Chapter 1

Introduction
Water crisis is one of the country's most significant problems nowadays, and
agriculture, as a demanding occupation, requires lots of water. A system that makes
sensible use of water is thus required. Estimates and measures of Smart Home Garden
reduction of existing plant moisture in order to run an Smart Home Garden, followed
by a regeneration While reducing excess water consumption. The control of Smart
garden depends on soil moisture uses tensiometric and volumetric techniques that are
relatively basic, but these quantities are related to a complex soil water curve specific
to a soil type. For proper output, the sensors used also require routine maintenance. The
Smart home Garden system regularly focuses irrigation plants without human
monitoring by means of moisture sensor.

1.1 Motivation
Nowadays INDIA stands 13th rank for overall water stress globally. So the
farmers need to conserve water which becomes difficult when there is one to monitor
the state of soil. So, we have come up with a solution for an efficient and a smarter way
of irrigation system which is Smart Garden and helps conserve water and to reduce
economic cost for farmers.

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Chapter 2
Objective
• To conserve water and also reduce human efforts

• To monitor the status of soil and motor continuously.

• To pump water on the soil only when required to avoid over-watering.

• Extends life of your plants.

• Prevents and reduce diseases caused by water stress.

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Chapter 3
Literature Survey
Water pollution is a major cause for water pollution in our country. Factories
and large industries let the industry wastes into rivers and sea which pollute the water
and that water cannot be used to grow crops, so we are left with less water with which
even humans have to live. Therefore, we need to conserve the precious water left with
us. Smart Home Garden system using soil moisture sensor having the main goal is that
optimize use of water for agricultural use and sends it to the Arduino UNO which sends
commands to the actuator to pump water as per the requirement. The system
communicates with the outside worlds data which can display the status of system and
soil in real-time.
In the present era, food scarcity and water scarcity occur due to the increase in
population. So, to avoid this problem we have to promote the agriculture sector. But
water wastage is more in this sector in the form of water logging while watering the
agricultural fields through irrigation. Therefore, an automatic plant irrigation system
has to be designed for the proper water supply in the fields. This paper deals with an
automatic plant irrigation system which automatically senses the moisture content of
the soil and decide whether irrigation is needed or not and how much water is needed
for soil. This system uses Arduino UNO. It is programmed to sense the moisture content
if the soil over a period of time. When the moisture content is less than the limit which
is predefined, it will start supplying the desired amount of water till it reaches the limit.
So, when the soil is dry the pump will automatically water the fields and when the soil
is wet the pump will automatically switch off, there by eradicate the need of manpower
and conserve the time.
Now a days it’s a challenge to improve development of plant in respect of its
growth and to reduce costs which leads to an innovative idea of using an automated
irrigation system which will further help in better management of water and human
resources. An automated irrigation system has been developed using sensors
technology with Arduino to efficiently utilize water for irrigation purpose. The system
has soil moisture sensor inserted into the soil of the plants and a water level sensor
placed in a water container from where water will be pumped to plants for irrigation.
An algorithm has been build out with threshold values of soil moisture sensor to control
the water quantity in soil and also a water level sensor has been implemented to measure

8
the water level in tank. This project requires Arduino board. This project is need of the
hour to convert manual irrigation into an automated irrigation which with the help of
soil moisture sensor will detect dankness content of soil leading to turn ON/OFF of
pumping motor. Human efforts can be reduced using this technique and increase saving
of water by efficiently irrigating the plants. The design has been made with better
resource management and low power consumption. This project brings into play a
micro-controller which is of 8051 family, this programmable micro-controller collects
the input signals converted into values of moisture in the soil via soil moisture sensors.
As the microcontroller starts obtaining the signals, it creates an output that forces a
relay for running the water pumping motor. An LCD screen is also linked to the micro-
controller to show moisture conditions of the soil and water pump. The water level
sensor is used to detect the level of tank so that tank contains efficient water to transfer
into crops.
This article aims to develop the irrigation system for home gardening and this
system can be maintained without any human monitoring. It automatically checks the
moisture of the soil under the tree and plants in the home garden and if the moisture is
low it indicates the message and pours water automatically to the plants from the water
storage to which it is connected. The exact utilization of the irrigation method is
required as there may be a lack of rainfall or there may be dry areas. For this reason, an
automated irrigation system is used in which it is suitable in all climatic conditions. The
soil moisture sensor will sense the water content and indicate whether to pump the water
or not. This will help to reduce the wastage of water and also helps to grow the plants
even if the human is not physically present.

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Chapter 4
Problem Statement
In the case of traditional irrigation system water saving is not considered. Since,
the water is irrigated directly in the land, plants under go high stress from variation in
soil moisture, therefore plant appearance is reduced. The absence of automatic
controlling of the system result in improper water control system. The major reason for
these limitations is the growth of population which is increasing at a faster rate. At
present there is emerging global water crisis where managing scarcity of water has
become a serious job. This growth can be seen in countries which have shortage of
water resources and are economically poor. So, this is the serious problem So we want
to design a Smart Sprinkler System which is using Arduino microcontroller that operate
automatically by sensing the moisture content of the soil and turn ON/OFF the pump
using relay without the intervention of farmer and hence save water.

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Chapter 5
System design
5.1 Functional Block Diagram
The circuit is powered by a 5V DC adaptor. A direct 5V DC power is supplied
to the relay circuit. With the help of regulators, a constant 5V DC power is supplied to
the Arduino, soil moisture sensor and 12V is supplied to solenoid valve pump. When
the soil moisture sensor detects that the soil is dry, it triggers relay, and turns ON the
solenoid valve allowing the water to flow, and the status is shown in the LCD display.
If the soil is wet, the motor does not turn on

Fig 5.1 Block Diagram

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5.2 Circuit Diagram

Fig 5.2 Circuit Diagram

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Chapter 6
Components Required
6.1 Arduino UNO
The ARDUINO-UNO an open-source microcontroller board based on the
Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced
to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O
pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can
be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages
between 7 and 20 volts. It is similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware
reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5
license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some
versions of the hardware are also available. The Arduino Uno is an open-source
microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and
developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and
other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog
I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or by an
external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is similar
to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design is distributed under
a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the
Arduino website.Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also
available. The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial
release of Arduino Software.

The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards;[3] it and
version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino, which have
now evolved to newer releases. The ATmega328 on the board comes pre-programmed
with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external
hardware programmer

13
 The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the
initial release of Arduino Software.[1] The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-
based Arduino boards; it and version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference
versions of Arduino, which have now evolved to newer releases.] The ATmega328 on
the board comes pre-programmed with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to
it without the use of an external hardware programmer.

Fig 6.1- Arduino - UNO

6.2 Soil Moisture Sensor

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the
direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and
weighing of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content
indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such as electrical resistance,
dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content.
The relation between the measured proper soil moisture must be calibrated and may
vary depending on environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric
conductivity, Reflected microwave radiations affected by the soil moisture and is used
for remote sensing in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used
by farmers or gardeners. Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate
volumetric water content. Another class of sensors measure another property of

14
moisture in soils called water potential; these sensors are usually referred to as soil
water potential sensors and include tensiometers and gypsum blocks.

Fig 6.2: Soil Moisture Sensor

6.3 Relay circuit

Definition: The relay is the device that open or closes the contacts to cause the
operation of the other electric control. It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition
with an assigned area and gives the commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the
affected area. Thus, protects the system from damage.
Working Principle of Relay
It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the
circuit of the relay senses the fault current, it energizes the electromagnetic field which
produces the temporary magnetic field. This magnetic field moves the relay armature
for opening or closing the connections. The small power relay has only one contacts,
and the high-power relay has two contacts for opening the switch. w32The inner section
of the relay is shown in the figure below. It has an iron core which is wound by a control
coil. The power supply is given to the coil through the contacts of the load and the
control switch. The current flows through the coil produces the magnetic field around
it. Due to this magnetic field, the upper arm of the magnet attracts the lower arm. Hence
close the circuit, which makes the current flow through the load. If the contact is already
closed, then it moves oppositely and hence open the contacts.

15
 Fig6.3: Relay Circuit

6.4 LCD display

LCD stands for liquid crystal display. LCD is a flat-panel display or other
electronically Modulated optical device. LCD operates on 4.7v to 5.3v.16*2 LCD
display consists of two rows & each rows can print 16 characters. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data. Command register stores various commands
given to the display. Data register stores data to be displayed. The process of controlling
the display involves putting the data that form the image of what you want to display
into the data registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register. Contrast of
the display can be adjusted by adjusting the potentiometer.

Fig6.4: LCD Display

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6.5 Solenoid Valve
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve.

Solenoid valves differ in the characteristics of the electric current they use, the
strength of the magnetic field they generate, the mechanism they use to regulate
the fluid, and the type and characteristics of fluid they control. The mechanism varies
from linear action, plunger-type actuators to pivoted-armature actuators and rocker
actuators. The valve can use a two-port design to regulate a flow or use a three or more
port design to switch flows between ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed
together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their
tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many
application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high-reliability, long service
life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact
design.

Fig6.5 Solenoid Valve

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 6.6 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
The DHT11 is a basic, ultra low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor.
It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air,
and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). Its fairly
simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data. You can get new data from it
once every 2 seconds, so when using the library from Adafruit, sensor readings can be
up to 2 seconds old.
Comes with a 4.7K or 10K resistor, which you will want to use as a pullup from the
data pin to VCC.

Specifications:

 3 to 5V power and I/O

 2.5mA max current use during conversion (while requesting data)
 Good for 20-80% humidity readings with 5% accuracy
 Good for 0-50 °C temperature readings +-2 °C accuracy
 No more than 1 Hz sampling rate (once every second)
 Body size 15.5mm x 12mm x 5.5mm
 4 pins with 0.1" spacing

Fig6.6 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

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Chapter 7
Code Description
#include <dht.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(7,8,9,10,11,12);
dht DHT;

#define DHT11_PIN 5

int sensor_pin = A0; // Soil Sensor input at Analog PIN A0

int output_value ;
int relayPin = 6;

void setup(){
lcd.begin(16, 2);
pinMode(sensor_pin, INPUT);
pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop(){
int chk = DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Temp: ");
lcd.print(DHT.temperature);
lcd.print((char)223);
lcd.print("C");

19
 lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Humidity: ");
lcd.print(DHT.humidity);
lcd.print("%");
delay(2000);

lcd.setCursor(23,0);
lcd.autoscroll();
output_value= analogRead(sensor_pin);
output_value = map(output_value,550,10,0,100);
lcd.print("Mositure: ");
lcd.print(output_value);
lcd.print("%");

lcd.setCursor(23,1);
if(output_value<30){
digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);
lcd.print("Valve ON");
}
else
{
digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);
lcd.print(" Valve OFF");
}

delay(2500);
lcd.noAutoscroll();
lcd.clear();
}

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Chapter 8
Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications.
Advantages
• Saving water

• Extend the life your plant

• Avoid mistakes.

• Keep the humidity level of the substrate constant.

• Add nutrients to the irrigation water to feed the plants while watering them.

• Prevents and reduces disease caused by water stress.

Disadvantages
 Cannot be used in windy climate.

 Requires high and continuous power supply.

 Fruits can be damaged due to excessive water.

 Sprinkler irrigation not applicable for some plants.

Application in Societal Context

• It is best suited for small agriculturalist

• It can be also used by modern irrigation systems

• It can help to newcomers in farming who don't know much about farming

• It can also be used in small gardens, city parks etc

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Chapter 9
Result & Conclusion
Result Analysis
The soil sensors are inserted in the soil which is a comparator, compares the values and
determines if the soil is wet or dry. We took wet soil and dry soil to test the project. Once
the sensor detects the soil as dry, then the motor turns on automatically. If the soil detects
the soil as wet, then the motor remains OFF. The soil sensor continuously checks for the
status of the soil.

Conclusion
The Arduino UNO based Irrigation system proves to be a real time feedback control system
which monitors and controls all the activities of irrigation system efficiently. The present
proposal is a model to modernize ethe agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum
expenditure. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and
ultimately

22
References
[1] Devika CM, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Marian
Engineering College. “Automatic Plant Irrigation System using Arduino”, IEEE
International Conference on Circuits and Systems,2017.

[2] Kriti Taneja, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Thapar University,

Patiala, India. “Automatic Irrigation System using Arduino UNO”, International
Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems

[3] Kailasam Selvaraj, Kalasalingam Academy of Research & Education, Krishnankoil,

India, “Arduino based Smart Irrigation System for Home Gardening”, 6th International
Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT)2021.

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