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Marine Demospongiae on Caribbean coral reefs. A, Pseudoceratina crassa is a colorful sponge growing at moderate
depths. B, Ectyoplasia ferox is irregular in shape and its oscula form small, volcano-like cones. It is toxic and may cause skin
irritation if touched. C, Monanchora unguifera with commensal brittle star, Ophiothrix suensoni (phylum Echinodermata,
class Ophiuroidea).
Introduction
• Sponges belong to phylum Porifera (po-rif´-er-a) (L. porus, pore, + fera, bearing).
Sponges bear myriads of tiny pores and canals that constitute a filter-feeding
system adequate for their inactive life habit.
• They are sessile animals and depend on water currents carried through their
unique canal systems to bring them food and oxygen and to carry away their body
wastes.
• Their bodies are little more than masses of cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix
and stiffened by a skeleton of minute spicules of calcium carbonate or silica and
collagen.
• They have no organs or true tissues, and even their cells show a certain degree of
independence. As sessile animals with only negligible body movement, they have
not evolved a nervous system or sense organs and have only the simplest of
contractile elements.
Introduction
• So, although they are multicellular, sponges share few of the characteristics of
other metazoan phyla. For this reason they are often called Parazoa (Gr. para,
beside or alongside of,+ zo¯on, animal).
• Sponges vary in size from a few millimeters to the great loggerhead sponges,
which may reach 2 m or more across.
• Many sponge species are brightly colored because of pigments in their dermal
cells. Red, yellow, orange, green, and purple sponges are not uncommon.
However, color fades quickly when sponges are removed from water.
• Some sponges, including the simplest, are radially symmetrical, but many are
quite irregular in shape. Some stand erect, some are branched or lobed, and
others are low, even encrusting, in form. Some bore holes into shells or rocks.
Giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) is the largest species of sponge found growing on Caribbean coral
reefsIt is common at depths greater than 10 metres (33 ft) down to 120 metres (390 ft) and can reach a
diameter of 1.8 metres (6 feet).
Some growth habits and forms of
sponges.
Some growth habits and forms of
sponges.
Order 2. Heterocoela:
Clathrina clathrus
Heterocoela:
• Syconoid and
leuconoid
sponges, com
paratively with
large bodies.
• Thick body
wall and folded
Dendya internally.
• Only the radial
canals are lined
Leucosolenia
by
choanocytes.
• Typical
examples are
Sycon (=
Scypha),
Grantia,
Leucandra.
Order 2. Heterocoela
• Syconoid and
leuconoid sponges,
comparatively with
large bodies.
• Thick body wall and
folded internally.
• Only the radial canals
are lined by
choanocytes.
Sycon quadrangulatum Leucandra aspera • Typical examples are
Sycon (= Scypha),
Grantia, Leucandra.
Large sized sponge and on average 10 to 30 cm in height, live mainly in the deep waters of
sea and can grow in firm and soft sediments. The deep sea forms live at the depths between
200 m and 1000 m.
Usually cup, vase or urn (vase with foot)-like shape.
Skeleton of six-rayed (triaxon) siliceous spicules (SiO2) or their modifications present either
as separate entity or as networks.
Chemical analysis in Monoraphis reveals that the spicule contains SiO2 86%, water 9%,
inorganic elements 3% and spiculin (a protein) 2%.
Megascleres (skeletal spicules) and microscleres (flesh spicules) always distinguished.
Choanocytes restricted to finger-like simple or folded chambers.
Wall encloses a spongocoel (- atrium) which opens by a wide osculum.
Canal system may be either syconoid or leuconoid type.
There is no cellular dermal epithelium.
Commonly called “glass sponge”.
Order 1. Hexasterophora
Order 2. Amphidiscophora
• The hexaster spicules are absent and the spicules are amphidiscs.
• The typical examples are Hyalonema (Glass rope sponge), Pheronema
(Bowl sponge).
Order 1. Hexasterophora Euplectella aspergillum
• Mostly marine but a few are freshwater or brackish water forms. In sea they live from shallow
water to great depths. 90% existing species fall under this class.
• Brilliant colouration in most species, for the presence of pigment granules within
amoebocytes.
• Skeleton either absent or silicious (silicious spicules), fibrous (spicules replaced by organic
collagenous fibres— spongin fibres, or both spongin fibres and siliceous spicules).
• Silicious megasclere spicules never triaxon (6-rayed); microscleres are of different types
• Canal system of leuconoid type only. The leuconoid type canal system is derived from a larval
stage, called the rhagon type which does not occur in any adult animals of calcareus sponges.
• Flagellated chambers small and rounded.
• Freshwater species of this class possess contractile vacuoles used for elimination of water
from the cells.
• Parenchymula larva in the life cycle of most demosponges.
• It includes three subclasses and 7 orders.
Order 1. Myxospongida:
• Structure simple.
• Skeleton or spicules are absent.
• Examples are Oscarella, Halisarca.
Subclass 1. Tetractinellida
Body rounded or flattened Order 2. Carnosa or Homosclerophora or
without branches, presence of Microsclerophora:
tetraxon silicious spicules but • The megascleres and microscleres are not
the spongin fibres are absent, distinctly separable.
in certain forms the spicules • Spicules are all similar in size.
may be absent, shallow water • Examples are Plakina, Plakortis.
forms.
Order 3. Choristida:
• Spicules are long-shafted.
• Megascleres and microscleres are distinctly
differentiated.
• The typical examples are Geodia, Ancorina,
Craniella.
Order 1. Myxospongida Order 2. Carnosa Order 3. Choristida
Order 2. Halichondrina:
Subclass 2. Monaxonida: • Megascleres are always of more than one kind.
• Body form varies from rounded mass • Microscleres are usually absent.
to branching forms or stalked with • Spongin is very scanty.
funnel or fan-shaped. • The example is Halichondria (Crumb- of-bread sponge).
• Spicules are of monaxonial megas
Order 3. Poecilosclerina:
cleres. • Megascleres are usually of two or more kinds and are localised.
• Spongin may or may not be present. • Microscleres include the C-shaped, curved and bow-shaped types.
• The examples of the order are Myxilla, Microciona.
Order 4. Haplosclerina:
• The megascleres are always diactinal, i.e., growth takes place at both
directions and are not localised in distribution.
• Microscleres may or may not be present.
• Spongin is usually present.
• Examples are Haliclona, (Finger sponge)), Chalina (Mermaid’s gloves
sponge), Spongilla (Freshwater sponge), Ephydatia (Freshwater
sponge).
Order 1. Hadromerina
Tethya aurantium Potaria neptuni
Cliona delitrix
Order 2. Halichondrina
Order 3. Poecilosclerina
Myxilla rosacea Microciona spinarcus
Chalina sp.
Order 4. Haplosclerina
Haliclona cinerea
Hartman and Goreau (1970) created a 4th class Sclerospongiae for some coralline
sponges collected from caves and tunnels of coral reefs in Jamaica. The features of this
class are:
• A small number of species (about 15) of leuconoid sponges with silicious spicules and
spongin fibres.
• Secretion of a supporting mass of calcareous rock like matrix in addition to spicules of
CaCO3, silica and spongin fibres.
• Numerous spicules on their outside surface are slightly raised.
• They are found in deep water.
• Example. Astrosclera, Stromcitospongia, Hispidopetra.
Spongia officinalis
Subclass 3. Keratosa:
Spongionella pulchella
Class4. Sclerospongiae