INVERTEBRATE

ZOOLOGY
(BIOL331)
LAB MANUAL
DR FEVZI BARDAKCI

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PHYLUM PORIFERA
(SPONGES

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 Phylum Porifera
(Sponges)
General characteristics

1. Most are marine; a few live in fresh water; one family Spongillidae
2. Metazoan, with loosely aggregated cells, therefore no organs or true tissues
3. Asymmetrical or radial symmetry
4. Body with pores (ostia, osculum), canals, and chambers through which water
current flows
5. Inner surfaces lined with flagellated collar cells (choanocytes)-create water
currents
6. Matrix called mesohyl contains amebocytes and skeletal elements
7. Skeleton of calcareous or siliceous crystalline spicules and/or protein fibers
(spongin)
8. Digestion intracellular
9. Respiration and excretion by diffusion
10. Nervous system absent
11. Asexual reproduction by buds or gemmules
12. Sexual reproduction by eggs and sperm

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Types of canal systems

Cross section through wall

of sponge Sycon, showing
canal system.

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Types of Cells

Small section through sponge wall,

showing four types of sponge cells

Pinacocytes are protective and

contractile
Choanocytes create water currents
and engulf food particles;
Archaeocytes have a variety of
functions, including phagocytosis of
food particles and differentiation
into other cell types
Collencytes appear to have a
contractile function.

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 Types of Skeletons

Sponges are supported by a skeleton composed of collagen and spicules, which

may be calcareous or siliceous, depending on the group of sponges.

Classes of Porifera
1. Class Calcarea - Leucosolenia (an ascon sponge), Grantia (a sycon sponge).
2. Class Hexactinellida - Euplectella (Venus' flower basket) – a leucon sponge
3. Class Demospongiae - larger marine sponges, including commercial and bath
sponges as well freshwater sponges such as Spongilla that produces gemmules;
all leucon type.

Phylum: Porifera
Class Calcarea
e.g. Leucosolenia sp.

 also known as Calcispongiae

 have spicules of calcium carbonate all marine

Sycon (Scypha)

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Leucosolenia

Phylum: Porifera
Class Hexactinellida (The Glass Sponges)
e.g. Euplectella sp.

Glass sponges;
 Sponges in the Class Hexactinellida are commonly called glass sponges
because their six-rayed spicules are made silica. Often the spicules are
cemented together into a roughly cylindrical skeleton 10-30 cm tall.
 Body often cylindrical or funnel shaped
 All species are marine, living mostly in deep ocean waters. The best known
example of a glass sponge is Euplectella (Venus' flower basket), the skeleton of
which is shown on the above image).

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Euplectella sp.

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 Phylum: Porifera
Class Desmospongiae .
e.g. Spongia sp.
Spongillidae
 In addition to many marine forms, the Class Demospongiae also contains about 150
species of freshwater sponges. Most of these species (like Spongilla shown below) lack
any distinct symmetry and grow as encrusting organisms on hard substrates such as rocks,
sticks, etc.
 They have siliceous spicules and spongin, or both.
 During the onset of unfavorable periods (freezing, drying, etc.), freshwater sponges
undergo asexual reproduction to produce internal buds called gemmules. Although the
parental sponge may die and disintegrate, the gemmules are highly resistant to adverse
conditions and will develop into new sponges when conditions improve.

Spongilla

Gemmules

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Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata)

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Characteristics of phylum Cnidaria

1. Entirely aquatic, some in fresh water but mostly marine

2. Radial symmetry or biradial symmetry around a longitudinal axis with oral

and aboral ends; no definite head
3. Two basic types of individuals: polyps and medusae
4. Exoskeleton or endoskeleton of chitinous, calcareous, or protein components
in some
5. Body with two layers, epidermis and gastrodermis, with mesoglea
(diploblastic); mesoglea with cells and connective tissue (ectomesoderm) in
some
6. Gastrovascular cavity (often branched or divided with septa) with a single
opening that serves as both mouth and anus; extensible tentacles usually
encircling the mouth or oral region
7. Special stinging-cell organelles called nematocysts in either epidermis or
gastrodermis or in both; nematocysts abundant on tentacles, where they may
form batteries or rings
8. Nerve net with symmetrical and asymmetrical synapses; with some sensory
organs; diffuse conduction
9. Muscular system (epitheliomuscular type) of an outer layer of longitudinal
fibers at base of epidermis and an inner one of circular fibers at base of
gastrodermis; modifications of this plan in some cnidarians, such as separate
bundles of independent fibers in mesoglea
10. Asexual reproduction by budding (in polyps) or sexual reproduction by
gametes (in all medusae and some polyps); sexual forms monoecious or
dioecious; planula larva; holoblastic indeterminate cleavage
11. No excretory or respiratory system
12. No coelomic cavity

Four Classes
1. Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) Aurelia
2. Class Anthozoa (anemones, corals, etc.)
3. Class Hydrozoa (Portuguese Man o' War, Obelia, etc.)
Hydra, Physalia
4. Class Cubozoa (box jellies)
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Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
Solitary; polyp stage reduced or absent; bell-shaped
medusae without velum; gelatinous mesoglea much
enlarged; margin of bell or umbrella typically with eight
notches that are provided with sense organs; all marine.
Examples: Aurelia, Cassiopeia, Rhizostoma.

Jellyfish (Aurelia)

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 Class Hydrozoa
Solitary or colonial; asexual polyps and
sexual medusae, although one type may be suppressed;
hydranths with no mesenteries; medusae (when present)
with a velum; both fresh water and marine. Examples:
Hydra, Obelia, Physalia, Tubularia.

Body Forms

Polyp Medusa

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Hydra

Hydra cross section

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Class Anthozoa
Only polyps no medusa
Form gonads inside polyps
Gametes released through mouth
Form planula larva
Sea amemomies – Metridium
Coral – produce CaCO3 skeleton

Brain coral(family
Faviidae)

Mushroom Coral
(Fungia sp.) skeleton.

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 PHYLUM:
PLATYHELMINTHES

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Classes of Platyhelminthes

1. Class Turbellaria
2. Class Trematoda
3. Class Cestoda

Class Turbellaria

Members of the Class Turbellaria are free living (not

parasitic). Planaria (Genus Dugesia) lives in fresh water ponds and is a carnivore.
The pharynx can be protruded from the mouth which is in the middle of the ventral
side of the animal. The diet consists of such foods as insect larvae, small crustaceans,
and other small living and dead animals. Planarians reproduce asexually and
sexually; individuals have both testes and ovaries.

Stained planarian

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 Structure of a planarian.

A, Reproductive and excretory systems, shown in part. Inset at left is enlargement of a

flame cell.

B, Digestive tract and ladder-type nervous system. Pharynx shown in resting position.

C, Pharynx extended through ventral mouth.

Cross section of planarian through pharyngeal region, showing relationships of body structures.

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Class Trematoda

Trematodes are commonly called flukes, and they are parasitic. The life cycles of parasites are
very complex, and there are intermediate hosts and life stages. Other structural adaptations for
parasitism are apparent: various penetration glands or glands to produce cyst material; organs
for adhesion such as suckers and hooks; and increase d reproductive capacity

Faciola gigantica
Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Rhabditophora

Order: Plagiorchiida

Family: Fasciolidae

Genus: Fasciola

Species: F. gigantica

Fasciola gigantica is a causative agents (together with Fasciola hepatica) of fascioliasis

in ruminants and in humans worldwide.

The parasite infects cattle and buffalo and can also be seen regionally in goats, sheep, and
donkeys.

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola gigantica

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Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica [1]. Immature eggs are discharged in the biliary ducts and in
the stool. (1) Eggs become embryonated in water (2), eggs release miracidia (3), which invade a suitable snail
intermediate host (4), including the genera Galba, Fossaria and Pseudosuccinea. In the snail the parasites
undergo several developmental stages [sporocysts (4a), rediae (4b), and cercariae (4c)]. The cercariae are
released from the snail (5) and encyst as metacercariae on aquatic vegetation or other surfaces. Mammals
acquire the infection by eating vegetation containing metacercariae. Humans can become infected by ingesting
metacercariae-containing freshwater plants, especially watercress (6). After ingestion, the metacercariae excyst
in the duodenum (7) and migrate through the intestinal wall, the peritoneal cavity, and the liver parenchyma
into the biliary ducts, where they develop into adults (8). In humans, maturation from metacercariae into adult
flukes takes approximately 3 to 4 months. The adult flukes (F. hepatica: up to 30 mm by 13 mm; F. gigantica: up
to 75 mm) reside in the large biliary ducts of the mammalian host. F. hepatica parasites can infect various animal
species, mostly herbivores

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 Schistosoma spp.

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Order: Diplostomida
Family: Schistosomatidae
Genus: Schistosoma
Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes. They are parasitic
flatworms responsible for a highly significant group of infections in humans termed
schistosomiasis.

A, Adult male and female Schistosoma japonicum in copulation. Blood flukes differ from most
other flukes in being dioecious. Males are broader and heavier and have a large, ventral
gynecophoric canal, posterior to the ventral sucker. The gynecophoric canal embraces the long,
slender female (darkly stained individual) during insemination and oviposition.

B, Life cycle of Schistosoma spp.

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Class Cestoda

These are endoparasites. They have a scolex with hooks and suckers for attachment. Lacks
mouth and digestive tract, absorb nutrients directly across the body wall Consist of long series
of repeated units called proglottids. They are monoecious. Each proglottid has male and female
reproductive organs. In humans, larvae can hatch and move through the intestinal wall into the
bloodstream. They can form cysts when settling in human tissue as cysticerci when they are
distributed throughout the body. This causes the disease cycticercosis. If this happens in the
brain, neurocysticercosis, it can be fatal.

Taenia

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Cestoda

Order: Cyclophyllidea

Family: Taeniidae

Genus: Taenia

Taenia is a genus of tapeworms (a type of helminth) that includes some important parasites of
livestock. Members of the genus are responsible for taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans. They
are morphologically characterized by a ribbon-like body composed of a series of segments
called proglottids. The anterior end of the body is the scolex.

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PHYLUM: NEMATODA
(Roundworms)

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General Characteristics

1. Body bilaterally symmetrical, cylindrical in shape

2. Body covered with a secreted, flexible, nonliving cuticle
3. Motile cilia and flagella completely lacking; some sensory endings derived from cilia present
4. Muscles in body wall running in longitudinal direction only
5. Excretory system of either one or more gland cells opening by an excretory pore, a canal
system without gland cells, or both gland cells and canals together; flame cell protonephridia
lacking
6. Pharynx usually muscular and triradiate in cross section
7. Male reproductive tract opening into rectum to form a cloaca; female reproductive tract
opening a separate gonopore
8. Fluid in pseudocoel enclosed by cuticle forming a hydrostatic skeleton
Nematodes are present in nearly every conceivable kind of ecological niche. Approximately
12,000 species have been named, They live in the sea, in fresh water, and in soil, from polar
regions to tropics, and from mountaintops to the depths of seas. Good topsoil may contain
billions of nematodes per acre. Nematodes also parasitize virtually every type of animal and
many plants. The effects of nematode infestation on crops, domestic animals, and humans make
this phylum one of the most important of all parasitic animal groups.
CLASS: RHABDITEA
Order: Ascaridida
Nematodes in this Order:
1. Mostly large, stout parasites of vertebrates.
2. The mouth is surrounded by three conspicuous lips.
3. A buccal capsule and pharyngeal bulb is absent in most species.
4. Males have two copulatory spicules of equal or unequal length, and a pointed, ventrally
coiled tail.
5. Females are oviparous, possess a double reproductive system, and have a blunt tail.
6. Eggs are thick-shelled and require a long period of incubation before they become
infective.
7. Development is usually direct.
Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in
humans. The adult females of this species can measure up to half a meter long (males are
generally shorter), and it is estimated that 25% of the world's population is infected with
this nematode.

Display: Ascaris whole worms.

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Note the lateral lines that appear as paired white cords along the length of the body. You may
be able to find the vulva of the female that opens about one third of the way from the anterior
end.

Females, which run 20 to 49 cm in length, are more numerous and are larger than males, which
average 15 to 31 cm in length. The males have a curved posterior end and two chitinous spicules
projecting from the anal region. The spicules are used to hold the female's vulva open during
copulation. With a hand lens, find the mouth with three lips, one dorsal and two ventral. Find
the ventral anus at the posterior end. The anus in the male not only discharges feces from the
rectum but also serves as a genital opening. The female genital opening (vulva) is located on
the ventral side about one-third the length of the body from the anterior end.

Slide: Ascaris eggs: a single female can produce up to 200,000 eggs each day! The eggs have
a characteristic convoluted outer shell; they are long lived and persist in the soil for more than
a year.

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Slide: Ascaris cross section female and male: Nematode Histology and Organology You will
need to know the histology of a nematode as seen in cross section. Use the Ascaris cross sections
to become familiar with the insides of a nematode.

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The diagram above to help you identify the following structures:

1. Cuticle. A multilayered, non-living, non-cellular outer region of the body, and is secreted by
the underlying hypodermis.

2. Hypodermis. Lies just beneath the cuticle and is usually syncytial in adult worms. The nuclei
lie in four thickened portions that project into the pseudocoel. These hypodermal cords are
longitudinal and divide the body musculature into four distinct groups. There are two lateral,
one dorsal, and one ventral cord. The dorsal and ventral cords contain longitudinal nerve trunks,
and the lateral cords contain the lateral canals of the excretory system in most species. One of
the primary functions of the hypodermis is the secretion of the cuticle.

3. Muscle. All body wall muscles are longitudinal. Note that the muscle cells consist of an inner,
noncontractile (sarcoplasmic) portion containing the nucleus, and an outer contractile (fibrillar)
portion.

4. Nerves. The major nerve cords may be seen in the dorsal and ventral cords of the hypodermis.
These are connected to two main concentrations of nerve elements, one in the pharyngeal region
and one in the anal area.

5. Digestive system. Only the intestine will be seen in these sections, made in the midregion of
the body. The intestine is usually collapsed. Note that only a thin basement membrane separates
the intestine from the pseudocoel. Also note the single layer of epithelial cells that make up the
bulk of the intestine wall.

6. Reproductive system. Because the reproductive system of Ascaris is double and greatly
coiled, many portions of the same organ may be seen in one section. In the female the ovary is
characterized by being largely solid, with a small central core. Divisions between the cells
appear similar to the spokes of a wheel. The oviduct resembles the ovary, but has a lumen. The
two uteri, which should be cut through only once, are larger and contain developing eggs. In
cross section of a male, the testes, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle may be present. Cells within
the testes are small and compactly grouped. Those of the vas deferens are larger and not so
compactly arranged. The seminal vesicle is large, single, and may contain ameboid sperm.

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Phylum Mollusca

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General Characteristics

1. Body bilaterally symmetrical (bilateral asymmetry in some); unsegmented; usually

with definite head
2. Ventral body wall specialized as a muscular foot, variously modified but used chiefly
for locomotion
3. Dorsal body wall forms the mantle, which encloses the mantle cavity, is modified
into gills or a lung, and secretes the shell (shell absent in some)
4. Surface epithelium usually ciliated and bearing mucous glands and sensory nerve
endings
5. Coelom mainly limited to area around heart
6. Complex digestive system; rasping organ (radula) usually present; anus usually
emptying into mantle cavity
7. Open circulatory system (mostly closed in cephalopods) of heart (usually three
chambered, two in most gastropods), blood vessels, and sinuses; respiratory pigments
in blood
8. Gaseous exchange by gills, lung, mantle, or body surface
9. Usually one or two kidneys (metanephridia) opening into the pericardial cavity and
usually emptying into the mantle cavity
10. Nervous system of paired cerebral, pleural, pedal, and visceral ganglia, with nerve
cords and subepidermal plexus; ganglia centralized in nerve ring in polyplacophorans,
gastropods, and cephalopods
11. Sensory organs of touch, smell, taste, equilibrium, and vision (in some); eyes highly
developed in cephalopods

Anatomy of mollusks

Mollusks have many features in common with annelids and arthropods, such as bilateral
symmetry, triploblasty, ventral nerve cords, and a coelom. Unlike annelids, mollusks (with one
major exception) do not possess a closed circulatory system, but rather have an open
circulatory system consisting of a heart and a few vessels that pump blood into coelomic
cavities and sinuses (collectively termed the hemocoel). Other distinguishing features of
mollusks are:
 A large, muscular foot variously modified for locomotion, digging, attachment, and
prey capture.
 A mantle, a highly modified epidermis that covers and protects the soft body. In most
species, the mantle also secretes a shell of calcium carbonate.
 A visceral mass housing the internal organs.
 A mantle cavity, the space between the mantle and viscera. Gills, when present, are
suspended within this cavity.
 A radula, a protrusible, rasp-like feeding organ present in most, but not all, species. In
herbivorous mollusks (e.g., chitons and snails), the radula is used for scraping algae
from rocks. In carnivores, the radula can be fang-like and is used for piercing prey (e.g.,
squids and octopods), or may be pointed and used for drilling through shells (e.g., some
snails).

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Classification of Phylum Mollusca

Of the eight classes of mollusks, three (listed below as a bold) are fairly common, and will be
studied in the laboratory

1. Class: Caudofoveata

2. Class: Monoplacophora

3. Class: Polyplacophora

4. Class: Solenogastres

5. Class: Bivalvia (Pelecypoda)

6. Class:Gastropoda

7. Class:Cephalopoda

8. Class:Scaphopoda.

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Class: Bivalvia (Pelecypoda)

Class Bivalvia (clams, scallops, and oysters) characterized by a hinged shell of two valves
(parts) and a foot used for digging; lack a radula; marine and freshwater filter feeders.

Mussels, Mytilus edulis

 A hard exoskeleton composed of a pair of valves, or shells, protects the soft body.
 The anterior elevation near the hinged margin is the umbo. It is the oldest part of the
shell, and as your clam grew, it added shell to this base; the concentric lines ("growth
rings") represent successive periods of growth.

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Class:Gastropoda

Class Gastropoda, (snails, slugs, whelks, limpets, abalones, and nudibranchs) usually possess
helical shells and a foot used for crawling; marine, freshwater, and terrestrial herbivores and
carnivores.

Land snail, Helix spp.

tentacle Small muscular appendage, long and retractable, having a tactile role.
foot Large elongated muscular organ forming the lower portion of the snail and containing the head;
it allows the snail to crawl.
growth line Thin irregular protuberance of the whorl of the shell, corresponding to its successive
growths.
head Anterior portion of the foot of the snail containing the main sensory organs.
mouth Anterior cavity of the digestive tract having a jaw and a rough tongue (radula) to graze on
plants.
eyestalk Large muscular appendage, elongated and retractable, bearing an eye at its terminal end.
eye Organ of vision located at the terminal end of the eyestalk; the snail has poor eyesight.
shell Calcareous spiral casing formed of three successive layers that protect the organs; the snail can
withdraw into its shell.

whorl Each of the swirls around the apex; they increase in diameter and form the shell.

apex Crown from which the shell grows.

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Class:Cephalopoda

Cephalopoda, squids, octopods, and nautiloids; usually lack external shells; possess a siphon
for jet-propulsion; marine carnivores. Unlike other mollusks, the shell of squids is not external
but rather is internal (and much reduced in size). A tough, muscularized mantle completely
surrounds the animal.

Common octopus, Octopus vulgaris

siphon Tubular muscular organ, conical at its opening at the dorsal mantle cavity; the octopus
discharges water through it to move quickly and to oxygenate itself.

mantle Thick fold of tissue enveloping the body of the octopus and secreting the shell, which
is hidden inside.

eye Developed organ of sight used to make out light intensity, motion, shapes and certain
colors.

tentacle Long powerful muscular appendage located around the mouth and used for
locomotion and grasping.

sucker Adhesive disk surrounded by a flexible ring located on the ventral surface of the
tentacle and used for suction and anchoring.

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Phylum Annelida

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General Characteristics

1. Body metamerically segmented; symmetry bilateral

2. Body wall with outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers; outer transparent moist
cuticle secreted by epithelium
3. Chitinous setae, often present on fleshy appendages called parapodia; setae absent in
leeches
4. Coelom (schizocoel) well developed and divided by septa, except in leeches; coelomic fluid
supplies turgidity and functions as a hydrostatic skeleton
5. Blood system closed and segmentally arranged; respiratory pigments (hemoglobin,
hemerythrin, or chlorocruorin) often present; amebocytes in blood plasma
6. Digestive system complete and not metamerically arranged
7. Respiratory gas exchange through skin, gills, or parapodia
8. Excretory system typically a pair of nephridia for each metamere
9. Nervous system with a double ventral nerve cord and a pair of ganglia with lateral nerves in
each metamere; brain, a pair of dorsal cerebral ganglia with connectives to cord
10. Sensory system of tactile organs, taste buds, statocysts (in some), photoreceptor cells, and
eyes with lenses (in some)
11. Hermaphroditic or separate sexes; larvae, if present, are trochophore type; asexual
reproduction by budding in some; spiral and mosaic cleavage; mesoderm from 4d blastomere
Phylum: Annelida
Class Oligochaeta
Body with conspicuous segmentation; number of segments
variable; setae few per metamere; no parapodia; head absent;
coelom spacious and usually divided by intersegmental septa;
hermaphroditic; development direct, no larva; chiefly terrestrial
and freshwater.
e.g. Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

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 T.S.

Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta

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 Mostly marine; head distinct and bearing eyes and tentacles; most segments
with parapodia (lateral appendages) bearing tufts of many setae; clitellum
absent; sexes usually separate; gonads transitory; asexual budding in some;
trochophore larva usually; mostly marine.
e.g. Nereis sp.(Sand worm)

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Phylum: Annelida
Class Hirudinea
Body with fixed number of segments (usually 34) with many
annuli; body usually with anterior and posterior suckers; clitellum
present; no parapodia; setae absent (except Acanthobdella);
coelom closely packed with connective tissue and muscle;
development direct; hermaphroditic; terrestrial, freshwater, and
marine.
e.g. Hirudo sp.(Medical leech)

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Phylum Arthropoda

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General Characteristics

1. Arthros; Jointed, podos; Foot)

2. Kingdom: Animalia
3. Habitat: mostly terrestrial, also aquatic
4. Insects are the most successful life form on the planet: they make up more than half of
all living things on Earth
5. Body has Three-part: head, thorax, abdomen.
6. Body is metamerically segmented
7. Three pairs of jointed legs (6 legs).
8. Compound eyes which contain several thousand lenses leading to a larger field of
vision.
9. They possess two antenna.
10. Symmetry: bilateral
11. Germ layer: triploblastic
12. Grade of organization: organ system grade
13. Coelom: hoemocoel
14. Chitinous (hard) exoskeleton, no bones or a skeleton
15. Respiratory system: by general body surface, by gills, tracheae or book lungs
16. Circulatory system: open type with dorsal heart.
17. Excretion: malpighian tubules or green gland
18. Nervous system: dorsal brain with ventral nerve cord
19. Sexes are separate. Sexually dimorphism is present
20. Fertilization: internal.
21. Development: direct or indirect with larval stages.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum Chelicerata

Class Arachnida

1. Chelicerate arthropods are a very ancient

group that includes eurypterids (extinct),
horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks and mites,
scorpions, sea spiders, and others. They are
characterized by having six pairs of
appendages that include a pair of
chelicerae, a pair of pedipalps, and four
pairs of walking legs (a pair of chelicerae
and five pairs of walking legs in horseshoe
crabs). They have no mandibles and no
antennae. Most chelicerates suck liquid
food from their prey.

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Order Scorpionida

e.g. Androctonus crassicauda (The scorpion)

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Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum Chelicerata

Class Arachnida

Order Araneae

e.g. Lycosa sp (The wolf spider)

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43
Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum Chelicerata

Class Arachnida

Order Acari (Ticks and Mites)

e.g.1 Argas sp (The soft tick)

e.g. 2 Rhipicephalus (the hard tick)

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Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum Cheliciforms

Class Arachnida

Order Acarina

e.g. Sarcoptes sp (The itch mites of man)

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Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum Crustacea

The 45,000 or more species of Crustacea (L.

crusta, shell) include lobsters, crayfishes, shrimp,
crabs, water fleas, copepods, and barnacles. It is
the only arthropod class that is primarily aquatic;
they are mainly marine, but many freshwater and
a few terrestrial species are known Crustaceans
are the only arthropods with two pairs of
antennae. In addition to antennae and
mandibles, they have two pairs of maxillae on
the head followed by a pair of appendages on
each body segment.

Class Malacostraca

Order Decapoda

e.g. Penaeus japonicus (The Prawn)

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 Appendages of prawn

A. Abdominal appendage

Name of appendage

Uropods1
(6 th abdominal)

1
-‫األرجل الذيلية‬

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 Pleopods2
(5 - 2nd abdominal)
th

Gonopods3
-
(1st abdominal)

B. Thoracic appendage
Name of appendage

2
-‫أرجل العوم‬
3
-‫األرجل التناسلية‬

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 Pereiopods (walking legs)
(8th, 7th thoracic)

Chelipeds4
(6th, 5th, 4th thoracic)

4
-‫أرجل كالبية‬

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 3rd maxillipeds5
(3rd thoracic)

2ndmaxillipeds
(2nd thoracic)

1st maxillipeds
(1st thoracic)

5
-‫أرجل فكية‬

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 B. Cephalic appendage

Name of appendage

- 2nd maxillae6
(5th cephalic)

- 1st maxillae
(4th cephalic)

- Mandibles7
(3rd cephalic)

Antennae8
(2nd cephalic)

Antennule
(1st cephalic)

51
 The Reproductive system of prawn

6
-‫الفك‬
7
-‫اللحي‬
8
-)‫الزباني (قرن االستشعار‬

52
The Nervous system of prawn

53
54
Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum Uniramia
Appendages of members of Uniramia are
unbranched, as the name implies. This
subphylum includes insects and myriapods. The
term myriapod refers to several classes that have
evolved a pattern of two tagmata—head and
trunk—with paired appendages on most or all
trunk somites. Myriapods include Chilopoda
(centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Pauropoda
(pauropods),and Symphyla (symphylans).
Insects have evolved a pattern of three tagmata—
head, thorax, and abdomen—with appendages on
the head and thorax but greatly reduced or absent
from the abdomen.Thee common ancestor of
insects probably resembled myriapods in general
body form. The head of myriapods and insects
resembles the crustacean
head but has only one pair of antennae, instead
of two. It also has mandibles and two pairs of
maxillae (one pair of maxillae in millipedes). The
legs are all uniramous.
Respiratory exchange is by body surface and
tracheal
systems, although juveniles, if aquatic,may have
gills.
Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)

e.g. Scolopendra

55
56
Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum Uniramia

Class Hexapoda (Insecta)

Insects are the most numerous and diverse of all
groups of arthropods (figure 12.34). There are
more species of insects than species in all the
other classes of animals combined. The number
of insect species named has been estimated at
close to 1 million, with thousands, perhaps
millions, of other species yet to be discovered and
classified. Insects differ from other arthropods in
having three pairs of legs and usually two pairs
of wings on the thoracic region of the body.
e.g. Grasshoppers, Schistocerca obscura

(order Orthoptera)

57
Phylum Echinodermata

58
General Characteristics

1. These are exclusively marine animals.

2. The larval forms show bilateral symmetry and adult forms show radial
symmetry.
3. They are triploblastic.
4. It exhibits organ system grade of organisation.
5. They have a true coelom.
6. The body is uniquely shaped. It can star like, elongated or spherical.
7. The body is unsegmented without a head.
8. The body surface is covered with calcareous spicules.
9. Body cavity has the distinguishing water vascular system.
10.Tube feet help in locomotion.
11.The brain is absent but a nervous system is present with a nerve ring and
radial nerve cords.
12.Respiration occurs through tube feet and gills.
13.Sense organs are poorly developed and include tactile organs,
chemoreceptors, terminal tentacles etc.
14.Sexes are separate.
15.Fertilisation is external.
16.Lost parts can be regenerated.

59
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Asteroidae
Body is star-like. Five arms are usually present
which are not sharply marked off from the
central disc. Larval forms are Bipinnaria and
Brachiolaria.
Example: Starfish

Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Ophiuroidae
Body is star-like. Arms are sharply marked off from the
central disc. Ambulacral grooves” Sre absent.
Pedicellariae are absent. Larval form is Ophiopluteus.
Example: Brittle star

60
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Body is globular or dislike. Biting and chewing
apparatus with teeth called Aristotle’s Lantern is
present. Ambulacral grooves are absent. Larval forms
are Platens and Echinopluteus.
Example: Sea urchin

Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Holothuroidae
Body is elongated and cylindrical. Oral end has
mouth surrounded by tentacles. Ambulacral
grooves are absent. Spines and pedicellaria are
absent. Larval forms are Auricularia and Doliolaria.
Example: Sea cucumber

61