GENERAL

PHYSICS 1
Week 16

Ms. Janet Molina

Faculty, LS-SHS
TYPES OF FORCES
TYPES OF FORCES
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE (Fg)
Gravitational force is a vector quantity that
refers to the force of attraction between the
earth and an object and is expressed by
Newton’s Law of Gravitation:
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 /𝑘𝑔2
𝑚𝑀 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 𝐺 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
𝑅2
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
 TYPES OF FORCES
WEIGHT (w)
The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object of mass
m near the Earth’s surface.

𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔

𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
 TYPES OF FORCES
NORMAL FORCE (N)
It refers to the force from a solid surface that keeps an object from
falling through in which the direction is always perpendicular to the
surface and the magnitude depends on the situation.
 TYPES OF FORCES
TENSION FORCES (T)
The force exerted by a rope, cable, string, chain, etc. The force a rope
exerts is away from the object and parallel to the rope.
 TYPES OF FORCES
FRICTION FORCES (Ff)
Friction is a resistive force that slows things down and tries
to stop objects from sliding past each other.
 TYPES OF FORCES
FRICTION FORCES (Ff)
Friction always acts in the opposite direction. It occurs between
surfaces that are rough and contain bumps and hollows.
 TYPES OF FORCES
TYPES FRICTION FORCES (Ff)
Static Friction (fs) Kinetic Friction (fk)
refers to the force resisting the refers to the force opposing the
initiation of sliding motion between two movement of two surfaces that are in
surfaces that are in contact and at rest. contact and are sliding over each other.

𝑓𝑠
𝜇𝑠 =
𝑁
𝑓𝑘
𝜇𝑘 =
𝑁
OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM
IN EQUILIBRIUM OR NOT?

IN EQUILIBRIUM IN EQUILIBRIUM
OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM
Objects that are either at rest or moving with
constant velocity.

It can either be STATIC or DYNAMIC.

STATIC AND DYNAMIC

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM
Objects that are either at rest or moving with
constant velocity.

It can either be STATIC or DYNAMIC.

The net force acting on an object in equilibrium is
ZERO.
෍ 𝑭𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 ෍ 𝑭𝑥 = ෍ 𝑭 𝑦 = ෍ 𝑭𝑧 = 0
OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS

300 600 B By
Ay A
A B 300 600
Ax Bx

4 kg
w = mg
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
1. A lamp is suspended from a chain of negligible mass. What are the
forces acting on the lamp?
Solution:
▪ Two forces are acting on the lamp.
Tension Force 𝑇
Gravitational Force or Weight 𝐹Ԧ𝑔

F y = 0 → T − Fg = 0 → T = Fg
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
2. Two balls are hanged one after the other as shown in the figure.
The upper ball weighs 0.35 N, while the lower ball weighs 0.28 N. (a)
Draw a free-body diagram for each ball. (b) Find the tension in each
string supporting the balls.
Free-Body Diagrams:
w1

w2
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
Applying the first condition of equilibrium to each of the balls:
Σ𝑭𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑦 = 𝑇2 − 𝑤2 = 0
𝑇2 − 0.28𝑁 = 0
𝑇2 = 0.28𝑁

Σ𝑭𝑦 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 − 𝑤1 = 0
𝑇1 − 0.28𝑁 − 0.35𝑁 = 0
𝑇1 = 0.63𝑁
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
3. A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two
other cables that are fastened to a support. The upper cables make
angles of 37° and 53° with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the
three cables.

Free-Body Diagrams:
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
3. A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two
other cables that are fastened to a support. The upper cables make
angles of 37° and 53° with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the
three cables.
Solution for 𝑇3 using the free-body diagram (b):
Σ𝑭𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Σ𝑭𝑥 + Σ𝑭𝑦 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑦 = 𝑇3 + 𝐹𝑔 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑦 = 𝑇3 − 𝐹𝑔 = 0
𝑇3 = 𝐹𝑔 = 100𝑁
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
3. A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two
other cables that are fastened to a support. The upper cables make
angles of 37° and 53° with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the
three cables.
Solution for 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 using the free-body diagram (c):
Σ𝑭𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Σ𝑭𝑥 + Σ𝑭𝑦 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝑇1𝑥 + 𝑇2𝑥 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑥 = −𝑇1 𝑐𝑜𝑠37° + 𝑇2 𝑐𝑜𝑠53° = 0 𝐸𝑞. (1)
Σ𝑭𝑦 = 𝑇1𝑦 + 𝑇2𝑦 + 𝑇3𝑦 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝑇1 𝑠𝑖𝑛37° + 𝑇2 𝑠𝑖𝑛53° − 100𝑁 = 0 𝐸𝑞. (2)
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
3. A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two
other cables that are fastened to a support. The upper cables make
angles of 37° and 53° with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the
three cables.
Equate T2 in Eq. (1),
−𝑇1 𝑐𝑜𝑠37° + 𝑇2 𝑐𝑜𝑠53° = 0
𝑇2 𝑐𝑜𝑠53° = 𝑇1 𝑐𝑜𝑠37°
𝑇2 𝑐𝑜𝑠53° 𝑇1 𝑐𝑜𝑠37°
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠53° 𝑐𝑜𝑠53°
𝑇2 = 1.33𝑇1
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
3. A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two
other cables that are fastened to a support. The upper cables make
angles of 37° and 53° with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the
three cables.
Substitute the values of T2 and T3 to Eq. (2),
𝑇1 𝑠𝑖𝑛37° + 𝑇2 𝑠𝑖𝑛53° − 100𝑁 = 0
𝑇1 𝑠𝑖𝑛37° + 1.33𝑇1 𝑠𝑖𝑛53° − 100𝑁 = 0
0.6018𝑇1 + 1.0622𝑇1 = 100𝑁
1.6640𝑇1 = 100𝑁
1.6640𝑇1 100𝑁 𝑇1 = 60.10 𝑁
=
1.6640 1.6640
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
3. A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two
other cables that are fastened to a support. The upper cables make
angles of 37° and 53° with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the
three cables.
Then solving for T2,
𝑇2 = 1.33𝑇1 = 1.33 60.10𝑁
𝑇2 = 79.93𝑁
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
4. On a 30° frictionless inclined plane, a 2000 kg car is attached to a
cable over a pulley with another mass, the crate, on the cable keeping
everything balanced. Find tensions T1 and T2 on the cable and the mass
of the crate.
Given:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔,
𝑎Ԧ = 0 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑀 = 2000 𝑘𝑔
𝜃 = 30°
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
4. On a 30° frictionless inclined plane, a 2000 kg car is attached to a
cable over a pulley with another mass, the crate, on the cable keeping
everything balanced. Find tensions T1 and T2 on the cable and the mass
of the crate.
Free-Body Diagram:
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
4. On a 30° frictionless inclined plane, a 2000 kg car is attached to a
cable over a pulley with another mass, the crate, on the cable keeping
everything balanced. Find tensions T1 and T2 on the cable and the mass
of the crate.
Σ𝑭𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Σ𝑭𝑥 + Σ𝑭𝑦 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝑇2 + 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝑇2 − 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑦 = 𝑇1 + 𝑚𝑔 = 0
Σ𝑭𝑦 = 𝑇1 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
4. On a 30° frictionless inclined plane, a 2000 kg car is attached to a
cable over a pulley with another mass, the crate, on the cable keeping
everything balanced. Find tensions T1 and T2 on the cable and the mass
of the crate.
Since we are given the mass of the car, let’s use the equation for Σ𝑭𝑥 :
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝑇2 − 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
𝑇2 = 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2000 𝑘𝑔 9.8 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 9800𝑁
Remember that if tension forces are acting on the same cable, they
have an equal magnitude. Therefore, 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = 9800𝑁.
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM - EXAMPLES
4. On a 30° frictionless inclined plane, a 2000 kg car is attached to a
cable over a pulley with another mass, the crate, on the cable keeping
everything balanced. Find tensions T1 and T2 on the cable and the mass
of the crate.
To find for the mass of the crate, equate 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 :
𝑇1 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑇2 = 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
And 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 . Thus, 𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑚= = 𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑔
𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑚𝑔 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (2000𝑘𝑔)(𝑠𝑖𝑛30°)
=
𝑔 𝑔 𝑚 = 1000 𝑘𝑔
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM – ASSIGNMENT#1
Find the tension in each of the three cables.

300 600
A B

4 kg
 OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM – ASSIGNMENT#2
A Christmas decoration consists of three
identical balls, each with a mass of 0.15
kg. It was hanged from a ceiling as shown.
Find the tension in the portion of the w1

string supporting each ball. Neglect the

mass of the string.
w2

w2
ACCELERATING OBJECTS
ACCELERATING OBJECTS
If an object experiences an acceleration, there must
be a nonzero net force acting on it.

Applying Newton’s Second Law in component form,

෍ 𝑭𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝒂

෍ 𝑭𝑥 = 𝑚𝒂𝑥 ෍ 𝑭𝑦 = 𝑚𝒂𝑦 ෍ 𝑭𝑧 = 𝑚𝒂𝑧

 ACCELERATING OBJECTS
1. Two boxes, A and B, are connected by a lightweight cord and are resting
on a smooth (frictionless) table. The boxes have masses of 10.0 kg and
12.0 kg. A horizontal force 𝐹Ԧ𝑝 of 40.0 N is applied to the 10.0-kg box, as
shown below. Find (a) the acceleration of each box, and (b) the tension in
the cord connecting the boxes.
 ACCELERATING OBJECTS
1. Two boxes, A and B, are connected by a lightweight cord and are resting
on a smooth (frictionless) table. The boxes have masses of 10.0 kg and
12.0 kg. A horizontal force 𝐹Ԧ𝑝 of 40.0 N is applied to the 10.0-kg box, as
shown below. Find (a) the acceleration of each box, and (b) the tension in
the cord connecting the boxes.
Given: Find: Formula:
𝑚𝐴 = 10.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑎 =?
෍ 𝐹Ԧ𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ𝑥
𝑚𝐵 = 12.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 =?
𝐹Ԧ𝑝 = 40.0 𝑁
 ACCELERATING OBJECTS
1. Two boxes, A and B, are connected by a lightweight cord and are resting
on a smooth (frictionless) table. The boxes have masses of 10.0 kg and
12.0 kg. A horizontal force 𝐹Ԧ𝑝 of 40.0 N is applied to the 10.0-kg box, as
shown below. Find (a) the acceleration of each box, and (b) the tension in
the cord connecting the boxes.
Free-Body Diagram:
 ACCELERATING OBJECTS
Solution:
All of the forces acting on the vertical (y) direction
are balanced, therefore the remaining forces are
only acting on the horizontal (x) direction:
For mass A (mA), two forces are acting on it –
applied force and tension force:
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑝 + 𝑇 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎Ԧ
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑝 − 𝑇 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎Ԧ
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝑇 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑝 − 𝑚𝐴 𝑎Ԧ
 ACCELERATING OBJECTS
Solution:
All of the forces acting on the vertical (y) direction
are balanced, therefore the remaining forces are
only acting on the horizontal (x) direction:
For mass B (mB), there is only one force acting on it
–tension force:
Σ𝑭𝑥 = 𝑇 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎Ԧ
 ACCELERATING OBJECTS
Solution:
Equating the equations for T in mass A and mass B:
𝐹Ԧ𝑝 − 𝑚𝐴 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎Ԧ
𝐹Ԧ𝑝 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑚𝐴 𝑎Ԧ
𝐹Ԧ𝑝 = 𝑎Ԧ 𝑚𝐵 + 𝑚𝐴
𝐹Ԧ𝑝 40.0𝑁
𝑎Ԧ = =
(𝑚𝐵 + 𝑚𝐴 ) (12.0𝑘𝑔 + 10.0𝑘𝑔)
𝑎Ԧ = 1.82 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
 ACCELERATING OBJECTS
Solution:
For the tension in the cable, either of the equations
for the T derived can be used. Let’s use the
equation for mass B for now.
𝑇 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎Ԧ = (12.0𝑘𝑔)(1.82 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )
𝑇 = 21.84𝑁
 REFERENCES
Silverio, A. A. (2017). Exploring Life Through Science: General Physics 1. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with Applications (7th ed.). Pearson

Education, Inc.

Serway, R. A., & Faughn, J. S. (2006). Physics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. J. (2010). Physics for Scientists and Engineers with
Modern Physics (8th ed.). Brooks/Cole.
The Lord is the one who is going ahead of you. He will be
with you. He won’t abandon you or leave you. So don’t be
afraid or terrified.

Deuteronomy 31:8
 For I know the plans I have for you,” declares the LORD,
“plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you
hope and a future.

Jeremiah 29:11 NIV