Advanced Optoelectronics

Lecture 1: Introduction
Dr. Hassan Al-Musawi
Department of Electronic and Communications Engineering
Faculty of Engineering,
University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.
Email: hasank.baqir@uokufa.edu.iq

February 2022
Outline
 Reading List
Lecture 1- Introduction:Review for Optical Systems
 Transmission Media , History
 Communication Technologies, Applications
 System, Challenges Ahead
 Lecture 2: Light Propagation Theory
 Lecture 3: Sources of EM Radiation
 Lecture 4: Light Sources and Transmitter
 Lecture 5: Broadening and Lineshapes
 Lecture 6: Optical Amplification
 Lecture 7: Modes and Populations
 Lecture 8: Practical Laser Systems
 Lectures 9 & 10: Light Detectors and Receivers
 Lectures 11 & 12: Passive Optical Devices
 Lectures 13: Optical Systems- Modulation types
 Lectures 14: Optical Systems- Free Space
 Lectures 15: Optical Sensors 2
Suggested Reading List

– A. Yariv, P. Yeh, and A. Yariv, Photonics : optical electronics in

modern communications, 6th ed. (The Oxford series in
electrical and computer engineering). New York: Oxford
University Press, 2007, pp. xii, 836 p.
– J. Wilson and J. F. B. Hawkes, Optoelectronics, an
introduction, 2nd ed. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
– G. Keiser, Optical fiber communications, 4th ed. New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.
– G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-optic communication systems, 4th ed.
New York: Wiley, 2010.
– G. Ghione, Semiconductor devices for high-speed
optoelectronics. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2009, pp. xv, 463 p.
3
Transmission Medium

 Transmission Medium, or channel, is the actual physical

path that data follows from the transmitter to the receiver.

 Copper cable is the oldest, cheapest, and the most

common form of transmission medium to date.

 Optical Fiber is being used increasingly for high-speed

applications.

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Transmission Medium

Free Space Optical (FSO)

Communications

5
Transmission by Light: why?

Growing demand for faster and more efficient

communication systems
Internet traffic is tripling each year
It enables the provision of Ultra-high bandwidth to
meet the growing demand
Increased transmission length
Improved performance
etc.

6
Historical Developments
• 800 BC Use of fire signal by the Greeks
• 400 BC Fire relay technique to increase transmission distance
• 150 BC Encoded message
• 1880 Invention of the photophone by Alexander Graham Bell

7
Historical Developments - contd.
• 1930 Experiments with silica fibres, by Lamb (Germany)
• 1950-55 The birth of clad optical fibre, Kapany et al (USA)
• 1962 The semiconductor laser, by Natan, Holynal et al
(USA)
• 1960 Line of sight optical transmission using laser:
- Beam diameter: 5 m
- Temperature change will effect the laser beam
Therefore, not a viable option

•1966- A paper by C K Kao and Hockham (UL) was a break

through
- Loss < 20 dB/km 
- Glass fibre rather than crystal (because of high viscosity)
- Strength: 14000 kg /m2.
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Contd.
Historical Developments - contd.
• 1970 Low attenuation fibre, by Apron and Keck (USA) from
1000 dB/km - to - 20 dB/km
- Dopent added to the silica to in/decrease fibre refractive index.
• Late 1976 Japan, Graded index multi-mode fibre
- Bandwidth: 20 GHz, but only 2 GHz/km
Start of fibre deployment.
• 1976 800 nm Graded multimode fibre @ 2 Gbps/km.
• 1980’s
- 1300 nm Single mode fibre @ 100 Gbps/km
- 1500 nm Single mode fibre @ 1000 Gbps/km
- Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier

9
Historical Developments - contd.
• 1990’s
- Soliton transmission (exp.): 10 Gbps over 106 km with no error
- Optical amplifiers
- Wavelength division multiplexing,
- Optical time division multiplexing (experimental) OTDM
• 2000 and beyond
- Optical Networking
- Dense WDM, @ 40 Gbps/channel, 10 channels
- Hybrid DWDM/OTDM
 ~ 50 THz transmission window
 > 1000 Channels WDM
 > 100 Gbps OTDM
 Polarisation multiplexing
- Intelligent networks
10
Existing Systems - 1.2 Tbps WDM

DWDM
DWDM
• Typical bit rate 40 Gbps / channel
• ~ 8 THz (or 60 nm) Amplifier bandwidth
• 32 channels (commercial) with 0.4 nm (50 GHz) spacing
• 2400 km, no regeneration (Alcatel)
Total bandwidth = (Number of channels) x (bit-rate/channel)
OTDM
OTDM

• Typical bit rate 6.3 Gbps / channel

• ~ 400 Amplifier bandwidth
• 16 channels with 1 ps pulse width

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Communications Technologies
Year Service Bandwidth distance product

1900 Open wire telegraph 500 Hz-km

1940 Coaxial cable 60 kHz-km
1950 Microwave 400 kHz-km
1976 Optical fibre 700 MHz-km
1993 Erbium doped fibre amplifier 1 GHz-km
1998 EDFA + DWDM > 20 GHz-km
2001- EDFA + DWDM > 80 GHz-km
2001- OTDM > 100 GHz-km
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Optical Technology - Advantages
• High data rate, low transmission loss and low bit error rates
• High immunity from electromagnetic interference
• Bi-directional signal transmission
• High temperature capability, and high reliability
• Avoidance of ground loop
• Electrical isolation
• Signal security
• Small size, light weight, and stronger

62 mm

21mm
648 optical fibres
448 copper pairs
363 kg/km
5500 kg/km
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Mechanical construction of a fibre cable

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Applications
Electronics and Computers
 Broad Optoelectronic
 Medical Application
 Instrumentation
 Optical Communication Systems
 High Speed Long Haul Networks 
(Challenges are transmission type)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ?
 Access Network (AN)?
Challenges are:
- Protocol
- Multi-service capability
- Cost
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Undersea Cables

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Network Architecture

Thousands kilometres Hundred kilometres Few kilometres

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Network Architecture

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System Block Diagram

Transmitter Optical
Drive
Drive Optical splice
Source Optical
circuit
circuit source Connector
Optical
coupler
Optical
Optical Optical-to-
Optical-to- Optical
Optical
Tx
Tx electronics
electronics Rx
Rx
Regenerator

Fibre
Optical
Optical Optical
Optical Sink
Receiver
Receiver Sink
amplifier
amplifier detector
detector

Source: Prof. Z Ghassemlooy lecture notes

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System Block Diagram

Source: Prof. Z Ghassemlooy lecture notes

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Source

Source
Source
Modulation Multiplexing
Multiplexing Modulation
Modulation
coding
coding
•• Analogue • Frequency
Analogue ••Frequency
•• Digital Time
Digital • Time

External
External Internal
Internal

•• Pulse
Pulse shaping
shaping
•• Channel
Channel coding
coding
•• Encryption
Encryption
•• etc.
etc.

Source: Prof. Z Ghassemlooy lecture notes

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Receiver
Sampler
11stst-stage
-stage 22nd
nd-stage
-stage Pre-detection
Pre-detection
amplifier filtering &
amplifier
amplifier amplifier filtering
detector
detector

Demultiplexer
Demultiplexer

• Equalizer Demodulator
Demodulator

Decoder
Decoder
Decryption
Decryption

Output
Output signal
signal
Source: Prof. Z Ghassemlooy lecture notes
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All Optical Networks
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
IP IP
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

ATM ATM SDH ATM IP Other

Open Optical Interface

SDH SDH

All Optical Networks

Challenges ahead:
•• Network
Network protection
protection •• Network
Network routing
routing •• True
True IP-over-optics
IP-over-optics
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Source: Prof. Z Ghassemlooy lecture notes
In-building Networks:
Proposed System

Donor
Antenna

Femtocell

Smart Phone Laptop

Tablet Smart Phone

GSM, UMTS, LTE, ...

HeNB

Coaxial cable
Tablet Mobile Smart Phone Laptop
Access
Network Polymer
optical fibre HeNB

Optical Fibre Laptop Smart Phone Mobile

Gateway

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 Block Diagram of the OpticalcCommunications
System

Agilent Signal
Studio N7624B Agilent 89601B
LTE FDD VSA
Thorlabs
Offline LTE Signal VCSEL Laser PDA8GS
Generation Diode, 850nm Photodiode Offline LTE Signal
POF Processing
Agilent ESG LTE Analogue Received Analogue
E4438C Vector Signal LTE Signal Agilent 9020A
Signal Generator MXA Signal
Analyzer
LTE- over-POF setup Low Noise
Bias Supply Amplifier Optical link

Temperature Electrical link

Newport Laser Diode
and Temperature
Control
Controller Model 6100

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 Practical System
RoF over PF-GI-POF channel for in-building applications

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 RG: residential gateway

LTE radio access network in rural

environments
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Experimental system of transmitting LTE over FSO for
in-building POF network

Transmitter/ outdoor RoFSO RG RoPOF/indoor Receiver

Agilent Signal
Studio N7624B
Newport 1611 Thorlabs
LTE FDD Optical PDA8GS Agilent
Receiver Optical Receiver 89601B VSA
Agilent ESG E4438C 100 meter
VSG RF PF-GI-POF RF
SMF
AmpLifier AmpLifier LTE Signal Processing
patchcord
G=22.8 dB G=23.6 dB
LTE Analogue Signal FSO
Channel
Bias VOA
EDFA Collimator Lens Received
Supply
1754C DWDM Analogue LTE Agilent N9010A
Hewlett 850nm
1550 nm DFB Newport Signal EXA
Packard VCSEL Laser
Laser Laser
Stable Bias
Controller Bias
Device
Model 6100 Supply

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Hybrid RoMMF and RoFSO system structure

Transmitter RoMMF RoFSO Receiver

Agilent ESG E4438C VSG
800MHz Newport 1611
Optical Receiver Agilent
89601B VSA

Optical Transmitter 1m SMF

1km MMF Signal Processing
RF in Collimator
FSO RF out
SC/PC Channel
Hewlett VOA EDFA Mode
Packard filter Lens
Stable Bias Bias Agilent N9010A
Device Supply 1754C DWDM EXA
1550 nm DFB
Laser

Proposed hybrid RoMMF and RoFSO link

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Hybrid RoMMF-FSO: Practical block diagram

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 The Challenges
Practical:
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA):
>200 dB/km at 850nm

Perfluorinated graded index POF (PF-GI-POF) :

60 dB/km at 850nm

[A. Koonen & E. Tangdiongga- JLT, 2014]

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Challenges Ahead
 Modulation and detection and associated high speed electronics
 Multiplexer and demultiplexer
 Fibre impairments:
. Loss
. Chromatic dispersion
. Polarization mode dispersion
. Optical non-linearity
. etc.

 Optical amplifier
. Low noise
. High power
. Wide bandwidth
. Longer wavelength band

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Challenges Ahead - contd.
 Dedicated active and passive components
 Optical switches
 All optical regenerators
 Network protection
 Instrumentation to monitor QoS

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Chromatic Dispersion
• It causes pulse distortion, pulse "smearing"
effects
• Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less
robust to Chromatic Dispersion
• Limits "how fast“ and “how far” data can travel

10 Gbps
t
60 Km SMF-28

40 Gbps
cisco
4 Km SMF-28 t 34
Dispersion Compensating Fibre

By joining fibres with CD of

opposite signs (polarity) and
suitable lengths an average
dispersion close to zero can be
obtained; the compensating
fiber can be several kilometers
and the reel can be inserted at
any point in the link, at the
receiver or at the transmitter

Source: Prof. Z Ghassemlooy lecture notes

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Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Ey

nx

Ex ny
Input pulse Spreaded output pulse

The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the

fibre; this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic
dispersion and it is of some relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s
or more
Source: Prof. Z Ghassemlooy lecture notes
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Combating PMD
Factors contributing to PMD
– Bit Rate
– Fiber core symmetry
– Environmental factors
– Bends/stress in fiber
– Imperfections in fiber
Solutions for PMD
– Improved fibers
– Regeneration
– Follow manufacturer’s recommended installation
techniques for the fiber cable
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Thank You