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Table 1 Studies included in the review

Paper Methodology Study design Main findings Outcome measured

The Relationship Between The methodology involved Analytic observational study Family involvement in Activity daily living (ADL)
Family Involvement in an analytic observational with a cross-sectional design physiotherapy home
Physiotherapy Home study with a cross-sectional programs correlates
Programs and Activity Daily design, a sample of 15 stroke significantly with ADL in
Living in Post-stroke Patients patients, purposive sampling, post-stroke patients.
Kurnia Putri Utami a questionnaire on family
KnE Medicine 2023 support, the Index Barthel for
measuring ADL, and
statistical analyses using
IBM SPSS and the Spearman
test.
Dyadic approach to The methodology used in the Prospective cohort study SCR participation is SCR participation over the
supervised community study involved logistic conducted in a community determined by both caregiver first 3 months and
rehabilitation participation in regression analysis, setting without and stroke survivor factors, subsequent 3 to 12 months
an Asian setting post-stroke: univariate and bivariate randomization or blinding with variations over the early post-stroke
exploring the role of analyses to examine and late post-stroke period.
caregiver and patient associations between The study supports the
characteristics in a caregiver and stroke survivor adoption of a dyadic
prospective cohort study factors with supervised approach for studying the
Shilpa Tyagi +30 community rehabilitation utilization of community
BMJ Open (SCR) participation. The
2020 study included data
collection at 3-monthly
intervals, recruitment of
stroke survivor-caregiver
dyads, and exclusion of cases
 with missing data or deaths
within the follow-up period.
Limitations included
potential information bias
related to recall of SCR
participation and
simultaneous determination
of caregiver characteristics
and SCR participation in the
early post-stroke period. The
data used in the study is
available upon request
Patient-centered mobility The methodology in Shilpa Cross-sectional study The main findings of the Use of assistive devices,
outcome preferences Krishnan, Monique R utilizing semi-structured, study include the use of common rehabilitation
according to individuals with Pappadis, Susan Weller, qualitative interviews with comparative content analysis activities, ability to walk
stroke and caregivers: A Steve Fisher, Catherine C convenience sampling and to identify themes, the independently, ability to
qualitative analysis Hay, Timothy A Reistetter approval from the importance of considering move, drive, balance, stand,
Shilpa Krishnan +5 (2018) involved conducting Institutional Review Board. stroke survivors' and need for assistive devices for
Disability and Rehabilitation semi-structured, qualitative caregivers' mobility outcome independent movement in the
2018 interviews with stroke preferences for patient- community
survivors and informal centered rehabilitation care,
caregivers, coding themes and the most preferred
and subthemes using NVivo outcome preferences being
10 software, and evaluating walking, moving, and
the trustworthiness of the balancing.
identified themes. The
interviews were conducted
by licensed physical and
occupational therapists, and
the analysis process included
iterative coding and grouping
of themes into meta-themes.
No potential conflicts of The methodology involved a Cross-sectional study
The main findings of the Use of assistive devices,
interest were disclosed prospective population-based utilizing semi-structured,
study include the use of common rehabilitation
Milene Silva Ferreira +1 study of 328 community- qualitative interviews with
comparative content analysis activities, ability to walk
dwelling elderly adults born convenience sampling andto identify themes, the independently, ability to
in 1924. Participants were approval from the
importance of considering move, drive, balance, stand,
categorized based on serum Institutional Review Board.
stroke survivors' and need for assistive devices for
ferritin levels and followed caregivers' mobility outcome independent movement in the
up for 3 years to assess preferences for patient- community
mortality and centered rehabilitation care,
functional/cognitive status. and the most preferred
outcome preferences being
walking, moving, and
balancing.
No potential conflicts of he methodology involved a Prospective population-based There was no association Association between ferritin
interest were disclosed prospective population-based longitudinal observational found between high serum values and mortality in
Milene Silva Ferreira 2020 study of 328 community- cohort study ferritin concentrations in elderly individuals aged 85
dwelling elderly adults born individuals aged 85 years or years, correlation between
in 1924. Participants were older and an increased risk of serum ferritin levels and
categorized based on serum mortality during a 3-year functional/cognitive status
ferritin levels and followed follow-up period. - There
up for 3 years to assess was no correlation observed
mortality and between serum ferritin levels
functional/cognitive status. and functional or cognitive
status at baseline.

The study emphasizes the sleep quality, burden

Missing the Mark: The Qualitative approach with Qualitative study, Mixed- importance of expanding the
Complexity of African sociograms, mixed-methods methods study, Secondary definition of family
American Dementia Family approach, secondary data data analysis caregivers beyond dyads, the
Caregiving analysis, and conceptual need for culturally sensitive
Glenna S Brewster +5 framework were used in the interventions, and the
Journal of Family Nursing study. significance of community-
2020 based research designs.

"Tipping point" concept The methodology involved Literature review, The paper aims to analyze The main or primary
analysis in the family using Walker and Avant's observational, retrospective the concept of "tipping point" outcome measured in the
caregiving context framework for the concept in caregiving families, study is functional ability,
Janice D Crist +13 analysis and conducting emphasizing the importance muscle strength and frailty,
Nursing Forum searches in scholarly of recognizing and mental status changes,
2019 literature databases to preventing these points changes in mobility within
identify relevant articles. A through a transdisciplinary the home and community,
total of 72 articles were approach. quantity and quality of sleep,
included in the study. fatigue, difficulty sleeping,
caregiving burden,
caregiver's physical and
mental health, social support,
objective burden of
caregiving tasks, subjective
perceptions of burden,
depression, anxiety, anger,
and health changes.
The delivery of the ReWork- The methodology used in the The study design is a case The ReWork-Stroke program Effectiveness of the
Stroke program: A process study by Ulla Johansson et study design. is a flexible and person- ReWork-Stroke program in
evaluation al. (2021) involved a case centered rehabilitation facilitating return to work
Ulla Johansson +5 study design, data collection program that focuses on after stroke, including its
Work through interviews and building alliances with flexibility, components,
2021 logbooks, and analysis using clients, providing duration, and delivery at the
content analysis. interventions at the workplace
workplace, informing about
stroke, assigning co-workers
as tutors, and collaborating
with stakeholders. The
program emphasizes the
importance of recognizing
 and addressing the current
work ability after stroke,
with OTs playing a crucial
role in coordinating and
collaborating with all
stakeholders.
Investigating the effects of a The methodology involved a Randomized controlled trial The main findings include Levels of adherence to ADR,
family-centered care program posttest-only randomized (RCT), posttest-only design, significant improvements in AMR, and ARR; Re-
on stroke patients' adherence controlled trial with stroke cluster randomization adherence to post-discharge hospitalization rate and
to their therapeutic regimens patients and family rehabilitation programs, reasons for readmission
Nahid Dehghan Nayeri +4 caregivers from two hospitals dietary regimen, and
Contemporary Nurse: health in Iran. Validity and medication regimen in stroke
care across the lifespan reliability of questionnaires patients who received the
2014 were ensured, and the family-centered care program
intervention for the compared to those who
experimental group was a received routine care.
family-centered care
program.
Determining the Needs of The methodology involved a Exploratory triangulation The main findings include Needs of family members of
Family Caregivers of Stroke posttest-only randomized design using qualitative identifying family members' stroke patients admitted to an
Patients During Inpatient controlled trial with stroke interviews, art therapy needs, emphasizing family- IRF, including assistance
Rehabilitation Using patients and family technique, and a quantitative centered care, and the with preparing for discharge,
Interview, Art, and Survey caregivers from two hospitals survey; Naturalistic Inquiry necessity for interventions to staff caring for family
Michelle Camicia +4 in Iran. Validity and enhance communication and members, communication
Rehabilitation Nursing reliability of questionnaires support. about the plan of care and
2018 were ensured, and the what to expect postdischarge,
intervention for the and trusting the care
experimental group was a provided by IRF staff.
family-centered care
program.
Determining the factors The methodology involved Qualitative study, in-depth The study identified five Factors influencing the
influencing the selection of in-depth interviews with interviews, content analysis main factors influencing the choice of post-acute care
post-acute care models by stroke patients and their
patients and their families: a families, conducted at four
qualitative content analysis hospitals in Taiwan, using a
Yu-Chi Tung +3 semi-structured approach.
BMC Geriatrics Content analysis was then
2023 applied to the qualitative
interview data. Purposive
sampling was used for
participant selection.
Stroke and The methodology involves
Telerehabilitation: A Brief examining the impact of
Communication telehealth technology on the
Ayisha Bashir perceived level of internal
JMIR Rehabilitation and service quality delivered by
Assistive Technologies nurses in a telehealth
2020 organization, as well as
assessing the quality of
evidence on telerehabilitation
in poststroke care.
Clinical Implications of The methodology involves
Family-Centered Care in conducting recent studies to
Stroke Rehabilitation understand caregiver reliance
2017 on interactions with
healthcare providers, desire
for involvement in care, and
benefits of active
involvement in discharge
planning. It also emphasizes
engaging caregivers in
meaningful ways to address
implementation of telehealth
interventions to support
patients recovering from
stroke. This typically
includes the use of various
devices for monitoring vital
signs such as blood pressure,
heart rate, oxygen saturation,
and weight.
through questionnaires
assessing carers' stroke-
related knowledge,
satisfaction with information
provision, and confidence,
preparedness, and stress
related to community
transition
choice of post-acute care
(PAC) models among stroke
patients and their families:
medical professionals'
suggestions, health care
accessibility, continuity and
coordination of care,
willingness and prior
experience of patients and
their relatives and friends,
and economic factors.
Telerehabilitation for stroke
patients is convenient and
provides a sense of security,
although the evidence quality
remains low.
The main findings highlight
the significance of family-
centered care in stroke
rehabilitation, the crucial role
of non-professional
caregivers in assisting stroke
survivors, and the reliance of
family caregivers on
interactions with healthcare
providers to address their
needs.
(PAC) models among stroke
patients and their families:
advice of medical
professionals, health care
accessibility, continuity and
coordination of care,
willingness and past
experience of patients and
their relatives and friends,
economic factors
Satisfaction and acceptance
levels of telerehabilitation
interventions, quality of
evidence on telerehabilitation
in poststroke care, impact of
telehealth technology on
internal service quality
delivered by nurses
identification and addressing
of needs of stroke family
caregivers, engagement in
treatment planning,
anticipation of post-discharge
needs

Family-Centered Care
During Constraint-Induced
Therapy after Chronic
Stroke: A Feasibility Study
Sarah Blanton 2016
The effects of family based
care program on the health
status of hemiplegic patients
with stroke: A Randomized
Control Trial
Arsalan Naderipor +2
2020
identified issues.
The methodology used in the Single-group, quasi- The main findings indicate The outcome measured in the
study involved a single- experimental design with that the CARE-CITE study includes feasibility
group, quasi-experimental pre-post-test and one month intervention was feasible and outcomes, CP depressive
design with descriptive follow-up, observational in showed positive preliminary symptoms, fatigue, family
statistics to analyze sample nature effects on carepartners' conflict surrounding stroke
characteristics, participant variables and stroke survivor recovery, and stroke survivor
retention, adherence, CP upper extremity function for upper extremity function for
acceptability, stroke survivor tasks at home. tasks at home.
adverse events, and
outcomes. A convenience
sample of seven stroke
survivors and their care
partners was recruited, and
the CARE-CITE intervention
content was detailed in Table
1. Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences software
(SPSS 14.0) was utilized for
quantitative data analysis.
The methodology involved a The study design is a The family-based care health status of hemiplegic
clinical trial with 40 randomized controlled trial program significantly stroke patients
hemiplegic stroke patients, with an experimental and improved the health status of
random allocation into control group, evaluating the hemiplegic stroke patients
experiment and control effects of a family-based care compared to routine care,
groups, implementation of a program on the health status demonstrating the
home-based care program, of hemiplegic stroke patients. effectiveness of involving
evaluation of health status family members in home
using a questionnaire before care education programs.
and after the program, and
data analysis using SPSS
 V.21.
Information, involvement, The methodology used in the Qualitative study using The main findings of the Needs of caregivers of
self-care and support-The study was grounded theory, grounded theory study include the people living with stroke:
needs of caregivers of people which involved gathering methodology with theoretical identification of four critical information, involvement,
with stroke: A grounded information from literature sampling and constant needs for stroke caregivers: self-care, support
theory approach reviews and social media to comparative analysis. information, involvement,
Elton H Lobo 2023 represent the needs of self-care, and support.
caregivers. This was further Caregivers emphasized the
refined and evaluated importance of information to
through an online survey. reduce uncertainty, while
The methodology aimed to involvement in the care
construct theory from process added to their sense
systematically obtained data of preparation and
using both qualitative and confidence.
quantitative sources.
Biographical continuation: The methodology involved Focused ethnographic The post-stroke recovery post-stroke recovery
recovery of stroke survivors ethnographic fieldwork, approach, ethnographic trajectory involves seven trajectory involving seven
and their family caregivers in including non-participant fieldwork over nine months, states with four mindsets and states, four mindsets, and
Taiwan observations and semi- data analysis using NVivo 12 three status passages. three status passages
Zih-Yong Liao +2 structured individual Pro, acknowledgment of
Primary Health Care interviews with 12 dyads to potential preconceptions
Research and Development explore the experiences of influencing study's rigour
2024 stroke survivors and family
caregivers engaging with
LTC services.
Family caregiving research: The methodology used in Jill Narrative review Tailored interventions are improvements in carers'
Reflecting on the past to I Cameron (2021) is a needed to support caregivers knowledge related to stroke
inform the future narrative review that effectively. - Timing of nature/impairments, stroke
Jill I Cameron synthesizes existing research intervention delivery is management/prevention,
Journal of Spinal Cord findings in family caregiving crucial for supporting functional status, and
Medicine (JSCM) in neurological populations. patients and families during community services.
2021 transitions across care
 environments. - Family-
centered care that considers
the needs of both patients
and caregivers is essential for
meeting the diverse needs of
caregivers.
Family-Centered Care: An The methodology involved The study design in Seyed Family-centered care is
Evolutionary Concept following Rodgers' Tayeb Moradian, Seyed considered an appropriate The outcome measured in the
Analysis evolutionary model with 8 Tayeb Moradian (2018) is a framework for the provision study includes improved
Seyed Tayeb Moradian +1 steps, searching various concept analysis study based of health services. - Further patient and family
International Journal of databases for relevant terms, on Rodgers' evolutionary studies are needed for better satisfaction, increased
Medical Reviews categorizing antecedents, and model, involving extensive implementation of family- efficacy and improved
2018 identifying the essence of the literature review and data centered care. quality of life, improved flow
concept through its collection to understand the of information, better
properties. essence, antecedents, and interaction between the
consequences of family- family and the professional
centered care. team, increased self-efficacy,
helping intensive care
patients to be aware of the
care process, giving
relaxation and a sense of
security, improving
communication between
patient and family, achieving
improved treatment
outcomes, acquiring a sense
of re-control in family
management, reducing
nursing job burnout, creating
a more effective relationship,
increasing holistic nursing,
and reducing depression and

Relationship between Family The methodology used in the
Health Behavior with study involved a cross-
Improving Patient Functional sectional design conducted
Capacity Post Stroke in the from October 2021 to
Dwikora Area February 2022 in the
Ristika Julianty Singarimbun Dwikora area, Medan. The
Journal of Advances in study population included 30
Medicine and Pharmaceutical families of post-stroke
Sciences patients, with data collected
2023 through direct questionnaire
distribution and analyzed
using the Spearman Rank
Test and Guttman scale
(confidence: 95)
Investigating the effects of a The methodology involved a
family-centered care program posttest-only randomized
on stroke patients' adherence controlled trial with stroke
to their therapeutic regimens patients and family
Nahid Dehghan Nayeri +4 caregivers from two hospitals
Contemporary Nurse: health in Iran. Validity and
care across the lifespan reliability of questionnaires
2014 were ensured, and the
intervention for the
experimental group was a
family-centered care
program.
Resarech Paper: The Effect The methodology involved a
of a Family-centered clinical trial on 100 stroke
Empowerment Model on the patients in a specific hospital
Quality of Life of Patients in Iran. Patients were divided
With Stroke into experimental and control
fatigue among caregivers.
Quantitative design with a The main findings highlight Family knowledge in
correlation method and a the importance of family increasing the functional
cross-sectional approach knowledge in enhancing the capacity of post-stroke
functional capacity of post- patients
stroke patients and the strong
relationships between family
knowledge, attitude, and
action in this process.
Randomized controlled trial The main findings include Levels of adherence to ADR,
(RCT), posttest-only design, significant improvements in AMR, and ARR; Re-
cluster randomization adherence to post-discharge hospitalization rate and
rehabilitation programs, reasons for readmission
dietary regimen, and
medication regimen in stroke
patients who received the
family-centered care program
compared to those who
received routine care.
Randomized controlled trial The main findings include The outcome measured,
(RCT), posttest-only design, significant improvements in which is the main or primary
cluster randomization adherence to post-discharge outcome measured in the
rehabilitation programs, study, is the quality of life
dietary regimen, and score along with its
Fateme Sadat Izadi-Avanji groups, with
+2 experimental group receiving
2020 family-centered
empowerment training. Data
analysis was conducted using
statistical tests in SPSS V.
19.
Effects of a family-focused The methodology used in the
dyadic psychoeducational study by Huanyu Mou,
intervention for stroke Stanley Kam, Ki Lam, Wai
survivors and their family Tong Chien (2022) involved
caregivers: a pilot study a single-blinded, parallel-
Huanyu Mou +3 group randomized controlled
BMC Nursing trial with a convenience
2022 sample of 40 stroke dyads.
The intervention included in-
hospital education sessions
and post-discharge telephone
counseling. Feasibility,
acceptability, and
preliminary effects were
assessed through various
measures, and participants
were confirmed through
screening and obtaining
written consent.
Improving Stroke Caregiver The methodology involved a
Readiness for Transition grounded theory approach
From Inpatient Rehabilitation with interviews conducted by
to Home a team including experts and
Barbara J Lutz +6 doctoral students, and data
The gerontologist analyzed using dimensional
the medication regimen in stroke
patients who received the
family-centered care program
compared to those who
received routine care.
Randomized controlled trial, The family-focused dyadic
single-blinded, parallel-group psychoeducational
design, focused on exploring intervention was feasible and
the feasibility, acceptability, acceptable for stroke dyads,
and preliminary effects of a showing preliminary effects
family-focused dyadic such as significant reductions
psychoeducational in caregiver burden and
intervention for stroke dyads. improvements in caregiving
competence.
Qualitative grounded theory Caregivers often feel
study unprepared to assume the
caregiving role after
discharge from inpatient
rehabilitation. - The
developed model provides a
dimensions: energy, family
role, social role, language,
mobility, self-care, upper
extremity function, and
work/productivity.
The family-centered dyadic
psychoeducation programme,
which is both practicable and
acceptable for stroke dyads,
demonstrated initial effects
for stroke dyads.
Identification of critical areas
where caregivers felt
unprepared to assume the
caregiving role after
discharge from inpatient
rehabilitation
2016 analysis and constant family-centered approach to
comparative techniques. identify needs and facilitate
caregiver preparation. - The
framework can help
understand the needs of
stroke caregivers and
survivors, identifying gaps in
caregiver preparation.
The virtual family The methodology involved Observational study with Stroke-related knowledge,
conference in stroke recruiting patients from an descriptive statistical analysis The virtual family satisfaction with information
rehabilitation: Education, inpatient stroke rehabilitation conducted in a single-center conference intervention provision, community
preparation, and transition program, conducting virtual setting resulted in significant transition planning (including
planning family conferences, and improvements in carers' carer confidence,
Benjamin R Ritsma +4 collecting data remotely. knowledge about stroke, preparedness, and stress)
Clinical Rehabilitation Eligibility criteria and satisfaction with information
2022 participant details were provision, confidence,
outlined in the study. preparedness for community
transition, and reduction in
self-perceived stress. The
study highlighted the
feasibility and effectiveness
of virtual family conferences
in stroke rehabilitation,
emphasizing their potential
benefits for carers of stroke
patients. The results support
the value of the family
conference as a valuable
component of a larger
education, communication,
and collaborative planning
approach in stroke

Caregiving Appraisal by
Family Caregivers of Stroke
Survivors in Nigeria
Grace Vincent-Onabajo +8
Journal of Caring Sciences
2018
rehabilitation.
The methodology involved a The study design is a cross- The main findings highlight Caregiving satisfaction,
cross-sectional survey using sectional survey conducted at the higher positive caregiving mastery,
the revised Caregiving physiotherapy facilities in caregiving appraisals perceived caregiving burden,
Appraisal Scale to assess North-East Nigeria, utilizing compared to negative ones, and environmental impact
family caregivers' appraisals, the revised Caregiving with specific attention among family caregivers of
with statistical tests used to Appraisal Scale to assess needed for interventions stroke survivors
analyze differences based on caregiving appraisal. targeting female, older, and
specific variables. Data was employed caregivers.
collected from family
caregivers of stroke survivors
in Nigeria.
Upon careful examination of the data provided in the table, it was concluded that implementing a family-centered approach in stroke
rehabilitation effectively improves patient outcomes and promotes favourable experiences for both patients and their families. The
implementation of a family-centered care strategy in stroke rehabilitation results in higher compliance with therapy regimens, greater
participation of families in the rehabilitation process, improved education and support for families, and ultimately, superior outcomes for stroke
patients.