Chapter 1: (Cont.

Human Evolution
Process
COURSE: ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN

Instructor: Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

Department of Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 Homo Homo
 Outline: Homo floresiensis sapiens
neander-
Homo thalensis
Chapter 1: Human Evolution
Homo erectus
Process
habilis
Australo-
• 1.1 Human Evolution
pithecus Process
• 1.2 Human Societies
Ardipithecus
• 1.3 Influence
ramidus Factors on Human Evolution Process
• 1.4 Population and Human Population Issues
• 1.5 Laws, and Regulations related to Environment and Human
Health

2 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.2 Human Societies:
• A society is groups of people who live in a certain domain and behave
according to existing culture and morality.

1. Hunting and Gathering Societies

2. Horticultural Societies
3. Agricultural Societies
4. Industrial Societies
5. Post-industrial societies
[Dr. Nestor Rodriguez- University of Houston]

3 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.2 Human Societies:
1. Hunting and gathering society
• Earliest from of human society

• Smallest size (family bands)

• Most time spend looking for food

• Very nomadic (nay đây mai đó, du mục)

• Very low developed division of labor

• Longest lasting society (99% of all societal time)-

59 minutes and 51 seconds on the societal time
clock
4 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh
 1.2 Human Societies:

2. Horticultural society
• Villages (less than a hundred
inhabitants to several hundred)
• Family clans and others
• Domestication of plants and animals
• Semi-nomadic
• Food production is a major social
effort
• Division of labor evolves especially by
gender
• Religious and military leader roles
• 3.6 seconds on the societal time clock

5 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.2 Human Societies:
3. Agrarian society
• Developed large-scale agriculture
• Large societies with large cities
• Multiethnic society (xã hội đa sắc
tộc).
• Large division of labor.
• Farming technology roles
(government, religion, business,
etc.)
• Peasants (nông dân) are the largest
class (50 % or more of population)
• 5.2 seconds on the societal time
clock

6 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.2 Human Societies:
4. Industrial society
• Most developed form of human society
• Nation-states
• Mega populations (metropolis)
• Advanced technology in many fields
• Less than 10% of population is involved in food
production
• Very detailed division of labor (gender roles
remain)
• Enormous capacity to destroy other societies
• Less than one second old on the societal time
clock

7 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.2 Human Societies:
5. Post-industrial society
• In sociology, the post-industrial society is the stage
of society's development when the service sector
generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of
the economy.
• the rise of the service economy includes low-skill jobs but
especially high-skill service jobs; low-skill jobs are found in
domestic and personal service and high-skill jobs are found
in businesses providing services, e.g., management, health
care, computer services, etc.
For example:
• in 1970 26% of employed U.S. workers worked in manufacturing
industries; by 1997 this rate had decreased to 16%
• in 1970, 26% of employed U.S. workers worked in service occupations; by
1997 this rate had increased to 36%

8 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.3 Influence Factor On Human Evolution Process

• Natural selection: is defined as the differential reproduction of organisms as a function of heritable

traits that influence adaptation to the environment. There are three essential components to this
definition—(1) differential reproduction, (2) heritable traits, and (3) adaptation to the environment.

• Random genetic drift: is defined as the change in allele frequencies over time due to chance and
chance alone.

• Mutation: is defined as an error in copying the DNA

• Population mating structure: is defined as all those factors—physical, temporal,

anatomical/physiological, and behavioral—that result in nonrandom mating among members of a species.

• Culture: is not unique to humans. Species of monkeys and apes—and quite possibly other mammals
and some birds—can transmit information and behavior from one generation to the next

9 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.3 Influence Factor On Human Evolution Process

Natural selection
Most species reproduce at a rate
that, if unchecked, would lead to
exponential population growth.
However, such growth is seldom
realized in nature because many
organisms fail to reproduce.

Darwin reasoned: if the differential

reproduction was associated with adaptation to
an environmental niche and if the adaptive traits
were transmitted to a subsequent generation,
then the physical and behavioral traits of a
species will change over time in the direction of
better adaptation. shorturl.at/pHT49

10 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.4 Population and Population Issues
Population definition: a group of individuals of
the same species inhabiting an area.
Population characteristics:
• Natality (birth rate): refers to the number of
individuals added to the population through reproduction. In
human populations, natality is usually described in terms of
the birth rate, the number of individuals born per one
thousand individuals in the population per year.
• Mortality (death rate): is the number of deaths per
year. In human population studies, mortality is usually
discussed in terms of the death rate, the number of
individuals who die per one thousand individuals in the
population per year
• Population Density: is population size in relation to
some unit of space and time. It varies with food availability
and climatic conditions. It can be measured as: D=N/at
11 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh
where D is population density, n= number of individuals, a=
area and t= time
• Sex ratio: refers to the number of males relative to
the number of females in the population.
• Age distribution: refers to the individuals of
different age groups in a population. The natality and
mortality is also different for respective ages.
Bodenhelmer (1938) recognized three ecological ages
as: (i) Pre reproductive, (ii) Reproductive and (iii) Post
reproductive
• Biotic Potential is the maximum reproductive
power. The constant percent growth rate of a
population under optimum environmental conditions
thus represents its biotic potential or reproductive
potential.
 1.4 Population and Population Issues

Factors Regulating Population

• Physical attributes of the environment (e.g. climate)

• Food (quantity and quality),

• Disease (host-parasite relationships).

• Predation

• Competition (inter-specific and intra-specific).

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 1.4 Population and Population Issues
Population issues  Consequences of population
explosion:
• Famine
• (i) It can lead to depletion of resources.
• Political unrest • (ii) Severe competition for food and space.
• (iii) Increase in psychological stress and strain.
• Environmental degradation
• (iv) Rapid pollution of environment.
• Water pollution • (v) Large scale unemployment
• Air pollution

• Extinction

• And etc.

13 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.4 Population and Population Issues

Factor Controlling Population Growth

• Geographic factor: Like climate, soil, water, mineral resources,

transportation, and etc.

• Demographic factor: Like birth rates (nasality), death rates (mortality),

sex ratio, etc.

• Socio-economic factors: Like marriages, job availability, resources etc.

For example: In the developed countries, population has started declining because of-(i) Better medical
and family planning facilities; (ii) The low death and birth rates; (iii) The educated people who know about
‘the abuses of over population”

14 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.4 Population and Population Issues

Measures to Control over Population

• Educate the people about the abuses of overpopulation

• Provide free family planning aids (Family planning methods).

• Motivate people to undergo sterilization process (Birth control) .

• Incentives to families observing family planning norms (Limited family)

• Imposing legal restrictions (by laws).

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 1.5 Laws, and Regulations related to Environment and
Human Health:
Environment and human health
• Environment health: as defined by WHO, comprises those aspects of human health,
including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and
psychosocial factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing,
correcting, controlling, and preventing those factors in the environment that adversely affect the
health of present and future generations
Sustainable development
• Climate and health
• Infectious diseases
• Water related disease
• Risk due to chemical in food
Healthy Environment Healthy People
• Cancer and environment

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 1.5 Laws, and Regulations related to Environment and
Human Health
• Environmental law is a term used
• Why is Environmental Law
to explain regulations, statutes,
Important?
local, national and international
• For health of current generation
legislation, and treaties designed
• For health of future generation
to protect the environment from
• Maintaining resources and lifestyle
damage and to explain the legal
• For ecology
consequences of such damage
• The financial issues
towards governments or private
• “Future proofing” our world
entities or individuals.

17 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.5 Laws, and Regulations related to Environment and
Human Health:
Key Current US Environmental Laws:
• The Clean Air Act • National Environmental Policy Act
• The Clean Water Act • Occupational Safety & Health Act
• Comprehensive Environmental • Pollution Prevention Act
Response, Compensation and
• Resource Conservation and
Liability Act
Recovery Act
• Emergency Planning & Community
• Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA):
Right-to-Know Act
• Superfund Amendments and
• Endangered Species Act
Reauthorization Act (SARA):
• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide &
• Toxic Substances Control Act:
Rodenticide Act

18 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.5 Laws, and Regulations related to Environment and
Human Health:
For example: “US’s Clean Air Act”
• The oldest and best known of all environmental laws here in the US.

• Came into being in 1970 and sets out provisions for regulating air emissions within the
US’s borders from all potential sources of aerial pollution.
• The US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is responsible for its enforcement.
They are also responsible for creating, reviewing and maintaining NAAQS - the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), a set of standards on emissions.

19 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

 1.5 Laws, and Regulations related to Environment and
Human Health:
For example: “US’s Clean Air Act”
• requires EPA to set health-based standards for ambient air quality;
• sets deadlines for the achievement of those standards by state and local
governments;
• requires EPA to set national emission standards for large or ubiquitous sources of air
pollution, including motor vehicles, power plants, and other industrial sources;
• mandates emission controls for sources of 187 hazardous air pollutants;
• establishes a cap-and-trade program to limit acid rain;
• requires the prevention of significant deterioration of air quality in areas with clean air;
• requires a program to restore visibility impaired by regional haze in national parks and
wilderness areas; and
• implements the Montreal Protocol to phase out most ozone-depleting chemicals.

20 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

  Notes: Meeting on April 17th
• Take attendance
• Assign homework #1 (due date April 29th)
Google meeting schedule:
• Q&A time
Every Friday morning (9:00-10:00) !!!

Step 1: Login to Google with school account (***@hcmut.edu.vn)

Step 2: Login to Page http://e-learning.hcmut.edu.vn/

Step 3: Choose the course: Environment and Human (ME2019)_Video (HK192) 

Click the link !!! (THE LINK WILL JUST APPEAR FROM 8:50 AM, EVERY FRIDAY)

21 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh

  Homework #1 & Solution
1. Do humans continue to evolve ?

2. Compare the typical characteristics of pre-industrial

society, industrial society, and post-industrial The answer
society?
hint:
• Mode of production
here !
• Economic sector
• Transforming resource
• Strategic resource
• Technology
• Skill base, and etc.

(due date April 29th) !!!

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 Thank you for your attention,
and see you next week !!!

23 1/30/2023 Environment and Human- Dr. Duong Huyen Lynh