / Response – a variable
whose value depends on that of
another; it represents the outcome or
output which is subject for analysis and
studies
2. Independent / Explanatory –
represents inputs, causes or any other
information that establishes link
between events and objects under study
3. Constant – it is the variable that
researchers want to remain the same; it
is the one which controls in the study or
experiment.
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4. Random – a variable with a numerical
value for each member of a group,
especially one whose values occur
according to a frequency distribution.
Research Frameworks
1. Conceptual Framework – visual
representation of the variables used in
research; through conceptual
frameworks, deductive reasoning
explains theories that support the study;
it also represents the researcher’s
synthesis of literature that explains the
phenomenon; it also shows researchers’
understanding in how the key ideas
derived from the codes are related to
one another
2. Theoretical Framework – theories,
models or principles which guide the
research process and determine what
variables to test and establish a causal
relationship from
3. Input-Process-Output (IPO) – basic
research framework which explains and
categorizes identified variables based on
the pertinent treatment and
consideration from its causal relationship
Steps in Conducting Qualitative or
Quantitative Research
1. Phenomenon – produce a problem
that makes a researcher want to study
it. The phenomenon would later on lead
to the creation of research objectives
and the hypothesis
2. Participants
3. Hypothesis/-es – academic guess
4. Data Gathering/Collection
5. Data Analysis
6. Interpretation/Conclusion
Steps in Conducting Research
1. Formulating a Research Problem -
The general problem provides the
overall picture and direction of the
research. This is usually stated in
narrative form.
- The specific problems give the details
of the research. These are generated
from the general problem.
- A set of specific problems need to be
formulated. These problems are usually
stated in question form. - Reading a lot
of research articles in journals, books,
magazines, and other reading materials
can help you formulate good research
problems.
2. Writing a “Working Title” - It is called
a „working title‟ because it can be
revised or modified as the study
progresses. The research title sums up
all the variables you want to study in
your research. Usually, the research title
reflects the statement of the general
problem.
3. Writing the Significance of the Study
- The study should specify the role of
the research to different groups of
people such as curriculum developers,
researchers, teachers, students.
- Write the significance of the study in
paragraph form. - Limit the number of
paragraphs depending on the number of
beneficiaries of the study
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4. Writing the Scope and Delimitation of
the Study
- Use only two to three paragraphs. -
Write only the range of topics being
studied.
- You may include the time frame,
sample size, and the limitation of the
methods to be employed.
Methodology: Approaches in
Qualitative Research
1. Ethnography - “ethnic”/ethnicity
- a qualitative research method that
aims to get a holistic picture of a
specific group, society or any institution.
- After the culture Culture can refer to
the way of living or traditions.
- It is derived from anthropology. The
ethnographer studies the entire culture
of a popular group. It includes
geographic location, ethnicity and
organization of the group. The most
common ethnographic approach is
participant observation, in which the
researcher becomes immersed in the
culture under study as an active
participant, taking extensive notes about
observations and impressions.
2. Phenomenology - “phenomenon” -
From observations or interviews -
Gather insights and opinion of persons
toward a specific topic
- It explores the world of the
participants by gaining thoughts,
insights, and perceptions of a particular
phenomenon. The researcher tries to
investigate an individual’s thoughts and
perceptions and find the common
ground to every experience. In this
approach, the participants relive their
experiences in order to obtain the very
essence of these thoughts and
perceptions.
- Examples: Experiences of athletes who
played in the national and international
events, student-artists who joined art
competitions, students who volunteer in
relief operations, teachers who teach in
remote areas
3. Narrative Research - It narrates the
life experiences of an individual told to
the researcher or from available
documents or material. It highlights
special events in the individual‟s life.
- Gather information from
autobiographies or biographies of
certain people and then tabulate the
gathered data.
- Other sources of information:
editorials, newspaper columns,
chats/text messages, letters (ex:
pastoral letters), speeches,
announcements
- Sources of information in the business
field: minutes of the meeting,
brochures/leaflets, newspaper articles
about business, policies in the
government inclined to the business
4. Grounded Theory - Original theory
from researcher which is created and
developed from gathered data
- It aims to generate a theory from the
data which are analyzed and interpreted
inductively. The theory can be generated
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does not start from the beginning but
only surfaced after all the data have
been analyzed inductively. This is the
result of thorough interviews and
observations.
- Examples: System of disciplines of
skilled workers and how coaches
maintain discipline among his team
players
5. Art Inquiry
- Analyzing the artworks and producing
a study from it
6. Conversational Analysis
- Analyze how the conversation goes
- It is an interdisciplinary method for the
empirical investigation of the interaction
of human beings with each other and
with the objects in their environment. It
requires naturally occurring data that
has been recorded and transcribed. It
refers to actual occurrences of talk not
gathered from interviewing techniques,
observational methods, native intuitions,
or experimental methodologies.
7. Meta-analysis - It is a subset of
systematic reviews; a method for
systematically combining pertinent
qualitative and quantitative study data
from several selected studies to develop
a single conclusion that has greater
statistical power.
- Originally used in the field of medicine
2 phases: qualitative and quantitative
Easier with qualitative
- Compare and tabulate the
research/studies “theme” Objective
Participants Method Findings
Conclusion
- Create a theory afterwards by
comparing the findings and conclusions.
Are there any similarities? Is it relevant
to the main topic of your research?
8. Case Study - It presents a detailed
analysis of a specific case. Usually, a
case is individual, or one group of
people or one school. The researcher
focuses only on one particular case.
- Intention of focusing on the behavioral
aspect of a person and thinking of an
intervention to the problem. Wag
pag-aralan lang yung tao, tulungan din
sila. - Practice confidentiality
- Examples: A student who excels both
in math and science; a student who is
poor in reading and yet a black belter in
taekwondo
9. Historical Approach - Study with the
basis of history