RESEARCH THE FOLLOWING

1. PHYLUM/SUBPHYLUM AND CLASS OF PORIFERA

2. PHYLUM COELENTERATA, SUBPHYLUM AND CLASS OF COELENTERATA
3. PHYLUM ASCHIELMITHES/SUBPHYLUM AND CLASS EXAMPLE
4. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA, SUBPHYLUM AND CLASS
5. PHYLUM ANNELIDA L, SUBPHYLUM AND CLASS
6. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBPHYLUM ANS CLASS
IMAGES EXAMPLE IN REFLECTED IN EXPLANATION

1. PHYLUM PORIFERA
- They diverge early from the common ancestor and did not really change, they’ve
been around for a long time and primitive. They have not arrive as many trait
from the common ancestor or another organisms have.
- Usually found in seas.
- All phylum mertozoan is belong to Porifera
- Belong to animal kingdom because they are carnivorous, they do not eat plants.

Phylum Porifera includes pore-bearing animals which are commonly called

sponges. Although they are most common and diverse in the marine
environment; around 5000-10000 species of sponges live in freshwater.

Sponge is carnivorous. Their carnivorous behavior is fascinating because sponge is when

they are born, they have automatically mature embryonic cell.
Sponges have very simple structures and are either radially symmetrical or asymmetrical.
Sponges are highly branched, cylindrical and hollow. A cavity called spongocoel is enclosed by
the body. Their body is supported by a skeleton made up of or calcareous or siliceous spicule
spongin fibers.
Some sponges have taken their behavior to the next level ,and actually house photosynthesizing
endosymbionts within their bodies. These few species produce more food and oxygen than they
consume, like plants. But remember they are still animals. Their bodies capture the
endosymbionts, they can’t grow them on their own. Also, they like all species of sponge are
mobile as larvae.

THESE ARE 3 MAIN SPONGE STRUCTURES

1. Asconoid or plated body wall, that has inner pockets lined with choanocytes
 Also known as Asconoid.

2. Syconoid or plated body wall, that has inner pockets lined with choanocytes, which
connect to the outer pockets.

3. The complex Leuconoid pattern, with Mesophyll that contains a network of

chambers lined with choanocytes, connected to each other and to the water intakes
and outlet by tubes. This third body type is actually most common.

The less common body structure are the Sylleibid, which is often considered to be a transitional
structure between Syconoid and Leuconoid .
And the Solenoid which is characterized by complex tube lined with choanocytes. The tiny black
things lining the inside of the sponge are the choanocytes.

CLASSIFICATION OF PORIFERA

1. Domespongia
- Are the most common and diverse class by far over 8,800 identified species,
making up 76% of all sponges species. They are soft-bodied Leuconoid sponges
with a hard, sometimes massive skeleton made up of spicules composed of silica.
Some species of demospongia can live for hundreds or thousands years and grow
to enormous.
2. The Calcarea or Calcareous sponges
-include species from all the three main body structures including the solenoid.
They have spicules skeletons made of calcium carbonate and are typically small
and drab in color. They include about 400 species.
 3.Hexactinellida
- Are Sponges are all leuconoids that are found in the deep sea and commonly
called “glass sponges”. They are unique because they can rapidly conduct
electrical impulses across their bodies. This make it possible for them to respond
quickly to external stimuli.

4. Homoscleromorpha
- Are either massive or encrusting leuconoids or sylleibid sponges with a very little
variation in spicules form. They have recently from the demospongia
 2. Coelenterata
Phylum Coelenterata or Cnidarians is a group of aquatic, or marine organisms and a member of
the Animal kingdom. They are usually found attached to the rocks at the bottom of the sea.
These are the multicellular and simplest group of invertebrate animals, found in colonies or
solitarily.
Cnidaria comes from the Greek word "cnidos", which means piercing thread. These entities are
characterized by the presence of cnidarians. Cnidaria is a phylum of the animal kingdom, a
taxonomy containing 10,000 described species, some of which are corals, sea anemones,
jellyfish, and hydra. These aquatic creatures can be found in both marine and freshwater habitats.
Jelly fish has no eyes and brain nor heart, no head, their body is made up of water, no bones.
Invertebrate animals because they don’t have spines and backbones.
Another ancient group that includes many fossil representatives. These are the simplest creatures
with real organization. They are said to be the first animals in evolutionary history to have
specific shapes. Members of this group are incredibly diverse in form, including giant medusas
and corals, colonial siphonophores, feathered hydroids, and intricate-eyed box jellyfish.
Nevertheless, such animals have nettle cells called nematocytes.
Cnidaria were previously classified as comb jellies in the phylum Coelenterata. However, as
awareness of their differences grew, they were put in a separate gate.
Cnidarian body structure
Cnidarians exhibit a particular characteristic – tentacles with stinging cells that act as small
harpoons that respond to stimuli by releasing tiny stinging cells that can poison and hook
potential prey. .
Cnidarians don’t have neither bones nor a central nervous system, but they do not have a neural
network. Members of this group have only two body layers of her, ectoderm and endoderm.
Mesoglea is located between these two layers of the body. Mesoglia (gelatinous) are only the
glue in some of these members, but in most cnidarians, such as jellyfish, they make up the bulk
of the animal. The body cavity has a mouth, the main opening, surrounded by tentacles. In the
immobile or sedentary form, the mouth faces upwards. In the poseable Medusa form, the mouth
faces downwards. Body wall muscles help jellyfish swim, and the tentacles of sea anemones and
corals move with the help of hydrostatic action.

Body symmetry in cnidarians

Most cnidarians exhibit radial symmetry, with symmetry approximately at the midpoint, so a line
through the center of the creature divides the body into mirror images. Some cnidarians also
exhibit a secondary axis of symmetry, while others exhibit only bilateral symmetry. Symmetry is
when a single plane is drawn through the center of the object and the mirror image appears
across the plane.

Members of this class contain members with radial symmetry and the members with bilateral
symmetry, and the members exhibit both kinds of symmetries.
Characteristics of Coelenterata
 These are mostly aquatic or marine habitat animals.
 These species exhibit a tissue-level organization.
 The mouth is enclosed by thin and short tentacles.
 They are diploblastic animals, in which, the body is made up of two layers of cells:
1. Ectoderm – One layer makes up the cells outside the body
2. Endoderm – the other forms the inner lining of the body.
 They have cavities in their body.
 The body is radially symmetrical.
 The digestion is both intracellular and extracellular.
 The nervous system and the circulatory system is absent.
 They excrete and respire through simple diffusion.
 The mode of reproduction is asexual, which is through budding.
 The sexual mode of reproduction is seen only in a few Coelenterates.
E.g., Hydra, Rhizostoma, Xenia, etc.

Classification of Coelenterata
Coelenterates are classified into three different classes:
 Anthozoa
 Jj hiHydrozoa
 Scyphozoa
Hydrozoa

 Hydrozoa – most diverse group with hydroids, siphonophores, several medusae, fire
coralsThese are mostly marine species, found exclusively in freshwater.
 Few are found in colonies and few are found solitarily.
 Asexual Polyps is the dominant form.
 Mesogloea is acellular.
E.g., Hydra, Obelia

Scyphozoa
 They are found exclusively in the marine environment.
 Medusa is dominant and umbrella-shaped.
 Polyps are not present.
 Mesogloea is cellular.
E.g., Aurelia aurita, Rhizostoma.
Anthozoa
 Anthozoa – almost completely sessile. Example – corals, sea anemones, sea pens
 They are found exclusively in the marine environment.
 Mesogloea contains fibrous connective tissues and amoeboid cells.
 Medusa is not present.

Example : Metridium, Xenia

Cubozoa

• A cubozoa has a square shape when viewed from above. (Well, that might be
where their name comes from.)
• They also have four evenly spaced tentacles, or bundles of tentacles, and well-
developed eyes.
• Given their limp nature, it's not surprising that few cubic animal fossils are
known.
Example: Box Jellyfish
Aschelminthes are commonly known as roundworms. They are characterized by the presence of
a pseudocoelom. It is now an obsolete phylum of invertebrates and the animals grouped under
this are now kept in ten different phyla.

They are free-living or parasitic. They are found in soil, freshwater, or as parasites in plants,
animals, and even humans. Askaris lives as an endoparasite in the human intestine. The body is
bilaterally symmetrical and trigermous. The body is non-segmented, elongated and tapers to a
point. No metameric segmentation found.
They are dioecious, with males generally smaller than females. Animals of this tribe have a
pseudocoelom (pseudocoelom). You have an organ system level of body tissue. The digestive
system includes a complete digestive tract with a muscular pharynx. In roundworms, the rectum
drains into the anus in females and into the posterior cloaca in males. There is no respiratory
system and gas exchange occurs through the body surface. They have no skeletal system and the
pseudocoelomic fluid acts as a hydroskeleton. The excretory system consists of ducts. Rennet
cells are present in nematodes, especially marine nematodes. They are involved in
osmoregulation. Eliminates ammonia and urea. The nervous system consists of the nerve ring
and nerve tendons extending from it. Reproduction is sexual, fertilization is internal.
Development occurs directly or indirectly throughout the larval stage.
What is helminthiasis?
The term helminths refer to all parasitic worms. Any infection caused by a helminth is called
helminthiasis. They are mostly intestinal infections. For example, ascariasis caused by Ascaris
and filariasis by Wuchereria bancrofti.

Platyhelminthes which includes flatworms which are unsegment, bilaterally symmetrical worms.
Flatworms show a definite level of organization. They are the first and the
simplest organisms having an organ system. Flatworms do not have a definite
skeleton but have a cuticle which protects their bodies.

Flatworms have a highly branched gut with a mouth but the anus is absent.
Amuscular suctorial pharynx is present for taking in the food.
Flatworms mark the beginning of cephalisation. Cephalisation is the
development in the head region of light-sensitive organs called ocelli.
For example, Planaria have eye spots at the anterior end.
Non-parasitic flatworms respire through their body surface while parasitic
worms are mostly anaerobes. Parasitic flatworms bear organs of adhesion
such as hooks, suckers and spines.
In flatworms, the central nervous system consists of a head ganglion
connected to nerve cords which are interconnected across the body by
transverse nerve connection.
Excretion and osmoregulation in flatworms is controlled by the flame cells.

Flame cells beat incessantly resembling a flickering flame, and are hence,
called flame cells.
Most flatworms can reproduce sexually or asexually. They are hermaphrodites,
i.e. both sexes are present in the same individual except in the case of
planarians which are monoecious.
The development may be direct where eggs hatch into small tiny worms that
resemble the adult or it may be an indirect development where the eggs
hatch into ciliated larval forms.
Phylum Plátyhelminthes is further divided into three classes-Turbellaria, Trematode and
Cestoda.
Class Turbellaria includes non-parasitic and aquatic
flatworms which possess a great power of regeneration. An example of the same is Planaria.

Trematode, which is the second class, includes parasitic flatworms that live
inside the host. These worms are commonly known as flukes. Examples of
this class are Fasciola hepatica and sheep liver fluke.
Flatworms which belong to the third class,
Cestoda are known as tapeworms. All tapeworms are internal parasites. At the anterior end of
their body- the Scolex, they have suckers and hooks for effective anchoring
to host tissues. A good example of this category is Taenia.
The most primitive flatworms resemble the planula larva of coelenterates in
their structural organization. Majority of flatworms are endoparasites and
cause diseases in humans, sheep, goats, dogs and other domesticated animals.
Phylum mollusca includes soft bodied invertebrate animals such as snails, slugs, mussels, cdams,
oysters, tusk shells, squids, octopus and nautili etc.,
The molluscs are diverse, successful and the second largest group of animals. Molluscs are
advanced than annelids in features such as the presence of a distinct head and foot, well-
developed gills for respiration.

Mollusca is the second largest phylum after “Arthropoda"

Study of molluscs is called "Malacology"
Study of shells of molluscs is called, "Conchology"

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLLUSCA

Mollusca are bilaterally symmetrical, soft-bodied unsegmented animals.
The body is distinguished into a head, foot, visceral mass and a mantle. The than annelids in
features such as the presence of a distinct head and foot, well-developed gills for respiration.
secretes a shell and the space between the mantle and the body wall is known as mantle cavity.
Molluscs have gills or ctenidia for respiration which are located in the mantle cavity. The
alimentary canal is well developed and coiled. Most molluscs have a rasping tongue-like radula
used for feeding.
The body of mollusca is unsegmented (except monoplacophora) with a distinct head,
muscular foot and visceral hump. Foot is useful in locomotion.

It enclosed a space called mantle or pallial cavity between itself and the body.
Dorsally visceral mass is covered by a thick sheet of skin called the mantle or Pallium.
Body is bilaterally symmetrical. In some molluscs such as pila the adults become
asymmetrical due to torsion during growth.

The body covered by a shell made up of calcium carbonate and an organic substancecalled
cochin. It is secreted by the shell glands of the mantle. Buccal cavity contains a "rasping
structure" called radula [radula is absent in bivalves]. The body cavity is haemocoel. True
coelom is confined to the kidneys, gonads andpericardial space. Buccal cavity contains a
"rasping structure" called radula [radula is absent in bivalves]. Respiratory organs are ctenidia
(gills). Pulmonary sac and secondary branchiate occur in some species. Circulatory system is
open typelclosed type in cephalopods]. The blood flows throughlarge "sinuses". Heart has
generally two auricles and one ventricle. Respiratory pigment is haemocyanin [which contains
copper].
Excretion takes place by tubular metanephridia commonly called as kidneys. Glands of the
pericardium secrete wastes into the coelom and nephridia passes them out. Each nephridium is
connected with pericardial coelom through nephrostome. The other end open into mantle cavity
through nephridiopore.
Nervous system is well developed with ganglia, commissures and connective. Special sense
organs like osphradium, which tests the quality of water and the amount of sediment in it. These
occur in the bivalves and gastropods. Other sense organs like tentacles and eyes are present.
Statocysts occur in a majority of molluscs.
They are mostly unisexual. [Few are hermaphrodite]
Cleavage is holoblastic and spiral.
Development is direct or indirect. Modified trochophore larva is called veliger larva is present in
the life history of many molluscs. Torsion is fundamental feature of gastropods. Torsion
promotes stability in the adult.

Classification of Mollusca
 Aplacophora or Solenogasters
 The body is cylindrical or bilaterally symmetrical.
 These are devoid of the head, shell, mantel, nephridia, and foot.
 The digestive ceca is absent. Spicule-bearing cuticle covers the body.
 It contains a dorsal longitudinal keel or crest.
 E.g. Neomenia, Chaetoderma
 Monoplacophora
 The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
 The head is devoid of eyes and tentacles.
 Respiration occurs through gills which are externally located.
 The nitrogenous waste is excreted out through nephridia.
 E.g. Neopilina
 Polyplacophora
 Their body is dorsoventrally flattened like a leaf, and are bilaterally symmetrical.
 The shell is composed of 8 longitudinal plates.
 They have a well-developed radula.
 The ventral foot is flat.
 E.g. Chiton, Cryptochiton

Gastropoda
 They are found either on land or in fresh and marine water.
 The head bears tentacles, eyes, and a mouth.
 The shell is spiral in shape.
 The foot is flat and large.
 E.g. Haliotis, Pila
 Scaphopoda
 Found in the marine environment.
 The eyes and tentacles are absent.
 The foot is reduced.
 The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
 E.g Tusk shells

Pelecypoda
 They reside in aquatic habitats.
 The body is bilaterally symmetrical and compressed laterally.
 The body has no distinct head.
 They usually burrow in mud and sand.
 E.g. Mussels, Unio
H
 Cephalopoda
 They are mostly found in the marine environment.
 The shell is either external, internal, or not present at all.
 They have separate sexes.
 The development is direct.
 E.g. Octopus, Spirula

Spirula
Phylum ANNELIDA
Phylum Annelida is a very broad phylum belonging to the kingdom Animalia. The Annelids are
found in aquatic as well as terrestrial environments. These are bilaterally symmetrical
invertebrate organisms. Their segmented body distinguishes them from any other organism.
Annelids are segmented worms with tubular bodies and specialized digestive systems with
terminal mouths and anuses. The body cavity has thin transverse septa that delineate the
segments. They generally reproduce sexually by cross-fertilization and are often hermaphrodites,
but many reproduce asexually by budding.
phylum- Annelida- includes about 10.000 species of true segment worms.

THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANNELIDA

Annelids may be aquatic or terrestrial and are mostly found in soil.
Annelids have a soft, elongated, cylindrical worm-like body which is externally protected by a
thin, elastic. protein cuticle. The body wall is made up of soft. Circular as well as longitudinal
muscle fibres.
All annelids except leeches have chitinous hair-like structure called 'setae' or "chaetae' which
project from the cuticle. These are locomotary organs.
Annelids exhibit metameric segmentation ie. their body is dlivided into segments which are fully
visible externally as rings. Internally, they are separated by septa and each segment consists of
certain structures of body systems. Metamerism increases the efficiency of the organism's body
movement.
Annelids show an organ-system level of body organisation. The internal organs of annelids are
well developed. Annelids have a closed, segmentally arranged circulatory system.
The digestive system of annelids is a complete tub with a pharynx to swallow food,
a stomach or gizzard for the storage and grinding of food, and an intestine.
Respiration occurs through skin, gills or modified parapodia while for excretion they have
specialised excretory organs called 'nephridia'. Each segment typically contains a pair of
nephridia.

The nervous system of annelids is made up of a pair of cephalic ganglia connected

to the solid, ventral nerve cord with segmental nerves.
Annelids can-be hęrmaphrodite or monoeious i.e. unisexual. Larva may or may not be present
and if present, it is a "Trochophore larva'.
Phylum Annelida is further divided into Four classes- Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea and
Archiannelida.
Classification of Annelida
Following are the different classification of Annelida:

 Polychaeta

 Oligochaeta

 Hirudinea

 Archiannelida

Polychaeta
 The body is elongated and divided into segments.
 They are found in the marine environment.
 These are true coelomates, bilaterally symmetrical worms.
 They excrete through metanephridia and protonephridia.
 Fertilization is external.
 They have a well-developed nervous system.
 The circulatory system is closed type.
 They are hermaphrodites.
 They might possess fin-like appendages called parapodia.
 The organisms belonging to this group lack clitellum and are dioecious.
 Eg., Nereis, Syllis
 Oligochaeta
 They are mostly freshwater and terrestrial organisms.
 The body is segmented metamerically.
 Head, eyes and tentacles are not distinct.
 They are hermaphrodites, but cross-fertilization takes place.
 Fertilization is external.
 Cocoon formation occurs.
 Setae are segmented.
 They do not possess parapodia but clitellum is present.
 The organisms belonging to this class are monoecious.
 They exhibit no free larval stage and the development takes place inside the cocoons.
 Eg., Pheretima, Tubifex

PHERETIMA TUBIFEx

Hirudinea
 Most commonly found in freshwater. Some are marine, terrestrial, and parasitic.
 The body is segmented.
 The tentacles, parapodia, and setae are not present.
 The animals are monoecious.
 The body is dorsoventrally or cylindrically flattened.
 They have an anterior and posterior sucker on the ventral side.
 The organisms lay eggs in cocoons.
 There is no larval stage during the development of the organism.
 The mouth is located ventrally in the anterior sucker, while the anus is present dorsally in
the posterior sucker.
  Fertilization is internal.
 They are hermaphrodites.
 Eg., Hirudinaria

Archiannelida

 They are found only in the marine environment.

 The body is elongated without setae and parapodia.
 They are unisexual or hermaphrodite.
 Tentacles are present on the prostomium.
 Eg., Dinophilus, Protodrilus
DINOPHILUS.

PROTODRILUS
In conclusion, members of Phylum Annelida have bodies that are segmented, such as leeches and
earthworms.

The phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom. It contains
about 1,13,40,000 species in all habitats. This makes up about 83% of all known
animal species on Earth. This large number of species in this phylum speaks
volumes about the success of species in the phylum Arthropoda. Arthropods include
spiders, scorpions, shrimp, crabs, centipedes, centipedes, and many other insects.
Arthropods are characterized by xenometamerism, chitinous exoskeletons, and
connected appendages. The evolutionary acquisition of these traits is called
arthropodization.
Arthropoda occur in all habitats, almost everywhere in the world. They are bilaterally
symmetrical, segmented animals. The body of arthropods is divided into a head and a trunk. The
trunk may be divided into a thorax and an abdomen as found in case insects. In some animals
such as crabs, the thorax fuses with the head and thus, their body is divided into the
cephalothorax and the abdomen.
 General Characteristic of Phylum Arthropoda
 Arthropods occur in all types of habitats i.e., marine, fresh water and
terrestrial.
 There is an increasing tendency of cephalisation in arthropods.
 In Arthropods, body is metamerically segment; composed of a linear series of
segments or somites. Externally endoskeleton is divided into hardened
 segmental scletites. Internally the nervous system, muscular system and heart
chambers are segmentally repeated.
 Metamerism is heteronomous. Segments and appendages are specialized for
different functions. Arthropods are characterised by tagmosis. Head, thorax
and abdomen are three typical tagmata.
 Appendages are joined. They act as lever systems providing mechanical
advantages for locomotion.
 Muscles of arthropods are striated
 Body wall is muscular and consists of chitinous cuticle. The chitinous cuticle
or the exoskeleton is one of the key features for the arthropod success. It
offers protection, prevents loss of body fluids. It also undergoes moulting to
facilitate growth.
 Coelom is reduced in association with a shift from fluid internal skeleton to a
solid external skeleton. It is associated with gonads and saccate nephridia.
Most of the small coelomic spaces which appear during the development get
obliterated with the blastocoel and contribute to haemocoel. Some become
excretory organs and gonads. Haemocoel is the functional body cavity and is
filled with blood.
 Alimentary canal consists of three regions: foregut which is responsible for
ingestion, storage and trituration. Mid gut which helps enzyme secretion and
digestion. Hind gut is responsible for the formation of faeces and
reabsorption of water.
 In very small crustaceans exchange of the respiratory gases occurs through
the general body surface. Large aquatic arthropods respire through gills and
book gills, whereas terrestrial forms respire through trachea and book lungs.
 Blood vascular system is of open type. Heart id dorsal in position.
Respiratory pigment if present is haemocyanin. It contains copper and is blue
in colour. Haemoglobin occurs in few.
  Saccate nephridia (Coxal glands and green glands) are the characteristic
excretory organs of the aquatic arthropods. Malphigian tubules are the
characteristic of terrestrial arthropods. Some arthropods have both saccate
nephridia and malphigian tubules.
 Nervous system consists of nerve ring and a ganglionated double ventral
nerve cord.
 Sense organs include compound eye, simple eyes, antennae, statocycts etc.
 Most arthropods are unisexual. Fertilization may be external or internal in
aquatic arthropods but internal in all the terrestrial forms.
 Eggs are centrolecithal (yolk in centre). Cleavage is meroblastic and
superficial. Development may be direct or indirect. Like annelids, they also
show teloblastic growth.

Classification of Phylum Arthropoda

The animals included in phylum Arthropoda have different views concerning their
phylogeny. So there is no absolute system of classification for this phylum. The
below given classification is the most accepted one. Through seven subphyla are
included in this classification, only three subphyla namely Trilobita, Chelicerata
and Mandibulata are definitively arthropods.
The following is the classification of phylum Arthropoda:
Sub Phylum I: Trilobita (Gr. tri=three, lobos=lobes)
 This subphylum includes extinct arthropods which were abundant during
Paleozoic era.
 These fossil trilobites were exclusively marine bottom dwellers
 Their body can be divided into head, thorax and pygidium.
 A pair of longitudinal axial furrows divided the body into median axial lobe
and two lateral pleural lobes
 Head was distinct with one pair of antennae and compound eyes.
 All the post-antennal appendages were biramous and unspecialized.
Examples: Triarthus, Dalmanites

Sub Phylum II: Chelicerata (Gr. chele=claw, keros=horn)

 The body of the animals belonging to this subphylum can be divided into two
cephalothorax and abdomen.
 The abdomen is further divided into anterior mesosoma and the posterior
metasome with a telson.
 Cephalothorax has six pairs of appendages of which the first pair is
chelicerae
 Antennae are absent.
Subphylum Chelicerata is further divided into the following two classes,
Class I: Xiphosura (Gr. xiphos=sword, oura=tail)
1. This class included horseshoe crabs. All the genera of this class are extinct
except three
2. Animals of this class are marine in nature
 3. Cephalothorax bears one pair of chelicerae, four pairs of walking legs and
one pair of pusher legs.
4. Mesosomal appendages are modified into a genital operculum and five pairs
of book gills
5. They have median ocelli and lateral compound eyes
6. Excretory organs are coxal glands
7. Development is indirect and includes trilobite larva.
Example: Limulus

Class II: Arachnida (Gr. Arachne =spider)

1. This class includes scorpions, ticks, mites and spiders.
2. Mostly these animals are terrestrial
 3. Cephalothorax has one pair or preoral chelicerae, one pair of postoral
pedipalps and four pairs of winged legs.
4. The spiders bear fangs with poisonous glands on each chelicera
5. Abdominal appendages are modified into book lungs, spinnerets in spiders,
pectin in scorpions etc.
6. Telson is usually absent but is present as sting in scorpions
7. Excretory glands are coxal glands and Malphigian tubules
8. Development is direct.
Examples: Palamnaeus, Aranea
Subphylum III: Mandibulata (L. mandibula=mandible, ata=bearing)
 Mandibles are the first pair of mouth parts
 The first pair of appendages are antennae
This subphylum is further divided into the following four classes:
Class I: Crustaceae (L. Crusta =shell)
1. This class includes prawns, crabs, lobsters, crab fishes etc.
2. They are mostly marine water dwellers. Few also exist as freshwater forms.
3. Few of these animals are terrestrial but they are not well adapted to terrestrial
life.
4. In most of the species the head and thorax fuse to form cephalothorax.
5. Cephalic appendages are five pairs namely First antennae, Second antennae,
Mandibles, First maxillae, Second maxillae
6. Thoracic appendages are biramous
7. Respiration takes place with the help of gills or general body surface in small
forms
8. Excretion is through green glands
9. Sensory organs include statocysts, compound eyes and antennae
 10. Gonopores are paired.
11. Development is direct or indirect involving several larval stages, The basic
larva is nauplius.
Examples: Palaemon, Balanus

PALAEMON BALANUS

Class II: Chilopoda (Gr. chelios =lips, podos=foot)

1. This class includes centipedes.
2. These animals are terrestrial and carnivorous.
3. The body of these animals is divisible into head and trunk.
4. They are trignathic with mandibles, first maxillae and second maxillae
5. Each segment of the trunk bears one pair of clawed edges.
6. Appendages of the first trunk segment bears poisonous claws
7. Respiration is through trachea
8. Excretory organs are Malphigian tubules
9. Centipedes are ophisthogoneate
10. Development is direct or indirect
Examples: Scolopendra, Scutigera
SCOLOPENDRA

SCUTIGERA
Class III: Diplopoda (Gr. diplos =double, podos=foot)
1. This class includes millipedes
2. They are terrestrial and detritivorous
3. The body is divisible into head and trunk.
4. They are dignathic with mandibles and gnathochilarium.
5. Most of the trunk segments are diplosegments, formed by the fusion of two
segments during development
6. Each diplosegments, formed by the fusion of two pairs of legs and two pairs
of spiracles
7. Respiratory organs are tracheae
8. Excretory organs are Malphigian tubules. They are progoneate
9. Development is direct
Examples: Spirobolus, Julus

SPIROBOLUS. JULUS
Class IV: Hexopoda (Gr. Hex =six, podos=foot)
1. This class is also known as Insecta as it includes insects
2. These insects are present in all habitats except the marine habitat.
3. The body of the insects is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
4. Thorax bears three pairs of joined legs hence the name Hexapoda.
5. Respiratory organs are tracheae
6. Excretory organs are Malphigian tubules
7. Insects are uricotelic. And this is a water conservation adaptation
8. Development includes metamorphosis.
Examples: Musca, Lepisma

MUSCA LEPISMA
Reference :

https://byjus.com/biology/coelenterata/
https://byjus.com/neet/short-notes-of-biology-for-neet-aschelminthes/
https://byjus.com/biology/mollusca/
https://byjus.com/biology/annelida/
https://byjus.com/biology/arthropoda/
https://www.studyandscore.com/studymaterial-detail/phylum-Arthropoda-general-
characters-and-classification