Chapter 2

PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT DESIGN

Contents
Flow Amplification

3
Signal Inversion

6
Selection

red
green

7
Memory Function

red
green

8
Delayed switching on

9
Delayed switching off

10
Pulse on switching on

11
Pulse on releasing a valve

12
Direct Operation and Speed Control

13
Control from two points: OR Function

Shuttle Valve

14
Safety interlock: AND Function

15
Safety interlock: AND Function

1 2

16
Inverse Operation: NOT Function

17
 B A

Direct Control P
18
Holding the end B A
positions/Indirect Control

19
Cam valve

Semi Automatic return of a cylinder

20
Repeating Strokes

21
2 4

Sequence Control
3

1 2
22
 COORDINATED MOTION

A+ A- B+ B-

b0 a1

start
ao
b1

Signals Start a1 b1 a0 b0

Commands A+ B+ A- B-
23
[Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document or use this space to emphasize a key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just d

Sequence : A+ B+ B- A-

a1 b1 bo a0

ST
A+ B+ B- A-

Component Description Designation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

100
80
Double acting cy linder 60
B
40

20
mm
100
80
Double acting cy linder 60
A
40
20
mm
 A- A+ B- B0 B1 B+
A0 A1

B
A

50%
50%

50%

50%
A+B+B-A-

4 2 4 2
A+ A- B+ B-

2 5 3 2 5 3
1 A1 1
A0

1 3 2 1 3 2
2 B0
B1

1 3 1 3

1 3
Time Motion Diagrams
A+ B+ B- A-
b1

b0
a1

ST a0
,
Cascade Pneumatic Circuit Design
• Implementation of a sequence of actions by
a full pneumatic circuit is widely used in
industries.
• Many industries like automotive, food,
chemical and so on need to use a full
pneumatic system due to the hazardous
area in the site and limitation of use of the
electricity in the system.
METHODS
1. Code the cylinders with letters. Use positive
and negative signs to show the cylinders’
positions: positive sign to indicate the
cylinder is completely extended, and negative
sign to indicate the cylinder is completely
retracted:
A+ B+ B- A-
2. Split the motion sequence into groups in a
way that any letter regardless of its sign
appears only once in each group:
A+ B+ | B- A-
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
3. Number the groups:
A+ B+ | B- A-
I II
4. For each cylinder, consider two limit valves to
signal for the start and end of its motion and
two 4/2 or 5/2 direction control valve to
operate the cylinder. I
II
1
 L1
L2

CLICK
HERE
 L1
L2

CLICK
HERE
L1
L2
 Example 2
A+ B+ | B- C+ A- | C-
I II III

I
II
III
1

2
CLICK
HERE
 I
II
III
1
CLICK
2 HERE
 I
II
III
1

2
CLICK
HERE
 I
II
III
1

2
Example 3
A+ B+ | B- | C+ | A- C-
I II III IV
I
II
III
IV
1

3
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A-
Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

S a0
T
I II
a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A-
Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

S a0
T
I II

Where to put these

start button and limit
switch?
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 Sequence Circuit
Where to put A+ B+ B- A-
this limit
switch? Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

S a0
T
I II
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A-
Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

Where to put
this limit S a0
switch? T
I II
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Sequence Circuit
Where to put
A+ B+ B- A- this limit
switch?
Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

S a0
T
I II
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A-
Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

S a0
T How to
I II draw these
lines?
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A-
Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

How to S a0
draw this T
line?
I II
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A-
How to Im
draw these a1 b0
lines?

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

S a0
T
I II
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A-
Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

S a0
T
I II
How to
draw this
line?
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A-
Im
a1 b0

A+ B+ How to B- A-
draw this
line?
b1

S a0
T
I II
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Sequence Circuit
A+ B+ B- A- How to
draw these
Im lines?
a1 b0

A+ B+ B- A-

b1

S a0
T
I II
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
Time Motion Diagrams
A+ B+ B- A-
b1

b0
a1

ST a0
,
Time Motion Diagrams
A+ B+ B- A-
b1

b0
a1

ST a0
,
Time Motion Diagrams
A+ B+ B- A-
b1

b0
a1

ST a0
,
Time Motion Diagrams
A+ B+ B- A-
b1

b0
a1

ST a0
,
THE OPERATION OF
CASCADE SEQUENCE
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 a0 a1 b0 b1

L1
L2

ST
 ISO SYMBOLS for AIR TREATMENT EQUIPMENT

Air Cleaning and Drying

Air Cooler Air Dryer Air Heat

Auto Drain Refrigerated Heater Exchanger
Air Dryer

Water Filter Filter / Filter / Multi stage Lubricator

Separator Separator Separator Micro Filter
w. Auto Drain

Pressure Regulation

Basic Adjustable Pressure Regulator Differential Pressure

Symbol Setting Regulator with relief Pressure Gauge
Spring Regulator

Units

FRL Unit,
FRL Unit, detailed simplified 85
 Single Acting Cylinder, Single Acting Cylinder,
Spring retract Spring extend

Double Acting Cylinder Double Acting Cylinder with

adjustable air cushioning

Double Acting Cylinder, Rotary Actuator,

with double end rod double Acting

86
Return Spring (in fact not an Mechanical (plunger):
operator, but a built-in element)
Roller Lever: one-way Roller Lever:

Manual operators: general: Lever:

Push Button: Push-Pull Button:

Detent for mechanical and manual operators (makes a monostable valve bistable):
Air Operation is shown by drawing the (dashed) signal pressure line to the side of
the square; the direction of the signal flow can be indicated by a triangle:
Air Operation for piloted operation is shown by a rectangle with a triangle. This
symbol is usually combined with another operator.
Direct solenoid operation solenoid piloted operation

87
 Input Input
Manual Closed connected to Return Manual Closed connected to Return
Operation Input Output Spring Operation Input Output Spring

OR

Manually Operated,
Normally Open 3/2 valve
(normally passing)
with Spring
Return
Exhaust Air Supply

Input Input closed, Input Input closed,

Mechanical connected to Output Return connected to Output Return
Operation Mechanical
Output exhausted Spring Operation Output exhausted Spring

OR

Mechanically
normally closed 3/2
Operated,
(non-passing)
Valve with Spring Return

Air Supply Exhaust

88
 Manually operated Valves
detent, must correspond with valve position

no pressure pressure no pressure pressure

3/2, normally closed 3/2, normally open 3/2, normally closed/normally open
monostable valves never operated bistable valves: both positions possible

Electrically and pneumatically operated Valves

Air operated valves may be operated in rest

no pressure pressure

Solenoids are never operated in rest

Mechanically operated Valves

No valve with index "1" is operated.
no pressure pressure

a…n1 a…n1

All valves with index "0" are operated.

pressure no pressure

a…n a…n 89
0 0
First stroke of the cycle Last stroke of the cycle
A B C

A+ A- B+ B- C

POWER Level

LOGIC Level
Memories,
AND's, OR's,
Timings etc.

Start

SIGNAL INPUT Level Codes: a 0 , a1 , b0 , b , c0

1
and c1 .

90