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(e)

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

(d)
0.4
B

0.2

A
-0.2

0.4

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Axial strain

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