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RESEARCH
‘’ Research is formalized curiosity. It is
poking and prying with a purpose’’ - Bales
‘’ In the broadest sense, it is the attempt to
gain a solution to problems, collection of
data in a controlled situation for prediction’’
- Treece & Treece
‘’ A careful, critical, disciplined inquiry,
varying techniques, and method’’ - Good
‘’The process of creating new knowledge’’
- Sir Orong
What is RESEARCH for?
- It is to create new and relevant
knowledge, with the purpose of
improving our lives
RESEARCHER - The creator of knowledge
Attributes of the Researcher:
1. Imagination
- Concepts, method,
implications, and use of
research
● Ability to interpret what is and what
is not
● Ability to make sensible conclusions
based on results
● Ability to see and decide what
comes next
2. Passion
- Truth, excellence, persevere
- No place for ‘’pwede na’’
TASKS for the Researcher:
1. Dream Big
2. Create
3. Don’t Imitate! INNOVATE
Risks and Benefits of the Researcher:
1. Exposure and opening-up
2. Being proven wrong
3. Knowledge is being used for the
wrong purpose
1. High of being the creator of new
knowledge, to be a pioneer, to add
to the body of mankind’s knowledge
2. The opportunities to contribute to
national development
3. Opportunity to share and exchange
ideas with other scientists all over
the world
Motivations to conduct Research:
1. Curiosity, Special Interest
2. Research career and opportunities
3. Status, Prestige, Survival
‘’Most research is conducted along research
priorities of a country or the research
agenda of an instruction’’
Research can also be ‘’fund-driven’’
PURPOSES of research:
Primary Purpose: Presentation and
improvement of the quality of human life
● All kinds of research are directed
toward this end:
- The purpose of research is to
serve man, and the goal of
research is the good life
Specific purpose:
1. To discover new facts about known
phenomenon
2. To find answers to problems, which
are only partially solved by existing
methods and information
3. To improve existing techniques and
develop new instructions or products
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4. To discover previous unrecognized
substances or elements
5. To discover pathways of action in
known substances and elements
6. To satisfy the researcher's curiosity
7. To expand or verify existing
knowledge
8. To improve educational practices for
revising the quality of products
9. To promote health and prolong life
10. To provide basis for decision-making
11. To find answers
Research as an academic process:
1. Can develop new techniques in
PT/OT
2. Can be used to evaluate the utility of
new PT/OT interventions and
processes
3. Can provide the tools for assessing
and evaluating new PT/OT
intervention
4. Can provide answers to providers
concerning health maintenance,
health delivery, and healthcare
5. Can help in determining areas of
need relating to education, patient
teaching, interpersonal relations,
and improvement
Introduction to Research:
Research - is a way of thinking
-more than a set of skills
- It is a habit of QUESTIONING
APPLICATION of Research:
- Can looked at from the perspective
of:
1. The service provider
2. The consumer/patient
3. The administrator, manager, or
planner
4. The professional
CHARACTERISTICS of Good Research
1. Controlled
- Minimize the effect of other factors
on the relationship of variables
2. Rigorous
- Ensure that the procedures and
designs should be strictly followed
3. Systematic
- Procedures should follow logical
sequence
4. Valid and Verifiable
- Conclusion is based on findings /
results
5. Empirical
- Conclusions are based on hard
evidences collected from real life
experiences
6. Critical
- Process employed must be footproof
free from any drawback
3 PERSPECTIVE of Research
1. Application of the research study
2. Objectives in undertaking the
research
3. Type of information sought
TYPES of Research
1. Pure Research
- Developing and testing theories and
hypotheses that are challenging to
the researcher
2. Applied Research
- Seek to solve practical problems
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3. Descriptive Research
- Objectives
4. Correlational Research
- Investigates relationship between
two variables
5. Explanatory Research
- Answers the question how and why
- Attempts to clarify what and how
6. Exploratory Research
- A.k.a ‘’feasibility study’’ ‘’pilot study’’
Based on Information sought:
Criteria:
1. Purpose of the study
2. How to measure variable
1. Qualitative Research
- Describe the quality of the situation
2. Quantitative Research
- Involves quantifying the variations
- Count
Problem Identification and Clarification
The Research Process: 8 step model
Step 1: Formulating a research problem
Step 2: Conceptualizing a research design
Step 3: Construct the necessary instrument
for data formulation
Step 4: Selection of the sample population
Step 5: Writing of the research proposal
Step 6: Collection of data
Step 7: Processing data
Step 8: Writing of the research report
STEP 1: FORMULATING A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
The research problem is:
- The question to be answered or
resolved
- The issues that needs to be settled
-Does not deal with moral or ethical issues
- Without a problem, there is no need for us
to do RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS of Research
1. Researchability
-it can be resolved through research
-it can be tested empirically
2. Significance - a good research is
one that is ‘’matters the answer is’’
- Affects large population
- Has serious morbidity consequences
- Is related to ongoing projects
- Fills a gap of knowledge
- Has practical application
- Will improve the practice of the
profession
Result: worth the time, effort and money
3. Feasibility
- The methodology that will be
required in answering the questions
must be feasible and practical
- Adequate subjects can be gathered
for the study
- The procedures are technically
possible
- The information needed can be
collected
- The resources are available
- The study can be completed within a
reasonable period of time
Other CONSIDERATIONS
1. Critical Mass - the problem is broad
and large enough such that there is
adequate mass of information to
work on
- The problem is not too specific and
small in scope
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2. Interest - there must be current -have adequate level of expertise for

interest in the problem the task
5. Relevance
ELEMENTS of good research problem -the topic should be important to the
profession
Specific 6. Availability of the data
- The problem should specifically -make sure that the data needed is
stated readily available
7. Ethical Issues
Measurable -adverse effects on sensitive
- It is easy to be measured using questions
research instrument in collecting
data STEPS in the formulation of research
problem
Achievable 1. Identify
- The data are achievable using -a broad area of interest in your
correct statistical techniques to academic/professional field
arrive at precise result
2. Dissect
Realistic -broad area into sub-areas
- Real results are not manipulated
3. Select
Time Bounded -a sub-area or areas in which you would like
- Time Frame is required in every to conduct your research
activity
4. Raise Research Questions
SOURCES of good research problem -that will like to answer through your study
1. People
2. Problems 5. Formulate objectives
3. Programs -main objectives and sub-objectives of the
4. Phenomena study

CONSIDERATIONS in selecting a research 6. Asses

problem: -these objectives to ascertain the feasibility
1. Interest
-motivation to conduct and finish the 7. Double-Check
research -that you are sufficiently interested in the
2. Magnitude study and have adequate resources for
-sufficient knowledge about the undertaking it
research process
3. Measurement of concepts
-indicators must be clear and
measurable
4. Level of Expertise