Submitted by: Tahira Fatima,Wajeeha Ashfaq,Ushna Ijaz,Javaria

Submitted to: Ma’am Deeba Shahwar

Bs 8th semester
Department of mass communication
Topic: Kashmir Dispute
Mass media in SAARC
HISTORY OF OCCUPATION AND CONFLICT

 Great Britain controlled India from 1612 until 1947.

 Under British rule, Kashmir was a princely state-it was directly ruled by a
maharaja that answered to the British.
 1947-India gains independence from Britain
 The independence agreement partitions India into two nations, India and
Pakistan the Maharaja of Kashmir accedes his province to India, prompting
war between India and Pakistan
 1948-UN Security Council passes resolution 47, mandating a ceasefire
along the Line of Control (LOC) and paving the way for a potential plebiscite
 1957-India declares all of Kashmir a state of the Indian Union
 1965- Alleged infiltration attempts by Pakistan instigate a second Indo-
Pakistani war in Kashmir
 1989- Militancy in the region escalates
 1999- Pakistani forces cross the LOC, and India responds by declaring war
 2005-India and Pakistan agree to a new ceasefire
Relationship between Kashmir and Pakistan.
The river Indas, Jhelum and Chesab, which are the sources of life for Pakistan,
flow into Pakistan from the state of Jammu and Kashmir making it a whole
geographical unit. The state had its road and rail links with Pakistan to import and
exports move through Pakistan both the countries are well-wisher of each other.
Kashmir issue
The state of Jammu and Kashmir was the most important state in the sub-
continent. It is situated in the north part of indo-pak sub-continent. It was the
biggest state in India and occupied 84471 square miles of territory. It has its
boundaries with Tibet, China, Russia, and Afghanistan which have placed it in a
great strategic position.

In 1947
When the sub-continent was, divided the state was ruled by maharaja Hari Singh
who too was a tyrannical ruler. The people of Kashmir at the time of partition felt
that in view of Muslim majority population, the state would accede to Pakistan and
they would soon be out of the clutches of the oppressive Dogra nile.

The Second Kashmir War:1965

Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar in 1965 to recover Kashmir from India,
sending guerrillas into the Valley. On September 1, Indian troops crossed the
international border and Pakistan launched an attack on Jammu. India responded
with a series of attacks, prompting the UN Security Council to call for an
immediate cease-fire, which both coutries.

The Third War: 1971

In 1971 India and Pakistan fought a PAKISTAN third war over Bangladesh's
Independence in which the Kashmir dispute was a secondary issue.

The Threat of War and the Bush Administration's Role in Ending It

2001
On December 13, 2001 the Indian parliament building was attacked by the
Pakistan-based terrorist. Tensions between India and Pakistan got intense. Both
countries started moving military along the Line of Control (LOC).
Compromise on Conflict: 2004
During the SAARC summit meeting, held January 4-6, 2004, Vajpayee met Gn.
Musharraf on January 5. They discussed an agreement that had been put together
by Indian and Pakistani officials. As Musharraf said in December 2004, he wanted
to compromise on the conflict by negotiations. Therefore, the leaders gave their
approval on the agreement.

Viral meeting of SAARC:

Pakistan and India traded allegations and counter-allegations on the Kashmir
dispute at the foreign ministers' virtual meet of the South Asian Association for
Regional Countries (SAARC). Pakistan reaffirmed its commitment to the Saarc
process and shared its steps to contain and control the Covid-19 pandemic.

2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown

5 August 2019: The special status enjoyed by Jammu and Kashmir was revoked by
the Government of India through Presidential orders backed by parliamentary
resolutions. Simultaneously, the state was converted into a union territory, with
Ladakh separated into a separate union territory, through the Jammu and Kashmir
Reorganization Act.
5 August 2019 – 5 February 2021: The entire state of Jammu and Kashmir was
placed in a lockdown along with a communication blackout, ostensibly to prevent
militant activity but also to prevent public protests according to commentators. At
least 627 people were detained, including former chief ministers and other leaders.
Recent challenges:
1. For Pakistan, Kashmir remains the core issue and Islamabad cannot
envision a dialogue with India that excludes the Kashmir issue.
2. The outcome of the current Indian actions could result in more refugees
from India into Pakistan.
3. The latest Indian action will complicate the resolution of other long-
standing disputes over issues like the Siachen Glacier and Sir Creek.
4. The Indian decision will adversely impact people-to-people contacts and
trade relations between the two countries.

Solution of Kashmir issue

Self-determination People of Kashmir should have authority to join any one from
Pakistan and India according to their will.

CONCLUSION
 Greater understanding of this conflict---history and developments.

 The necessity of resolving this conflict, as well as potential solutions.

 The important role that the UN has in mediating the situation.