LITERATURE REVIEW 16

Canada
1
Tyerman, Patovirta, A.-L., & Celestini, A. (2021). How Stigma and Discrimination Influences
Nursing Care of Persons Diagnosed with Mental Illness: A Systematic Review. Issues in Mental
Health Nursing, 42(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2020.1789788
2
Slemon, Jenkins, E., Bungay, V., & Brown, H. (2020). Undergraduate students’ perspectives on
pursuing a career in mental health nursing following practicum experience. Journal of Clinical
Nursing, 29(1-2), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15074
 
3
Sandhu, Arora, A., Brasch, J., & Streiner, D. L. (2019). Mental Health Stigma: Explicit and
Implicit Attitudes of Canadian Undergraduate Students, Medical School Students, and
Psychiatrists. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(3), 209–217.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718792193

4
Slemon, Bungay, V., Jenkins, E., & Brown, H. (2018). Power and Resistance: Nursing Studentsʼ
Experiences in Mental Health Practicums. Advances in Nursing Science, 41(4), 359–376.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000221

Not Canada 12

5
Kameg, Fradkin, D., & Lee, H. (2021). Effect of Standardized Patient Simulation on Nursing
Students’ Attitudes Toward Psychiatric Nursing and Patients With Mental Health Problems.
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(8), 15–21.
https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20210513-01

6
Alexander, L., Rinehart, N. J., Hay, M., Boyd, L., & Foster, K. (2022). Nursing students’
attitudes and experiences with mental illness: A cross-sectional study. Teaching and Learning in
Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2022.09.011

7
Perlman, Moxham, L., Patterson, C., Cregan, A., Alford, S., & Tapsell, A. (2020). Mental health
stigma and undergraduate nursing students: A self-determination theory perspective. Collegian
(Royal College of Nursing, Australia), 27(2), 226–231.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2019.08.001
 
8
Foster, Withers, E., Blanco, T., Lupson, C., Steele, M., Giandinoto, J., & Furness, T. (2019).
Undergraduate nursing students’ stigma and recovery attitudes during mental health clinical
placement: A pre/post‐test survey study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 28(5),
1065–1077. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12634

9
Stuhlmiller, C., & Tolchard, B. (2019). Understanding the impact of mental health placements on
student nurses’ attitudes towards mental illness. Nurse education in practice, 34, 25-30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.06.004

10 
Happell, Platania-Phung, C., Bocking, J., Scholz, B., Horgan, A., Manning, F., Doody, R., Hals,
E., Granerud, A., Lahti, M., Pullo, J., Ellilä, H., Annaliina, V., van der Vaart, K. J., Allon, J.,
Griffin, M., Russell, S., MacGabhann, L., Bjornsson, E., & Biering, P. (2018). Nursing Students’
Attitudes Towards People Diagnosed with Mental Illness and Mental Health Nursing: An
International Project from Europe and Australia. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 39(10), 829–
839. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1489921

İnan, Günüşen, N., Duman, Z. Ç., & Ertem, M. Y. (2019). The Impact of Mental Health Nursing
Module, Clinical Practice and an Anti-Stigma Program on Nursing Students’ Attitudes toward
Mental Illness: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Journal of Professional Nursing, 35(3), 201–208.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2018.10.001
Desai, & Chavda, P. (2018). Attitudes of undergraduate medical students toward mental illnesses
and psychiatry. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(1), 50–50.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_87_17

Chen, Hsiao, C.-Y., & Chien, H.-W. (2022). Attitudes Toward People With Schizophrenia
Among Undergraduate Nursing Students. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses
Association, 10783903221096360–10783903221096360.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10783903221096360
 

Durmaz, & Tastan, S. (2022). Analyzing the relationship between the personality traits of
nursing students and their attitudes toward people with mental illnesses. Perspectives in
Psychiatric Care. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.13083

Rahmani, Mohammadi, E., & Fallahi-Khoshknab, M. (2021). Nurses’ experiences of the causes
of their lack of interest in working in psychiatric wards: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 20(1),
246–246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00766-1

Giralt Palou, Prat Vigué, G., & Tort‐Nasarre, G. (2020). Attitudes and stigma toward mental
health in nursing students: A systematic review. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(2), 243–
255. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12419

Heim, E., Henderson, C., Kohrt, B., Koschorke, M., Milenova, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2020).
Reducing mental health-related stigma among medical and nursing students in low- and middle-
income countries: A systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, E28.
doi:10.1017/S2045796019000167
 1 ARTICLES for Methodology

Social distance scale measuring stigma

 
Charles, & Bentley, K. J. (2018). Measuring Mental Health Provider-Based Stigma: Development and
Initial Psychometric Testing of a Self-Assessment Instrument. 
Community Mental Health Journal, 
54(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0137-4

Modgill, G., Patten, S. B., Knaak, S., Kassam, A., & Szeto, A. C. (2014). Opening Minds Stigma
Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC): examination of psychometric properties and
responsiveness. BMC psychiatry, 14, 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-120

Sharma H. (2021). Statistical significance or clinical significance? A researcher's dilemma for

appropriate interpretation of research results. Saudi journal of anaesthesia, 15(4), 431–434.
https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.sja_158_21

Todman. (2018). The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods. (Brief article)
[Review of The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods.(Brief article)].
CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, 55(6), 709–709. American Library
Association CHOICE.
 1 ARTICLES for THEORY

 
 Theoretical Framework
 
Prentice, Jayawickreme, E., & Fleeson, W. (2019). Integrating whole trait theory and self ‐determination
theory. Journal of Personality, 87(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12417
 3 ARTICLES for Definition of stigma
Domingue, J. L., Jager, F., Lusk, J., Davis, A., Ezeani, C., Perkins, M., & Pryer, B. (2022). An Integrative
Review of Mental Health Nurses' and Other Professionals' Experience of Associative Stigma. Issues in
mental health nursing, 1–9. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2022.2055243

Mental health nurses report experiencing stigmatization both from within and outside the profession,
and associative stigma provides one way to explore that experience. To better understand the current
state of the literature on mental health care professionals' experiences of associative stigma, and
particularly on nurses' experience of this phenomenon, an integrative review of the literature on the
subject was conducted. The results detail factors associated with associative stigma, the effects of
associative stigma on nurses and caregivers of persons with mental illnesses, and the quantification of
associative stigma. This article concludes by discussing implications for nursing practice, education, and
research.

Waddell, C., Graham, J. M., Pachkowski, K., & Friesen, H. (2020). Battling Associative Stigma in
Psychiatric Nursing. Issues in mental health nursing, 41(8), 684–690.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2019.1710009
 

 
Abstract
Psychiatric nurses often experience associative stigma. Associative stigma may impact psychiatric nurses'
views of their professional identity which ultimately impacts the health care of individuals experiencing
mental health concerns. Very little research has been conducted on associative stigma in the western
Prairie Provinces, including Manitoba. The authors conducted a secondary analysis on the results of an
explanatory sequential mixed methods research study to determine if psychiatric nurses in Manitoba are
influenced by associative stigma. Three themes were identified through this analysis, specifically: (1) the
perception that RPNs are not "Real" Nurses; (2) lack of recognition of specialized training; and (3)
working with a stigmatized population. Associative stigma was intertwined in all of the participants'
narratives indicating a need to dismantle associative stigma. Strategies to enhance the public perception of
psych nursing and decrease associative stigma within the profession are described.
 

Flaskerud J. H. (2018). Stigma and Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing. Issues in mental health nursing,
39(2), 188–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1307887
FACT STATISTICS
 
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (2022). Mental health 101: understanding stigma.
https://www.camhx.ca/Education/online_courses/MentalhHealth101Series/Stigma/story.html
 
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (2022). The crisis is real.
https://www.camh.ca/en/driving-change/the-crisis-is-real
 
 
Government of Canada. 2022. Mental Health Nurse in Canada.
Retrieved from https://www.jobbank.gc.ca/marketreport/outlook-occupation/697/ca
 
 
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2022). Annual report 2021 – 2022.
https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/ANNUAL-REPORT-2021-2022.pdf
 
 
More than 900,000 people in Canada have completed at least one MHCC training course in mental health
and wellness. That’s nearly one million individuals with new knowledge to support their own mental
health and well-being — and that of their family members, friends, neighbours, and colleagues. With each
person trained, the country’s mental health literacy and resiliency grows, as does the size and reach of its
informal support networks. And as that happens, the stigma around mental health and substance use
health decreases — particularly for those seeking help for such concerns.
 Canadian nursing education system and history---only background

Morrissette. (2010). Navigating the labyrinth of Canadian undergraduate psychiatric nurse education.
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 19(6), 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-
0349.2010.00687.x
 
Smith, M., & Khanlou, N. (2013). An Analysis of Canadian Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing through
the Junctures of History, Gender, Nursing Education, and Quality of Work Life in Ontario, Manitoba,
Alberta, and Saskatchewan. ISRN nursing, 2013, 184024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/184024

Canada Interventions
 
Guruge, S., Wang, A. Z., Jayasuriya-Illesinghe, V., & Sidani, S. (2017). Knowing so much, yet knowing
so little: a scoping review of interventions that address the stigma of mental illness in the Canadian
context. Psychology, health & medicine, 22(5), 507–523.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1191655
 
Other countries-background

Happell. (2009). Influencing Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing:
Acknowledging the Role of Theory. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(1), 39–46.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840802557113

Happell, & Gaskin, C. J. (2013). The attitudes of undergraduate nursing students towards mental health
nursing: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(1-2), 148–158.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12022
 

Hunter, Weber, T., Shattell, M., & Harris, B. A. (2015). Nursing Students’ Attitudes about Psychiatric
Mental Health Nursing. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(1), 29–34.
https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.935901
 
 
Ong, H. L., Seow, E., Chua, B. Y., Xie, H., Wang, J., Lau, Y. W., ... & Subramaniam, M. (2017). Why is
psychiatric nursing not the preferred option for nursing students: A cross-sectional study examining pre-
nursing and nursing school factors. Nurse education today, 52, 95-102.

Cant, R., Ryan, C., Hughes, L., Luders, E., & Cooper, S. (2021). What Helps, What Hinders? Undergraduate
Nursing Students' Perceptions of Clinical Placements Based on a Thematic Synthesis of Literature. SAGE
open nursing, 7, 23779608211035845. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608211035845